Anatomy and Physiology Module 2 FLVS

Trapezius

A large superficial muscle that extends from the occipital bone to the lower thoracic vertebrae and to the lower spine of the scapula. Actions: Rotation, retraction, elevations, and depression movements of the scapula, and support of the arms.

Appendicular Muscles

Appendicular muscles are any of the muscles of the upper or lower limbs. They control the movement of limbs and also stabilize and control the movements of pectoral and pelvic girdles.

Axial muscles

Axial muscles are any of the skeletal muscles of the trunk or head.

Diaphragm

Irregular movement of this muscle causes hiccups. This muscle sits below the lungs.

Adductor muscles

Over stretching or tearing these thin muscles results in groin strain.

Biceps brachii

The biceps brachii, often called "biceps" is a two-headed muscle. It lies on the upper arm between the shoulder and the elbow. Actions: Flex the elbows, supinate the forearm.

Deltoid

The deltoid muscle forms the rounded shape of the shoulder. It earned this name because of its triangular shape, similar to Greek letter Delta. Actions: Abduction, flexion, and extension of the shoulder.

External oblique

The external oblique is a broad and thin muscle found on the lateral and anterior parts of the abdomen. It is called the "external" oblique because it is the most superficial, or outermost, of the three flat muscles of the lateral anterior abdomen. Actions: Flexes vertebral column by drawing thorax in ward, rotates and laterally flexes vertebral column (torso) and compresses abdomen.

Gastrocnemius

The gastrocnemius muscle on the back of the leg forms part of the calf. It is a powerful muscle that along with the soleus muscle, forms the calf. Actions: Plantar flexion of the foot, and flexes the knee.

Gluteus Maximus

The glutes maximus is a narrow and thick muscle that makes up a large portion of the shape and appearance of the buttocks. Together with the gluteus medius and gluteu minimus, they for the "glutes." Actions: External rotation and extension of the hip joint.

Hamstings

The hamstrings are a large muscle group that occupies the back of the thigh. It is made up of three hamstrings. Semimembranes, semitendinosus, and biceps femoris. Actions: Flexes knee joint, rotates the knee joint laterally, and extends the thigh.

Orbicularis Oris

The juxtaposition of two orbiculars oris muscles in a state of contrastion is commonly known as a kiss. Occasionally this muscle gets ruptures in trumpet players.

Latissimus dorsi

The latissumas dorsi, commonly known as "lats," are large, flat muscles posterior to the arm and partly covered by the trapezius. This is the broadest muscle in the back. Actions: Adducts, medially rotates, and extends arm at the shoulder.

Pectoralis Major

The pectoralis major is a fan-shaped muscle on the chest, making up the bulk of the male chest and found under the breast in a female. Actions: Flexes, extends, adducts, and rotates the arm at the shoulder.

Pectoralis Minor

The pectoralis minor is a thin triangular muscle found deep to, or underneath , the pectoralis major. Actions: Draws the scapula forward and downwards.

Quadriceps femoris

The quadriceps femoris is a large muscle group that occupies the front and sides of the thigh. Rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medials, and vastus intermedius. Actions: Knee extension and hip extension.

Rectus abdomen

The rectus abdomen muscle, commonly called the "abs," is a paired muscle that runs vertically on the anterior wall of the human abdomen. These two parallel muscles are separated by a midline band of connective tissue. Actions: Flexes the vertebral column (and torso), compresses abdomen, and assists in breathing.

Triceps brachii

The triceps brachii muscle, commonly called the "triceps" is the largest muscle on the back of the arm. It is sometimes called a three-headed muscle because there are three bundles of muscles, each with a different origins, joining together at the elbow. Actions: Extends forearm, straightens elbow.

Sternocleidomastoids

These muscles are sometimes known as the 'prayer muscles.' If you contract one of these muscles you turn your head to one side. If you contract both of them, you nod your head.

Quadriceps

This group of muscles makes up the bulk of the thigh. A footballer controls this group of muscles strongly to kick a football.

Achilles tendon

This is the largest, strongest tendon in the body. In tennis, it is often overstreached, snapping after a rapid change of movement.

Tongue

This is the only muscle in your body that is attached at just one end. This muscle aids chewing, speech, and swallowing.

Stapedius

This is the smallest muscle in your body. It contracts to protect you from loud noises. This tiny muscle is found in your middle ear.

Pupillary dilator

This muscle contracts when your cone cells aren't working. This muscle dilates your pupil.

Extensor hallusis long

This muscle extends your big toe, but isn't in your foot. This muscle wiggles your big toe by remote control.

Extensor indicis

This muscle extends your index finger by remote control. This muscle extends your index finger, but ins't in your hand.

Flexor digitorum profundus

This muscle flexes your fingers, but isn't in your hand. This muscle is well developed in rock climbers.

Sartorius

This muscle helps bend and twist your leg outwards. This is the longest muscle in your body.

Frontals

This muscle raises your eyebrows. You use this muscle when you're surprised.

Bladder

This muscular sac streaches as it fills up with urine and contracts to squeeze out urine when you take a leak.

Small intestine

This muscular tube contracts to squeeze digesting food through your body. This section of the digestive system is around 5 m long.

Heart

Unlike other organs, this powerful, muscular organ never rests. This muscular organ lies between the lungs.

Stomach

Waves of contraction along this muscular sac break food down into a paste. The stomach lies below the diaphragm.

Pulillary sphincter

When this muscle controls it shrinks your pupil. This sphincter contracts when the sun comes out from behind a cloud.

Soleus

You use this muscle when yo walk or run. It contracts slowly, but doesn't tire quickly, making it useful in endurance sports. You can strengthen this muscle by raising your heels off the ground while you're sitting in a chair.