Anatomy and Physiology: The Heart

normal stroke volume

(60-80 mL)

pulmonary artery function and location

a blood vessel that carries blood that is lacking oxygen and rich in carbon dioxide; right ventricle of the heart

cardiac output

amount of blood pumped by heart in one minute

stroke volume

amount of blood pumped in one heart beat

venous return

amount of blood returning to the heart; increases venous return increases the stretch of the myocardium

What is the largest artery in your body?

aorta

mediastinum

area between the lungs in the thoracic cavity

away from heart

arteries

thin walls

atria

tricuspid valve other name

atrioventricular valve

angioplasty

balloon angioplasty uses a stent (metal mesh) to pen the clogged artery

Describe the physiological changes which the heart undergoes with age

becomes less efficient; cardiac output decreases

palpitations

becoming aware or feeling an arrhythmia

mitral valve other name

bicuspid valve

superior and inferior vena cava

blood vessels that return deoxygenated blood to the right atrium

myocardium

cardiac/heart muscle

lub

closing of the atrioventricular valves

dub

closing of the semilunar valves

papillary muscles

columns of myocardium which extend from the lower portion of the ventricle. The contraction of the papillary muscles opens the mitral and tricuspid valves. When the papillary muscles relax, the valves close.

atrium _________together, then ________ contract together

contract; ventricles

systole

contraction of chambers of heart

organ directly below heart

diaphragm

pericardial membrane

encloses the heart and has 3 layers

visceral pericardium other name

epicardium

heart murmur

extra heart sound produced usually by a malfunctioning valve

patent ductus arteriosus

fetal circulation bypass lungs by going to left atrium

chordae tendinae

fibrous connective tissue which extend from the papillary muscles and anchor the leaflets; help prevent the valve cusps from averting into the atrium

coronary arteries location

first branch of the aorta; the 2 arteries branch into many, and lie on the surface of the myocardium

aorta semilunar valve

located at the junction of the left ventricle and the aorta; prevents backflow into the left ventricle

pulmonary semilunar valves

located at the junction of the right ventricle and pulmonary artery, prevents backflow into right ventricle

bicuspid valve

located between the left atrium and left ventricle and prevents backflow of blood into the left atrium

serous fluid location and function

located between the parietal pericardium and epicardium; reduces friction of beating heart

bundle of his

located in the interventricular septum, transmits the impulse to the left and right bundles; only spot where atrium and ventricles impulses meet

atrioventricular node

located in the lower interatrial septum, and the impulse from the SA node is slightly delayed here before it enters the bundle of his

s

low of ventricular depolarization

ventricles

lower, thick walled chambers and are the pumps of the heart

what part of the brain controls heart rate?

medulla

parietal pericardium

middle layer and is a serous membrane

coronary artery bypass graft (cabg)

open heart surgery where other blood vessels are used to bypass the blocked or clogged arteries

fibrous pericardium

outermost layer consists of fibrous connective tissue

sinoatrial node

pacemaker of heart; located in right atrium and are specialized cells that depolarize regularly; initiates depolarization

ejection fraction

percent of blood that is emptied from the left ventricle per beat

heart primary function

pump blood through arteries, veins, and capillaries

right ventricle

pumps blood to pulmonary artery then lungs to left atrium; receives blood from right atrium and pumps blood to the lungs; exerts less force than left ventricle because pulmonary circuit has less resistance than systematic circuit

right atrium function

receives deoxygenated blood from body

left atrium function

receives oxygenated blood from lungs

disatole

relaxation of the chambers of the heart allows chambers to fill with blood

P wave

represents atrial depolarization

QRS complex

represents ventricular depolarization

t wave

represents ventricular repolarization

atrioventricular valve location

right atrium

superior and inferior vena cava location

right atrium

tricuspid valve location

right atrium

chordae tendinae location

right ventricle

papillary muscles location

right ventricle

pulmonary semilunar valves location

right ventricle

interatrial septum

separates the 2 atria

interventricular septum

separates the left and right ventricles

cardiac cycle

sequence of mechanical events in one heart beat

q

start of ventricular depolarization

cardiac output formula

stroke volume times pulse

starling's law of the heart

the more the myocardium is stretched the more forceful the contraction

walls of the left ventricle

thick and muscular

heart is in what cavity

thoracic cavity

purkinje fibers

transmits the impulse to the rest of the ventricles and are very fast

to heart

veins

thick walls

ventricles

myocardial infarction

when the myocardium dies; also called heart attack

ischemic

when the myocardium is deprived of oxygen and/or blood

number of atria

2

number of ventricles

2

atria

2 upper filling chambers of the heart

arrhythmias

irregular heartbeat

2 atria names

left and right

bundle branches

left and right bundle branches transmit the impulses to the purkinje fibers

atrioventricular valves

left atrioventricular valve is mitral valve; right atrioventricular valve is tricuspid valve

bicuspid valve location

left atrium

mitral valve location

left atrium

pulmonary veins location

left atrium

aorta location

left ventricle

aorta semilunar valve loaction

left ventricle

how many layers of pericardial membranes are around the heart

3

tricuspid valve

3 leaflets, prevents backflow from right ventricle into right atrium; between right atrium and right ventricle

left ventricle

3 times thicker than right; squashes right ventricle into crescent shape; receives oxygenated blood from left atrium and pumps the blood to the rest of the body

how many pulmonary veins are there?

4 pulmonary veins

when the heart begins to beat

4 weeks

normal ejection fraction

60-70%

normal adult heart rate

60-80 bpm

children normal heart rate

80-100 bpm

heart sounds

1 beat produces lub-dub sound

blood flow through the heart and body steps

1. the inferior and superior vena cava, emptying oxygen-poor blood from the body into the right atrium of the heart. 2. As the atrium contracts, blood flows from your right atrium into your right ventricle through the open tricuspid valve. 3. When the ventricle is full, the tricuspid valve shuts. 4. As the ventricle contracts, blood leaves the heart through the pulmonary semilunar valve, into the pulmonary artery and to the lungs where it is oxygenated. 5. The pulmonary vein empties oxygen-rich blood from the lungs into the left atrium of the heart. 6. As the atrium contracts, blood flows from your left atrium into your left ventricle through the open mitral valve. 7. When the ventricle is full, the mitral valve shuts. 8. As the ventricle contracts, blood leaves the heart through the aortic valve, into the aorta and to the body.

heart beats per day

100,000 per day

endocardium

inner layer of the heart consists of simple squamous epithelium

epicardium

innermost layer; it's in direct contact with the myocardium

often location of a hole in the heart

interatrial septum

main force that pushes blood from atrium to ventricle

gravity

tachycardia

heart rate greater than 100 bpm

bradycardia

heart rate less than 60 bpm

r

high of ventricular depolarization

location of heart

in the thoracic cavity posterior to the sternum and between the lungs