Anatomy: Bones of Lower Extremity
Post-patellectomy quads are how efficient?
60% efficient.
Intercondylar eminence
ACL and PCL fit here
Talocrural joint
Ankle.
Tibial Tuberosity
Anterior bump below patella. Bumping it causes reflex extension of the knee.
Anterior-Superior Iliac spine
Anterior-most projection near the top of the acetabulum that extends out over pubis.Attachment for the sartorius.
Apex of sacrum
Area at the bottom of the sacrum that narrows. Directly superior to the coccyx.
Intercondylar fossa
Area between the condyles
Superior Articular Process
Articulate with lumbar of spine. Two projections at top of of sacrum.
Tibia
Articulates with femur at knee joint proximally and with Talus distally at ankle (talocrural) joint.
Acetabulum
Articulation for the head of the femur takes place here.
Lesser Trochanter.
Attachment for the ileo psoas.
Iliac Fossa
Big, smooth concavity on the ala (wing) of the medial surface of the ilium - forms the posterior wall of the abdominal cavity.
sesamoid bone
Bone enclosed within muscle and tendon (patella)
Calcaneus
Distal most bone forms the posterior support for the weight of the body. Heel bone. Attachment point for achilles tendon. Largest and strongest bone of foot. Articulates with the talus sup. and the cuboid ant.
Lateral malleolus
Distal part of the fibula
Sacrotuberous/sacrospinous ligaments:
Divide the greater and lesser sciatic notches. Both attach to the sacrum.
Ramus of the Ischium
Extends medially from the body and joins inferior ramus of the pubus
Fibula
Forms the lateral half of the Talocrural (ankle) joint. Has little weight-bearing responsibility...function is to hold talus in socket. Does not articulate with the femur.
Transfer of weight from superior to inferior:
From vertebral column to pelvic girdle to hip joints to femurs, to patella and tibia, to talocrural joint (ankle) to the foot to the talus.
Meniscus
Increases joint stability at the knee because tibia and femur are not congruent.
Ischium
Inferior, posterior section of acetabulum.
Superior tibiofibular joint
Knee joint
Ala (sacrum)
L and R wings of sacrum
Patella
Largest sesamoid bone in the body. Formed in the tendon of the quadriceps. Gives the quads a mechanical advantage (similar to that of a pulley/rope system).
Lateral condyle
Lateral dome at bottom of bone.
Anterior Inferior Iliac spine
Less pronounced projection directly inferior to the anterior superior iliac spine.
Inferior Ramus of Pubus
Lines posteriorly inferiorly laterally to join ramus and 1/2 of the pubic arch.
Superior Ramus of Pubis
Lines superiorly and laterally to the acetabulum. Fused to ilium and ischium.
Lower extremity functions
Locomotion, weight support, maintain equillibrium. Sacrifices mobility for stability.
Femur
Longest and strongest long bone in the body.
Patellar surface (Trochlea)
Notch where patella fits.
Acetabular Notch
Outer rim of socket
Posterior Inferior Iliac Spine
Projection immediately below the posterior superior iliac spine.
Ischial spine
Projects medially and separates the greater/lesser sciatic notches. Sharp point on posterior end of acetabulum.
Intertrochanteric crest
Ridge that unites trochanters.
Linea aspera
Rough ridge of bone on posterior surface. Serves as the attachment site for the adductor brevis and magnus.
Obturator foramen
Round for men, ovular for females. Opening formed by the bodies and rami of the pubis and ischium.
Medial Mallelous
Saddle shape, extends distal to the shapt of the tibia to make 1/2 of the talocrural joint. Forms bump on medial side of ankle.
Posterior Superior Iliac Spine
Skin dimple on back. Superior-most projection on posterior end of Ilium.
Lateral epicondyle
Small elevation above lateral condyle.
Medial Epicondyle
Small elevation above medial condyle.
Nutrient foramen
Small hole, allows passage of nutrient arteries. Largest foramen in body.
Anterior Foramina
Small openings which are for sacral nerves.
Lesser Sciatic notch
Smaller notch inferior to Greater Sciatic notch
Auricular Surface
Smooth surface on the ilium that is covered with cartilage for articulation with the sacrum to form the SI joint.
Ilium
Superior part of acetabulum.
Adductor Tubercle
Superior part of the medial femoral condyle. Attachment site for adductor magnus.
3 kinds of bones in foot
Tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges
Ala
The interior portion of the ilium between the iliac crest and the iliac fossa. "Wing" of ilium.
Iliac crest
Top edge of ilium that projects outward. Bony part of hip that you can feel with your hand.
Greater Trochanter
Top left knob of femur next to head. Attachment for gleuteal ms.
Body of ischium
Topmost, thick section of Ischium. Fused with the ilium and the pubis.
Coccyx
Triangular structure at bottom of sacrum (tailbone). Remnant of the tall 3-5 vertebrae. Curves more anteriorly in males than females. No body weight support, but bleuteus maximus and coccygeus attach here.
Sacrum
Wedge shaped bone at base of spine made of 3-5 fused vertebrae. Named after a "holy thing or place/ a sacrifice or victim" from the time of the burning of the witches. Provides strength and stability to pelvis. Transmits the weight of the upper body through the SI joints.
Ischial tuberosity
What you sit on, covered by your ass. Rough, rounded edge at inferior-most part of ischium. Attachment point for the hams and the sacrotuberous ligament.
Head of femur
articulates in the acetabulum.
Navicular
articulates with the talus and the 3 cuneiforms - facets for articulations with all three.
Inferior tibiofibular joint
at ankle. (AKA mortise)
Pelvic girdle
bony ring formed by the hip bones and the sacrum. Provides transition point from spine to lower extremities.
Transverse acetabular ligament
bridges the acetabular notch
Filum terminale passageway
comes down through the sacral hiatus and attaches at bottom
Sacroiliac joint
connects sacrum to ilium
Ligamentum teres
connects to the head of the femur. Contributes only minimally to the stability of the hip.
Greater Sciatic notch
deep notch inferior to SI joint. For sciatic nerve passage
Acetabular Fossa
depression where the head of the femur attaches - refers to the inner horseshoe-shaped depression where joint is. Lined with the labrum.
Soleal line
diagonal line on posterior side of tibia. Superior attachment of the soleus muscle.
Head of Talus
directed anterior-medial and articulates with the navicular and the calcaneus
Thigh contains:
distal femur, patella, and the anterior surface of the knee. Patellafemoral and tibiofemoral articulations
Complete fusion of acetabulum...
does not take place until puberty, completed by around 23.
Cuneiforms
each articulate with the navicular posterior and app. met. anteriorly
Medial/lateral tibial plateau
flat surfaces at top of tibia where condyles fit.
Lateral facet
flatter surface of patella that it sits on.
Distal fibula
forms the lateral malleolus
Acetabulofemoral joint
hip joint (where femoral head meets hip socket)
Fibular head
irregular in shape. Superior facet for articulation with lateral tibial condyle.
Pubic symphysis
joint between 2 pubic bodies - fibrocartilaginous joint
Medial Condyle
medial dome at bottom of bone
Cuboid
most lateral in distal row of the tarsus.
Minimus
name of the anterior trochanter
Medius
name of the superior posterior
Metatarsals
numbered from medial portion of the foot - plantar surface of the first are sesamoid bones both medial and lateral, bear most of the weight during late stance - second is the longest - base of fifth has tuberosity lateral that covers cuboid - provides attachment for peroneus brevis.
Lower leg
region between the inferior knee and the superior ankle.
Mortise
saddle joint in ankle, formed by tibia and fibula (inferior tibiofibular joint)
Sesamoids
sesamoids on the inferior distal surface of the first metatarsal
Trochlea
superior articular surface of talus, inferior surface of tibia
Talus
superior surface articulates with the tibia and fibula to form the talocrural joint. One of the few bones in the body without any muscular attachments. Looks like a saddle when viewed from the dorsum. Distal surface articulates with calcaneus and navicular
Neck of talus
the constricted part between the head and the body. Deep groove for sulcus tali for ligaments to connect talus and calcaneus
Hip
the region from the iliac crest to the mid thigh, contains the inominate, acetabulum, femoral head, upper thigh. Connects axial skeleton to lower limb.
Phalanges
there are 14, all with base, shaft, and head.