Anatomy Ch 16 connect
Which region of the midbrain plays an important role in modulating the transmission of pain signals? -Superior colliculus -Central gray matter -Substantia nigra -Inferior colliculus
Central gray matter
Which term refers to the mound of hair cells and supporting cells within the ampullae of the semicircular ducts? -Crista ampullaris -Macula utriculi -Macula saccule -Cupula
Crista ampullaris
Activation of descending analgesic pathways will result in which of the following? -Increased neural activity in the thalamus -Increased spinothalamic tract activity -Increased release of enkephalins by spinal interneurons -Increased release of substance P by nociceptors
Increased release of enkephalins by spinal interneurons
Which are phasic receptors that detect vibration? -Bulbous (Ruffini) corpuscles -Tactile (Merkle) discs -Lamellar (Pacinian) corpuscles -Tendon organs
Lamellar (Pacinian) corpuscles
Which are phasic receptors that detect vibration? -Bulbous (Ruffini) corpuscles -Tendon organs -Tactile (Merkle) discs -Lamellar (Pacinian) corpuscles
Lamellar (Pacinian) corpuscles
Louder sounds are caused by vibrations with which of the following characteristics? -Higher frequencies -Smaller amplitudes -Lower frequencies -Larger amplitudes
Larger amplitudes
Which extrinsic eye muscle moves the eyeball laterally? -Inferior rectus -Lateral rectus -Superior rectus -Medial rectus
Lateral rectus
What is the function of the lens? -To reabsorb the aqueous humor -To control the amount of light that enters the eye -To transduce light energy into neural signals -To focus light onto the retina
To focus light onto the retina
What is the function of the lacrimal apparatus? -To move the eyes laterally -To move the eyes up and down -To secrete an oil to prevent tear evaporation -To produce and drain tears
To produce and drain tears
What is the primary function of the tympanic membrane? -To transmit sound vibrations to the auditory ossicles -To equalize air pressure in the tympanic cavity -To block bacteria from entering the inner ear -To transduce airborne vibrations into neural signals
To transmit sound vibrations to the auditory ossicles
What is the anatomical name for the eardrum? -Eustachian tube -Malleus -Tympanic membrane -Cochlea
Tympanic membrane
Which structure transmits sound vibrations to the auditory ossicles? -Incus -Cochlea -Tympanic membrane -Pharyngotympanic tube
Tympanic membrane
True or false: Lower firing rates of inner hair cells in narrower bands of the cochlea will be interpret by the brain as a softer sound.
True
True or false: Olfactory cells become activated through a second messenger system.
True
True or false: Tears contain a bactericidal enzyme to help prevent infection.
True
True or false: The macula utriculi are oriented horizontally on the floor of the utricle.
True
The sense of smell is also known as ______. -deglutition -olfaction -proprioception -gustation
olfaction
The retina is examined with an instrument called a(n) _________ which illuminates and magnifies the retina.
ophthalmoscope
The area of the brain responsible for creating an overall impression of food by integrating taste, smell and visual input is the area of the cerebral cortex called the _________ cortex.
orbitofrontal
Which term refers to any structure specialized to detect a stimulus? -Sense organ -Modality -Receptor -Nerve
Receptor
Which term refers to a local, stimulus-induced change in the membrane potential of a receptor cell? -Sensory modality -Receptor potential -Sensation -Receptive field
Receptor potential
During a heart attack, people often experience pain in their shoulder even though the pain is being triggered by ischemia (lack of oxygen) in the heart muscle. Which type of pain does this describe? -Psychosomatic pain -First (fast) pain -Cutaneous pain -Referred pain
Referred pain
Select all that apply Which is associated with a louder sound? -Higher firing frequency of axons in the cochlear nerve -More vigorous vibration of the basilar membrane -Greater number of hair cells excited -IHCs activated in a narrower band of the cochlea
-Higher firing frequency of axons in the cochlear nerve -More vigorous vibration of the basilar membrane -Greater number of hair cells excited
Select all that apply What are the characteristics of a phasic receptor? Select all that apply. -Adapts quickly to a stimulus -Produces a quick burst of action potentials -Produces a steady, prolonged response -Adapts slowly to a stimulus
-Adapts quickly to a stimulus -Produces a quick burst of action potentials
Select all that apply What are the characteristics of a tonic receptor? Select all that apply. -Adapts slowly to a stimulus -Produces a quick, short-lived burst of action potentials -Produces a steady, prolonged response -Adapts quickly to a stimulus
-Adapts slowly to a stimulus -Produces a steady, prolonged response
Select all that apply Which tastants bind to G-protein coupled receptors on taste hairs? -Alkaloids -Glutamate -Sugars -Sodium
-Alkaloids -Glutamate -Sugars
Select all that apply Which are tonic receptors? -End bulbs (Krause corpuscles) -Tactile (Meissner) corpuscles -Lamellar (Pacinian) corpuscles -Bulbous (Ruffini) corpuscles -Tactile (Merkel) discs
-Bulbous (Ruffini) corpuscles -Tactile (Merkel) discs
Select all that apply What are the effects of light exposure on rhodopsin? -Cis-retinal converted to trans isoform -Trans-retinal converted to cis isoform -Retinal and opsin recombination -Retinal and opsin separation
-Cis-retinal converted to trans isoform -Retinal and opsin separation
Select all that apply What are the effects of light exposure on the retina? -Cis-retinal is converted to trans isoform. -Rods increase rate of glutamate release onto bipolar cells. -Rods decrease rate of glutamate release onto bipolar cells. -Trans-retinal is converted to cis isoform.
-Cis-retinal is converted to trans isoform. -Rods decrease rate of glutamate release onto bipolar cells.
Select all that apply Which describe the choroid? -Part of the inner tunic (layer) -Contains numerous capillaries -Part of the vascular tunic (layer) -Highly pigmented
-Contains numerous capillaries -Part of the vascular tunic (layer) -Highly pigmented
Select all that apply Equilibrium refers to perception of which of the following? Choose three of the options below. -Coordination -Balance -Perception of time -Orientation in space -Hearing
-Coordination -Balance -Orientation in space
Select all that apply Which are naturally occurring analgesics (endogenous opioids)? -Enkephalins -Prostaglandins -Endorphins -Dynorphins -Bradykinin
-Enkephalins -Endorphins -Dynorphins
Select all that apply Which cranial nerves carry pain-related signals? Select four from the list below. -Glossopharyngeal (IX) -Vagus (X) -Trigeminal (V) -Trochlear (IV) -Abducens (VI) -Facial (VII)
-Glossopharyngeal (IX) -Vagus (X) -Trigeminal (V) -Facial (VII)
Select all that apply Which sensory modalities are mediated by inner ear structures? -Gustation -Olfaction -Hearing -Balance -Pressure
-Hearing -Balance
Select all that apply Name the two cell types that function primarily to enhance the perception of the edges of objects, contrast and light intensity in the retina? -Horizontal cells -Bipolar cells -Cone cells -Rod cells -Amacrine cells
-Horizontal cells -Amacrine cells
Select all that apply What information does the brain use to determine the intensity of a stimulus? -How many sensory neurons respond -How rapidly the sensory neurons fire -Which sensory neurons respond -How long the stimulus lasts -Which receptive fields are stimulated
-How many sensory neurons respond -How rapidly the sensory neurons fire -Which sensory neurons respond
Select all that apply What are the names of the auditory ossicles? -Incus -Pinna -Cochlea -Stapes -Malleus
-Incus -Stapes -Malleus
Select all that apply Which structures are part of the vascular layer of the eyeball? -Iris -Ciliary body -Sclera -Choroid -Cornea
-Iris -Ciliary body -Choroid
Select all that apply Which are functions of the vitreous body? -Keeps retina smooth -Focuses an image onto the retina -Provide a neural pathway for the retina -Maintains intraocular pressure
-Keeps retina smooth -Maintains intraocular pressure
Select all that apply Cerumen does which of the following? -Keeps the tympanic membrane pliable -Inhibits bacterial growth -Amplifies vibrations entering the ear canal -Waterproofs the ear canal
-Keeps the tympanic membrane pliable -Inhibits bacterial growth -Waterproofs the ear canal
Select all that apply List the components of the lacrimal apparatus. -Nasal cavity -Lacrimal ducts -Conjunctiva -Lacrimal gland
-Lacrimal ducts -Lacrimal gland
Select all that apply Which types of stimuli are detected by end bulbs? -Deep pressure -Light touch -Stretch -Vibration -Texture
-Light touch -Texture
Select all that apply Tactile (Meissner) corpuscles are abundant in which of the following areas? -Axilla -Nipples -Fingertips -Scalp -Palms
-Nipples -Fingertips -Palms
Select all that apply Which types of sensory receptors consist of free nerve endings? -Nociceptors -Warm receptors -Cold receptors -Lamellar (Pacinian) corpuscles
-Nociceptors -Warm receptors -Cold receptors
Select all that apply What are the two moieties of rhodopsin? -Melanopsin -Opsin -Retinal -Photopsin
-Opsin -Retinal
Select all that apply The inner layer of the eye contains which of the following? -Numerous capillaries -Retina -Start of optic nerve -Numerous melanocytes
-Retina -Start of optic nerve
Select all that apply Which cochlear chambers contain perilymph? -Scala tympani -Scala media -Scala vestibuli
-Scala tympani -Scala vestibuli
Select all that apply Which structures are part of the outer, fibrous layer of the eyeball? -Choroid -Sclera -Pupil -Cornea
-Sclera -Cornea
Select all that apply Which three terms refer to all the senses that utilize receptors widely distributed throughout the body? -Somesthetic senses -Special senses -Somatosensory senses -General senses
-Somesthetic senses -Somatosensory senses -General senses
Select all that apply Which are extrinsic eye muscles? -Superior rectus -Medial rectus -Lateral rectus -Lateral oblique -Superior oblique -Medial oblique -Inferior oblique -Inferior rectus
-Superior rectus -Medial rectus -Lateral rectus -Superior oblique -Inferior oblique -Inferior rectus
Select all that apply Which are examples of somatosensory (general) senses? -Touch -Pain -Pressure -Equilibrium -Vision -Stretch
-Touch -Pain -Pressure -Stretch
Select all that apply What are the five primary taste sensations? -Umami -Spicy -Sweet -Bitter -Sour -Pungent -Salty
-Umami -Sweet -Bitter -Sour -Salty
Select all that apply Name the two chambers of the vestibule. -Utricle -Semicircular ducts -Saccule -Cochlea
-Utricle -Saccule
Select all that apply What are the components of the vestibular apparatus? Choose three answers from the list below. -Spiral organ -Utricle -Cochlea -Semicircular ducts -Saccule
-Utricle -Semicircular ducts -Saccule
Select all that apply Which sensory modalities depend on the activation of chemoreceptors? -Taste -Hearing -Smell -Vision
-taste -smell
Select all that apply Which are examples of sensory modality? -Taste -Hearing -Phasic -Vision -Tonic
-vision -hearing -taste
What is the range of frequencies within which humans can hear relatively soft (low energy) sounds? -20 to 20,000 Hz -1,500 to 20,000 Hz -20 to 5,000 Hz -1,500 to 5,000 Hz
1,500 to 5,000 Hz
A pain signal arising from the head must travel along how many neurons before reaching the brain? -3 -2 -4 -1
3
How many neurons make up most somatosensory projection pathways? -4 -2 -1 -3
3
Most human color vision is based upon comparing signals generated by how many types of cones? 1 3 4 2
3
Unlike in most other sensory projection pathways, auditory signals must travel along how many neurons before they reach the cortex? -4 -1 -3 -5 -2
4
What wavelengths of light are visible to the human eye? -400-700 nm -200-400 nm -100-200 nm -800-900 nm
400-700 nm
What is the cupula? -A gelatinous cap surrounding the stereocilia and kinocilium of the hair cells -A patch of hair cells located on the wall of the saccule -A mound of hair cells within the ampulla -A dilated sac at one end of the semicircular canal
A gelatinous cap surrounding the stereocilia and kinocilium of the hair cells
Which term refers to a substance or mechanism that has pain-relieving properties? -Hyperalgesic -Analgesic -Inflammatory -Nociceptive
Analgesic
What fluid is secreted by the ciliary body? -Lymph -Blood -Aqueous humor -Tears
Aqueous humor
What is a receptive field? -Area within which a single sensory neuron is able to detect a stimulus -Location of signal integration in the thalamus -Site where axons in a projection pathway cross to the opposite side of the brain -The region of the cerebral cortex that first receives a particular type of sensory signal
Area within which a single sensory neuron is able to detect a stimulus
Which is also known as the external acoustic meatus? -Pharyngotympanic tube -Auditory canal -Tympanic cavity -Eustachian tube
Auditory canal
Which is located in the middle ear? -Auditory ossicles -Auricle -Cochlea -External acoustic meatus
Auditory ossicles
Infections of the throat may be transmitted to the middle ear via which of the following? -Vestibule -Auditory tube -Cochlea -Auditory canal
Auditory tube
Which structure connects the nasopharynx to the middle ear? -Cochlear duct -Auditory canal -Auditory tube -Auditory ossicles
Auditory tube
Which cells of a taste bud are stem cells that multiply and replace taste cells that have died? -Basal cells -Taste hairs -Taste cells -Supporting cells
Basal cells
The cochlea detects differences in the pitch of sound because different frequencies vibrate different areas along which of the following? -Auditory canal -Tectorial membrane -Basilar membrane -Tympanic membrane
Basilar membrane
Which term refers to the comparison of signals from both the right and left ears to localize the source of a sound? -Stereopsis -Optic chiasm -Hemidecussation -Binaural hearing
Binaural hearing
________ cells are first-order retinal neurons that synapse with photoreceptors.
Bipolar
How does the brain determine the location of a stimulus? -By how long a stimulus lasts -By the stimulus modality -By which axons send the signal to the CNS -By firing frequency
By which axons send the signal to the CNS
What are olfactory hairs? -Stiff hairs that line the anterior nasal passages -Small bundles of olfactory cell axons that come together to form the olfactory nerve -Small, spiky projections that cover the tongue -Cilia on olfactory cells that have receptors for odor molecules
Cilia on olfactory cells that have receptors for odor molecules
Which genetic disorder is caused by a mutation in one or more photopsins? -Myopia -Diplopia -Night blindness -Color blindness
Color blindness
Which are the photoreceptors that are primarily responsible for photopic (day) and trichromatic (color) vision? -Amacrine -Rod -Bipolar -Cone
Cone
Which type of photoreceptor is primarily responsible for photopic (day) vision and trichromatic (color) vision? -Ganglion cell -Cone cell -Rod cell -Bipolar cell
Cone cell
Describe the function of the spiral organ. -Muffles the vibrations of the tympanic membrane -Converts sound vibrations into nerve impulses -Senses the orientation of the head -Transmits sound vibrations to the tympanic membrane
Converts sound vibrations into nerve impulses
Describe the function of the spiral organ. -Transmits sound vibrations to the tympanic membrane -Converts sound vibrations into nerve impulses -Senses the orientation of the head -Muffles the vibrations of the tympanic membrane
Converts sound vibrations into nerve impulses
Astigmatism may result from an irregularity in which of the following structures? -Retina -Cornea -Iris -Pupil
Cornea
The loudness of a sound is expressed in which of the following units? -Volts (V) -Amperes (Amps) -Hertz (Hz) -Decibels (dB)
Decibels (dB)
What occurs when outer hair cells of the spiral organ are stimulated by motor neurons from the pons? -Increased mobility of the vestibular membrane -Decreased mobility of the vestibular membrane -Decreased mobility of the basilar membrane -Increased mobility of the basilar membrane
Decreased mobility of the basilar membrane
Stereoscopic vision provides for which of the following? -Night vision -Color vision -Day vision -Depth perception
Depth perception
Which term refers specifically to the perception of acceleration? -Dynamic equilibrium -Proprioception -Static equilibrium -Nociception
Dynamic equilibrium
Vision is the perception of which of the following? -Odorant molecules -Body position -Sound waves -Electromagnetic radiation
Electromagnetic radiation
When eyes are focusing on far away objects, they are in which state? -Diplopia -Myopia -Emmetropia -Convergence
Emmetropia
Which tactile receptors are located in the mucous membranes of the lips and tongue, in conjunctiva of the anterior surface of the eye, and the epineurium of large nerves? -Lamellar (Pacinian) corpuscles -Tactile (Meissner) corpuscles -Tactile (Merkel) discs -End bulbs (Krause corpuscles)
End bulbs (Krause corpuscles)
Which fluid fills the membranous labyrinth of the inner ear? -Aqueous humor -Endolymph -Vitreous humor -Perilymph
Endolymph
Which fluid fills the membranous labyrinth of the inner ear? -Endolymph -Aqueous humor -Vitreous humor -Perilymph
Endolymph
The vestibule contains receptors for which sensory modality? -Vision (sight) -Audition (hearing) -Equilibrium (balance) -Olfaction (smell) -Gustation (taste)
Equilibrium (balance)
True or false: The auditory ossicles provide mechanical advantage and amplify the sound.
False
Which type of lingual papillae do not contain taste buds? -Vallate papillae -Filiform papillae -Foliate papillae -Fungiform papillae
Filiform papillae
Which type of lingual papillae is responsible for giving cats' tongues their rough, sandpaper-like feel? -Foliate papillae -Fungiform papillae -Filiform papillae -Vallate papillae
Filiform papillae
Which serves as the sensory receptors in the semicircular ducts? -Maculae -Cupula -Hair cells -Otolithic membrane
Hair cells
Which type of lingual papillae are weakly developed in humans and lose most of their taste buds by age 2 or 3 years? -Foliate papillae -Filiform papillae -Fungiform papillae -Vallate papillae
Foliate papillae
Which portion of the retina produces the greatest visual acuity (sharpness of image)? -Sclera -Optic disc -Ora serrata -Fovea centralis
Fovea centralis
Which term refers to unencapsulated nerve endings that act as temperature receptors (warm and cold), and nociceptors (pain)? -Peritrichial endings -Tactile (Merkel) discs -Free nerve endings -Hair receptors
Free nerve endings
The pitch of a sound is determined by which aspect of the vibration producing it? -Amplitude -Frequency -Intensity -Loudness
Frequency
Which type of lingual papillae are most concentrated at the tip and sides of the tongue? -Foliate papillae -Fungiform papillae -Filiform papillae -Vallate papillae
Fungiform papillae
Which type of lingual papillae contain about three taste buds per papillae? -Vallate papillae -Foliate papillae -Filiform papillae -Fungiform papillae
Fungiform papillae
Which type of retinal cells function as second-order neurons in the visual pathway, as well as occasionally functioning as photoreceptors? -Rod cell -Cone cell -Ganglion cell -Bipolar cell
Ganglion cell
The axons of which retinal cells form the optic nerve? -Bipolar cells -Rod cells -Ganglion cells -Cone cells
Ganglion cells
Which act as sensory receptors within the utricle and saccule? -Crista ampullaris -Otolithic membrane -Taste buds -Hair cells
Hair cells
The cochlea contains receptors for which sense? -Vision -Olfaction -Hearing -Equilibrium
Hearing
Higher pitched sounds (more treble) are caused by vibrations with which of the following characteristics? -Smaller amplitudes -Higher frequencies -Larger amplitudes -Lower frequencies
Higher frequencies
____________ cells and amacrine cells form horizontal connections between rods, cones, and bipolar cells.
Horizontal
Which regions of the brain receive taste information and in turn activate autonomic reflexes related to food, such as salivating, gagging, and vomiting? -Pons and cerebellum -Hypothalamus and amygdala -Hippocampus and thalamus -Basal nuclei and pyramids
Hypothalamus and amygdala
Pressure waves are transduced into neural signals in which section of the ear? -Middle ear -Inner ear -Outer ear
Inner ear
The orbitofrontal cortex is responsible for which of the following? -Detecting the presence of odorant molecules -Integrating different types of sensory information into an overall perception of flavor -Inhibiting olfactory bulb cells to modulate odor perception -Associating smells with emotions, memories, and visceral reactions
Integrating different types of sensory information into an overall perception of flavor
The posterior chamber of the eye is located between which two structures? -Sclera and Choroid -Iris and lens -Cornea and iris -Choroid and Retina
Iris and lens
What happens when the retinal moiety of rhodopsin absorbs light? -It emits radiation. -It is converted into vitamin A. -It becomes cis-retinal. -It becomes all-trans retinal.
It becomes all-trans retinal.
Which statement about the pupillary dilator is true? -It receives parasympathetic innervation. -It consists of a spoke-like arrangement of myoepithelial cells. -It constricts the pupil in bright light. -It narrows the pupil.
It consists of a spoke-like arrangement of myoepithelial cells.
What is the function of the tympanic reflex? -It amplifies sound frequencies associated with human speech to allow better understanding of language. -It allows localization of sounds in a noisy environment. -It muffles the transfer of vibrations to the oval window in order to protect the hair cells of the inner ear from very loud noises. -It allows you to orient yourself; to determine which direction is up after you fall down.
It muffles the transfer of vibrations to the oval window in order to protect the hair cells of the inner ear from very loud noises.
Which statement about the pupillary constrictor is true? -It narrows the pupil. -It receives sympathetic innervation. -It consists of a spoke-like arrangement of myoepithelial cells. -When activated, it allows more light to enter the eye in dimly lit environments.
It narrows the pupil.
Why does constriction of the pupil facilitate focusing on nearby objects? -It reduces spherical aberration. -It narrows the diameter of the ciliary body. -It flattens the lens and makes it thinner. -It allows the lens to relax into a more convex shape.
It reduces spherical aberration.
The vitreous body, or humor, is a jelly-like substance located between what two structures of the eye? -Sclera and choroid -Lens and retina -Iris and lens -Cornea and iris
Lens and retina
Which term refers to the brain's ability to determine the site of stimulation? -Intensity -Location -Duration -Modality
Location
Which term refers to a bactericidal enzyme found in tears and other body secretions? -Lysozyme -Mucin -Conjunctiva -Cerumen
Lysozyme
Which term refers to a patch of cells in the center of the retina? -Macula lutea -Vitreous body -Ciliary body -Lens
Macula lutea
Which term refers to the patch of hair cells and supporting cells positioned vertically on the wall of the saccule? -Macula sacculi -Spiral ganglion -Organ of Corti -Macula utriculi
Macula sacculi
Which term refers to patches of sensory epithelium within the utricle and saccule? -Olfactory epithelium -Maculae -Crista ampullaris -Semicircular canals -Lingual papillae
Maculae
Which type of receptor detects touch, pressure, stretch, or vibration? -Thermoreceptor -Photoreceptor -Mechanoreceptor -Chemoreceptor -Nociceptor
Mechanoreceptor
Which type of cone contains a photopsin that is maximally sensitive to wavelengths of light around 531 nm? -Long-wavelength cones -Short-wavelength cones -Medium-wavelength cones
Medium-wavelength cones
Which section of the ear runs from the tympanic membrane (ear drum) to the oval window of the cochlea? -Middle ear -Inner ear -Outer ear
Middle ear
Which term refers to the type of stimulus or sensation produced when a sensory receptor is activated? -Format -Effector -Modality -Threshold
Modality
Which term refers to the central pillar of spongy bone which supports the cochlea of the inner ear? -Utricle -Saccule -Modiolus -Vestibule
Modiolus
Proprioceptors respond to which type of stimuli? -Sound waves in the air -Chemicals that trigger tastes and smells -Pressure and stretch in internal organs -Movements or changes in body position
Movements or changes in body position
Nociceptors that give rise to the sensation of fast pain are characterized by which of the following? -Myelinated axons -Unmyelinated axons -Long axons -Short axons
Myelinated axons
Which term refers to difficulty in viewing distant objects? -Myopia -Emmetropia -Astigmatism -Hyperopia
Myopia
What is the distal most portion of the lacrimal apparatus from the lacrimal gland? -Lacrimal canal -Lacrimal gland -Nasolacrimal duct -Lacrimal duct -Lacrimal sac
Nasolacrimal duct
Olfactory cells are a type of what? -Epithelial cell -Neuron -Mucus cell -Respiratory cell
Neuron
Which type of secretion from the tarsal glands coats the eye and reduces evaporation? -Cerumen -Oil -Sweat -Tears
Oil
Where does hemidecussation occurs in the visual projection pathway? -Optic tracts -Lateral geniculate nucleus -Occipital lobe -Optic chiasm -Optic nerve
Optic chiasm
Which area of the retina lacks photoreceptors and is therefore referred to as the "blind spot"? -Ora serrata -Macula lutea -Fovea centralis -Optic disc
Optic disc
Which membrane is found in the maculae of the saccule and utricle? -Tectorial -Otolithic -Basilar -Tympanic
Otolithic
The sclera is part of which tunic of the eyeball? -Outer -Middle -Inner
Outer
The beginning of the inner ear is a membrane-covered opening called which of the following? -Oval window -Auricle -Internal acoustic meatus -Tympanic cavity
Oval window
Which is an opening between the middle ear and the vestibule of the inner ear? -Oval window -External acoustic meatus -Eustachian tube -Tragus
Oval window
The term referred pain specifically refers to which of the following? -Pain that arises from activity in the cranial nerves -Pain that originates in the viscera, but which seems to come from the skin -Pain that triggers emotional and behavioral responses -Pain that has no medically identifiable causes and which is therefore attributed to psychological factors
Pain that originates in the viscera, but which seems to come from the skin
The pupillary constrictor muscle is under direct control of which branch of the nervous system? -Parasympathetic -Somatic motor -Somatic sensory -Sympathetic
Parasympathetic
Which fluid serves as a cushion between the bony and membranous labyrinths? -Vitreous humor -Perilymph -Endolymph -Aqueous humor
Perilymph
Which term is another name for hair receptors? -End bulbs -Peritrichial endings -Thermoreceptors -Lamellar corpuscles
Peritrichial endings
________ is the visual pigment present in cones.
Photopsin
Which term refers to the reduced ability to accommodate for near vision that commonly occurs with aging? -Emmetropia -Hyperopia -Myopia -Presbyopia
Presbyopia
As light passes through different mediums, its path will bend. What is this called? -Refraction -Focusing -Constriction -Dilation
Refraction
The ora serrata is the scalloped margin of which structure? -Macula lutea -Ciliary body -Optic disc -Retina
Retina
Which structure contains photoreceptors? -Iris -Lens -Cornea -Retina
Retina
Which type of stimulus will maximally activate the sensory receptors within the semicircular ducts? -Tastants -Vibration -Rotational motion -Linear acceleration
Rotational motion
Which cochlear chamber is the most superior? -Scala vestibuli -Scala media -Scala tympani
Scala vestibuli
Which term refers to the posterior, white portion of the fibrous layer? -Cornea -Sclera -Choroid -Iris
Sclera
Aqueous humor is reabsorbed from the anterior chamber into the blood by which of the following? -Ora serrata -Macula lutea -Scleral venous sinus -Suspensory ligament -Vitreous humor
Scleral venous sinus
Rod cells are primarily responsible for which type of vision? -Photopic -Myopic -Scotopic -Trichromatic
Scotopic
Which term refers to the conscious perception of a stimulus? -Sensation -Sensory modality -Transduction -Receptor potential
Sensation
Which term refers to sensory receptors accompanied by accessory tissues that facilitate transduction of a stimulus? -Receptor potential -Sense organ -Labeled line -Sensory receptor
Sense organ
After spraying perfume on her neck, Tasha becomes less aware of the scent over time. What property is this describing? -Sensory projection -Referred pain -Sensory adaptation -Analgesic effect
Sensory adaptation
Which would be true about a person with only one eye? -She would be completely blind. -She would be color-blind. -She would have impaired panoramic vision. -She would have impaired stereoscopic vision.
She would have impaired stereoscopic vision.
Softer (quieter) sounds are caused by vibrations with which of the following characteristics? -Smaller amplitudes -Higher frequencies -Lower frequencies -Larger amplitudes
Smaller amplitudes
Senses in which of the following categories utilize receptors that are specific to a particular area of the body? -Somatosensory senses -Somesthetic senses -Special senses -General senses
Special senses
Which tract is part of the pathway responsible for eliciting emotional pain responses (e.g. fear and nausea)? -Cuneate fasciculus -Medial lemniscus -Spinoreticular tract -Spinothalamic tract
Spinoreticular tract
Which neural pathway is the primary projection pathway for pain signals arising from below the neck? -Medial lemniscus -Gracile fasciculus -Cuneate fasciculus -Spinothalamic tract
Spinothalamic tract
The cochlear nerve is formed by the axons of which of the following? -Inner hair cells -Spiral ganglion neurons -Mitral cells -Outer hair cells
Spiral ganglion neurons
Which term refers to the perception of the orientation of the head when the body is stationary? -Angular acceleration -Static equilibrium -Dynamic equilibrium -Linear acceleration
Static equilibrium
Exteroceptors respond to which of the following? -Stimuli that produce feelings of nausea -Stimuli pertaining to the position or movements of body parts -Stimuli external to the body -Stimuli from internal organs
Stimuli external to the body
Which of the following plays the largest role in binaural hearing? -Cochlear nuclei of the medulla -Spiral ganglia of the cochlea -Inferior colliculus -Superior olivary nuclei of the pons
Superior olivary nuclei of the pons
The myoepithelial cells within the pupillary dilator are innervated by which branch of the nervous system? -Somatic motor -Somatic sensory -Parasympathetic -Sympathetic
Sympathetic
Which are specialized to detect textures, edges and shapes? -Free nerve ending -Tactile (Merkel) discs -Hair receptors -Tendon organs
Tactile (Merkel) discs
Which structure secretes an oil that reduces tear evaporation? -Lacrimal gland -Palpebral fissure -Conjunctiva -Tarsal gland
Tarsal gland
The auditory canal is a passageway through which bone? -Maxilla -Frontal -Temporal -Zygomatic
Temporal
Which cranial bone contains the bony labyrinth? -Temporal -Ethmoid -Sphenoid -Maxilla -Parietal
Temporal
Select all that apply Which sensory modalities involve the activation of tactile (Merkel) discs? -Pain -Texture -Temperature -Light touch
Texture Light touch
Which structure secretes endogenous opioids? -Teeth -Bones -The skin -The brain
The brain
What is sensory adaptation? -The amplitude or strength or a stimulus -The type of stimulus or sensation that it evokes -The ability of the brain to identify the site of stimulation -The decrease in perceived sensation over time
The decrease in perceived sensation over time
Relative to high frequency vibrations, lower frequency vibrations cause which of the following? -The distal end of the basilar membrane to vibrate more than the proximal end -The proximal end of the basilar membrane to vibrate more than the distal end -The basilar membrane to vibrate less vigorously along its entire length -The basilar membrane to vibrate more vigorously along its entire length
The distal end of the basilar membrane to vibrate more than the proximal end
What is a sensory projection pathway? -The neural pathway followed by sensory signals on their way to the brain -A brief, local change in the membrane potential of a sensory cell triggered by a stimulus -The first area of cortex to receive incoming sensory information -The area within which an individual receptor is able to detect a stimulus
The neural pathway followed by sensory signals on their way to the brain
Which structure in the gustatory pathway relays signals to the primary gustatory cortex? -The amygdala -The facial nerve -The lingual nerve -The thalamus
The thalamus
Which structure in the gustatory pathway relays signals to the primary gustatory cortex? -The thalamus -The facial nerve -The amygdala -The lingual nerve
The thalamus
What role do odorant binding proteins play in olfaction? -They transport hydrophobic odorants through the mucus that coats the olfactory epithelium. -They transport hydrophilic odorants across the plasma membrane of olfactory cells. -They are a type of cell-surface receptor found on olfactory cells. -They transport large molecular weight odorants across the blood-brain barrier.
They transport hydrophobic odorants through the mucus that coats the olfactory epithelium.
What is the primary function of a sensory receptor? -Amplification -Perception -Transduction -Propagation
Transduction
What is the function of the middle ear? -Convert vibration to nerve signals -Transmit sound waves to the outer ear -Convert nerve signals to vibrations -Transmit sound waves to the inner ear
Transmit sound waves to the inner ear
What is the primary function of the outer ear? -Equalizing air pressure on both sides of the tympanic membrane -Transmitting sound vibrations to the tympanic membrane -Transducing vibrations into neural signals -Monitoring motion and body position
Transmitting sound vibrations to the tympanic membrane
What is the primary function of the outer ear? -Transmitting sound vibrations to the tympanic membrane -Equalizing air pressure on both sides of the tympanic membrane -Monitoring motion and body position -Transducing vibrations into neural signals
Transmitting sound vibrations to the tympanic membrane
Where are the olfactory tracts located? -Within frontal lobe -Underneath the frontal lobe -Within the brainstem -Posterior to the insula
Underneath the frontal lobe
Nociceptors that give rise to the sensation of slow pain are characterized by which of the following? -Myelinated axons -Short axons -Long axons -Unmyelinated axons
Unmyelinated axons
Where is the olfactory mucosa located? -Lining the paranasal sinuses -Posterior half of the soft palate -Superior surface of the tongue -Upper region of the nasal cavity
Upper region of the nasal cavity
The _________ body is an extension of the choroid that supports the iris and lens of the eye.
ciliary
The conjunctiva are ______. -Very vascular -Not vascular
Very vascular
Together, the utricle, saccule, and semicircular ducts comprise which of the following? -Ossicles -Pinna -Vestibular apparatus -Bony labyrinth
Vestibular apparatus
The cochlear nerve and the vestibular nerve come together to form which cranial nerve? -Accessory (XI) -Abducens (VI) -Hypoglossal (XII) -Vestibulocochlear (VIII)
Vestibulocochlear (VIII)
Sound is produced by which of the following? -The emission of thermal radiation -Electrical currents moving through the air -Vibrating objects pushing against air molecules -Light bouncing off an object in the environment
Vibrating objects pushing against air molecules
Which term refers to a molecule that plays a crucial role in visual transduction by changing shape when it absorbs certain wavelengths of light? -Visual pigment -Pigment epithelium -Vitreous humor -Pupillary dilator
Visual pigment
The duplicity theory of vision holds that a single receptor system cannot produce both high sensitivity and high resolution. What does this theory explain? -Why rods decrease neurotransmitter release when stimulated by light -How trans-retinal is converted back into cis-retinal -How retinal absorbs light -Why we have both rods and cones
Why we have both rods and cones
The ________ membrane separates the scala media from the scala tympani.
basilar
The _________ membrane separates the scala media from the scala tympani
basilar
The taste ___________ are found mainly on the lingual papillae and contain the sensory receptors for taste.
buds
Earwax, also called _________, is a protective, sticky secretion of ear canal glands. It waterproofs the ear canal and inhibits bacterial growth. Listen to the complete question
cerumen
The _______ is a thin transparent membrane covering the eyeball and the inner surface of the eyelids.
conjunctiva
The _________ is the translucent anterior section of the fibrous layer (tunic) of the eye.
cornea
The ________ ampullaris is a mound of hair cells and supporting cells within the ampulla of a semicircular canal.
crista
Pain from arthritis is a type of ______ pain. -deep somatic -superficial somatic -visceral
deep somatic
The ____________ duct connects the lacrimal apparatus to the nasal cavity.
nasolacrimal
True or false: All sensory signals are consciously perceived.
false
True or false: The outer hair cells account for most of the hearing (90-95%) accomplished by the spiral organ.
false
Which term refers to the sensation of taste? -Nociception -Gustation -Proprioception -Olfaction
gustation
The ______ ear consists of the cochlea and the vestibule which are organs important for the senses of hearing and balance. -external -inner -middle
inner
The visual adjustment that is made when you go from a dark or dimly lit area to a brighter area is called ________ adaptation.
light
The visible bumps on the tongue are not taste buds, but instead are called ___________ papillae.
lingual
Most encapsulated nerve endings are ______. -photoreceptors -thermoreceptors -mechanoreceptors -chemoreceptors
mechanoreceptors
The bony labyrinth of the inner ear is lined with a series of fleshy tubes called the ____ labyrinth.
membranous
The central pillar of bone within the cochlea of the inner ear is called the _______
modiolus
The ______ membranes of the maculae sacculi and utriculi are important in sensing gravity and motion. -otolithic -tympanic -cutaneous
otolithic
The ______ hair cells of the spiral organ adjust the response of the cochlea to make the IHCs more responsive to certain pitches of sound. inner outer
outer
While hearing is primarily a function of the inner hair cells, cochlear tuning is a function of the ___ hair cells.
outer
Which can be defined as discomfort resulting from tissue damage or exposure to noxious stimuli? -Pain -Somesthesis -Proprioception -Somatosensation
pain
Tactile corpuscles are most abundant on the ______. -back of the hand -palm of the hand
palm of the hand
The _____ reflex refers to the ability of the pupil to respond to the intensity of light.
photopupillary
The taste hairs of taste cells project into small openings in the epithelium of the tongue where they come into contact with saliva mixed with bits of dissolved food. These small pits are called taste ___________
pore
The bending of a tip link protein leads to depolarization of the hair cell by allowing ________ ions to diffuse across the membrane into the cell.
potassium
The ________ is the opening within the iris of the eye.
pupil
Which term refers to the area within which a single sensory neuron is able to detect a stimulus? -Primary sensory cortex -Projection pathway -Labeled line -Receptive field
receptive field
The initial effect of a stimulus on a sensory receptor is a small, local change in membrane potential called a(n) ___________ potential.
receptor
Which part of the eye forms from a cup-shaped outgrowth of the diencephalon and is actually considered part of the brain? -iris -retina -choroid -sclera
retina
Which type of photoreceptor cells demonstrate extensive neural convergence resulting in spatial summation, useful for low light vision? -Ganglion -Rods -Amacrine -Cone
rods
The ______ ducts of the inner ear are specialized to detect rotational head movements (angular acceleration). -apical -tubular -cochlear -semicircular
semicircular
The retina is attached to the eye at the optic disc and at the ora ________
serrata
Red-green color blindness is a(n) ____________-linked recessive trait.
sex
Which term refers to any audible vibration of molecules? -Olfaction -Vision -Gustation -Sound
sound
The acoustic organ, also known as the ________ organ, transduces airborne vibrations into neural signals.
spiral
The _______ ligament attaches the lens of the eye to the ciliary body.
suspensory
The olfactory ______ carry sensory information from the olfactory bulbs to the primary olfactory cortex. -tracts -cells -nerves -mucosa
tracts
______ is the conversion of one form of energy to another. In biology, it is used to describe the conversion of stimulus energy into an electrical signal in the nervous system. -Sensation -Transduction -Perception -Transformation
transduction
True or false: Constriction of the pupil minimizes the blurring of an image by screening out the peripheral light rays.
true
True or false: Molecules must first be dissolved in the saliva to be tasted.
true
True or false: Most somatosensory projection pathways decussate.
true
True or false: Sensitivity differences during light and dark adaptation result, at least in part, from the difference in bleaching and regeneration rates of photopsin and rhodopsin.
true
True or false: The brain may distinguish between stimulus intensities based on which sensory neurons are firing.
true
True or false: The pigment epithelium of the retina is a darkly pigmented layer that absorbs stray light.
true
The scala _______ is the most inferior chamber of the spiral organ.
tympani
The choroid is ______. -very vascular -only vascular in infants -not vascular
very vascular
The ______ nerve carries information to the vestibular nuclei of the pons and medulla oblongata. -vestibular -vagus -glossopharyngeal -accessory
vestibular
The ________ nuclei, which are located on either side of the pons and medulla oblongata, receive input from the vestibular apparatus of the inner ear.
vestibular
The __________ membrane separates the scala media from the scala vestibuli
vestibular
The _____ body is a jelly-like substance located between the lens and the retina of the eyeball.
vitreous