Anatomy Ch 16 connect

Which region of the midbrain plays an important role in modulating the transmission of pain signals? -Superior colliculus -Central gray matter -Substantia nigra -Inferior colliculus

Central gray matter

Which term refers to the mound of hair cells and supporting cells within the ampullae of the semicircular ducts? -Crista ampullaris -Macula utriculi -Macula saccule -Cupula

Crista ampullaris

Activation of descending analgesic pathways will result in which of the following? -Increased neural activity in the thalamus -Increased spinothalamic tract activity -Increased release of enkephalins by spinal interneurons -Increased release of substance P by nociceptors

Increased release of enkephalins by spinal interneurons

Which are phasic receptors that detect vibration? -Bulbous (Ruffini) corpuscles -Tactile (Merkle) discs -Lamellar (Pacinian) corpuscles -Tendon organs

Lamellar (Pacinian) corpuscles

Which are phasic receptors that detect vibration? -Bulbous (Ruffini) corpuscles -Tendon organs -Tactile (Merkle) discs -Lamellar (Pacinian) corpuscles

Lamellar (Pacinian) corpuscles

Louder sounds are caused by vibrations with which of the following characteristics? -Higher frequencies -Smaller amplitudes -Lower frequencies -Larger amplitudes

Larger amplitudes

Which extrinsic eye muscle moves the eyeball laterally? -Inferior rectus -Lateral rectus -Superior rectus -Medial rectus

Lateral rectus

What is the function of the lens? -To reabsorb the aqueous humor -To control the amount of light that enters the eye -To transduce light energy into neural signals -To focus light onto the retina

To focus light onto the retina

What is the function of the lacrimal apparatus? -To move the eyes laterally -To move the eyes up and down -To secrete an oil to prevent tear evaporation -To produce and drain tears

To produce and drain tears

What is the primary function of the tympanic membrane? -To transmit sound vibrations to the auditory ossicles -To equalize air pressure in the tympanic cavity -To block bacteria from entering the inner ear -To transduce airborne vibrations into neural signals

To transmit sound vibrations to the auditory ossicles

What is the anatomical name for the eardrum? -Eustachian tube -Malleus -Tympanic membrane -Cochlea

Tympanic membrane

Which structure transmits sound vibrations to the auditory ossicles? -Incus -Cochlea -Tympanic membrane -Pharyngotympanic tube

Tympanic membrane

True or false: Lower firing rates of inner hair cells in narrower bands of the cochlea will be interpret by the brain as a softer sound.

True

True or false: Olfactory cells become activated through a second messenger system.

True

True or false: Tears contain a bactericidal enzyme to help prevent infection.

True

True or false: The macula utriculi are oriented horizontally on the floor of the utricle.

True

The sense of smell is also known as ______. -deglutition -olfaction -proprioception -gustation

olfaction

The retina is examined with an instrument called a(n) _________ which illuminates and magnifies the retina.

ophthalmoscope

The area of the brain responsible for creating an overall impression of food by integrating taste, smell and visual input is the area of the cerebral cortex called the _________ cortex.

orbitofrontal

Which term refers to any structure specialized to detect a stimulus? -Sense organ -Modality -Receptor -Nerve

Receptor

Which term refers to a local, stimulus-induced change in the membrane potential of a receptor cell? -Sensory modality -Receptor potential -Sensation -Receptive field

Receptor potential

During a heart attack, people often experience pain in their shoulder even though the pain is being triggered by ischemia (lack of oxygen) in the heart muscle. Which type of pain does this describe? -Psychosomatic pain -First (fast) pain -Cutaneous pain -Referred pain

Referred pain

Select all that apply Which is associated with a louder sound? -Higher firing frequency of axons in the cochlear nerve -More vigorous vibration of the basilar membrane -Greater number of hair cells excited -IHCs activated in a narrower band of the cochlea

-Higher firing frequency of axons in the cochlear nerve -More vigorous vibration of the basilar membrane -Greater number of hair cells excited

Select all that apply What are the characteristics of a phasic receptor? Select all that apply. -Adapts quickly to a stimulus -Produces a quick burst of action potentials -Produces a steady, prolonged response -Adapts slowly to a stimulus

-Adapts quickly to a stimulus -Produces a quick burst of action potentials

Select all that apply What are the characteristics of a tonic receptor? Select all that apply. -Adapts slowly to a stimulus -Produces a quick, short-lived burst of action potentials -Produces a steady, prolonged response -Adapts quickly to a stimulus

-Adapts slowly to a stimulus -Produces a steady, prolonged response

Select all that apply Which tastants bind to G-protein coupled receptors on taste hairs? -Alkaloids -Glutamate -Sugars -Sodium

-Alkaloids -Glutamate -Sugars

Select all that apply Which are tonic receptors? -End bulbs (Krause corpuscles) -Tactile (Meissner) corpuscles -Lamellar (Pacinian) corpuscles -Bulbous (Ruffini) corpuscles -Tactile (Merkel) discs

-Bulbous (Ruffini) corpuscles -Tactile (Merkel) discs

Select all that apply What are the effects of light exposure on rhodopsin? -Cis-retinal converted to trans isoform -Trans-retinal converted to cis isoform -Retinal and opsin recombination -Retinal and opsin separation

-Cis-retinal converted to trans isoform -Retinal and opsin separation

Select all that apply What are the effects of light exposure on the retina? -Cis-retinal is converted to trans isoform. -Rods increase rate of glutamate release onto bipolar cells. -Rods decrease rate of glutamate release onto bipolar cells. -Trans-retinal is converted to cis isoform.

-Cis-retinal is converted to trans isoform. -Rods decrease rate of glutamate release onto bipolar cells.

Select all that apply Which describe the choroid? -Part of the inner tunic (layer) -Contains numerous capillaries -Part of the vascular tunic (layer) -Highly pigmented

-Contains numerous capillaries -Part of the vascular tunic (layer) -Highly pigmented

Select all that apply Equilibrium refers to perception of which of the following? Choose three of the options below. -Coordination -Balance -Perception of time -Orientation in space -Hearing

-Coordination -Balance -Orientation in space

Select all that apply Which are naturally occurring analgesics (endogenous opioids)? -Enkephalins -Prostaglandins -Endorphins -Dynorphins -Bradykinin

-Enkephalins -Endorphins -Dynorphins

Select all that apply Which cranial nerves carry pain-related signals? Select four from the list below. -Glossopharyngeal (IX) -Vagus (X) -Trigeminal (V) -Trochlear (IV) -Abducens (VI) -Facial (VII)

-Glossopharyngeal (IX) -Vagus (X) -Trigeminal (V) -Facial (VII)

Select all that apply Which sensory modalities are mediated by inner ear structures? -Gustation -Olfaction -Hearing -Balance -Pressure

-Hearing -Balance

Select all that apply Name the two cell types that function primarily to enhance the perception of the edges of objects, contrast and light intensity in the retina? -Horizontal cells -Bipolar cells -Cone cells -Rod cells -Amacrine cells

-Horizontal cells -Amacrine cells

Select all that apply What information does the brain use to determine the intensity of a stimulus? -How many sensory neurons respond -How rapidly the sensory neurons fire -Which sensory neurons respond -How long the stimulus lasts -Which receptive fields are stimulated

-How many sensory neurons respond -How rapidly the sensory neurons fire -Which sensory neurons respond

Select all that apply What are the names of the auditory ossicles? -Incus -Pinna -Cochlea -Stapes -Malleus

-Incus -Stapes -Malleus

Select all that apply Which structures are part of the vascular layer of the eyeball? -Iris -Ciliary body -Sclera -Choroid -Cornea

-Iris -Ciliary body -Choroid

Select all that apply Which are functions of the vitreous body? -Keeps retina smooth -Focuses an image onto the retina -Provide a neural pathway for the retina -Maintains intraocular pressure

-Keeps retina smooth -Maintains intraocular pressure

Select all that apply Cerumen does which of the following? -Keeps the tympanic membrane pliable -Inhibits bacterial growth -Amplifies vibrations entering the ear canal -Waterproofs the ear canal

-Keeps the tympanic membrane pliable -Inhibits bacterial growth -Waterproofs the ear canal

Select all that apply List the components of the lacrimal apparatus. -Nasal cavity -Lacrimal ducts -Conjunctiva -Lacrimal gland

-Lacrimal ducts -Lacrimal gland

Select all that apply Which types of stimuli are detected by end bulbs? -Deep pressure -Light touch -Stretch -Vibration -Texture

-Light touch -Texture

Select all that apply Tactile (Meissner) corpuscles are abundant in which of the following areas? -Axilla -Nipples -Fingertips -Scalp -Palms

-Nipples -Fingertips -Palms

Select all that apply Which types of sensory receptors consist of free nerve endings? -Nociceptors -Warm receptors -Cold receptors -Lamellar (Pacinian) corpuscles

-Nociceptors -Warm receptors -Cold receptors

Select all that apply What are the two moieties of rhodopsin? -Melanopsin -Opsin -Retinal -Photopsin

-Opsin -Retinal

Select all that apply The inner layer of the eye contains which of the following? -Numerous capillaries -Retina -Start of optic nerve -Numerous melanocytes

-Retina -Start of optic nerve

Select all that apply Which cochlear chambers contain perilymph? -Scala tympani -Scala media -Scala vestibuli

-Scala tympani -Scala vestibuli

Select all that apply Which structures are part of the outer, fibrous layer of the eyeball? -Choroid -Sclera -Pupil -Cornea

-Sclera -Cornea

Select all that apply Which three terms refer to all the senses that utilize receptors widely distributed throughout the body? -Somesthetic senses -Special senses -Somatosensory senses -General senses

-Somesthetic senses -Somatosensory senses -General senses

Select all that apply Which are extrinsic eye muscles? -Superior rectus -Medial rectus -Lateral rectus -Lateral oblique -Superior oblique -Medial oblique -Inferior oblique -Inferior rectus

-Superior rectus -Medial rectus -Lateral rectus -Superior oblique -Inferior oblique -Inferior rectus

Select all that apply Which are examples of somatosensory (general) senses? -Touch -Pain -Pressure -Equilibrium -Vision -Stretch

-Touch -Pain -Pressure -Stretch

Select all that apply What are the five primary taste sensations? -Umami -Spicy -Sweet -Bitter -Sour -Pungent -Salty

-Umami -Sweet -Bitter -Sour -Salty

Select all that apply Name the two chambers of the vestibule. -Utricle -Semicircular ducts -Saccule -Cochlea

-Utricle -Saccule

Select all that apply What are the components of the vestibular apparatus? Choose three answers from the list below. -Spiral organ -Utricle -Cochlea -Semicircular ducts -Saccule

-Utricle -Semicircular ducts -Saccule

Select all that apply Which sensory modalities depend on the activation of chemoreceptors? -Taste -Hearing -Smell -Vision

-taste -smell

Select all that apply Which are examples of sensory modality? -Taste -Hearing -Phasic -Vision -Tonic

-vision -hearing -taste

What is the range of frequencies within which humans can hear relatively soft (low energy) sounds? -20 to 20,000 Hz -1,500 to 20,000 Hz -20 to 5,000 Hz -1,500 to 5,000 Hz

1,500 to 5,000 Hz

A pain signal arising from the head must travel along how many neurons before reaching the brain? -3 -2 -4 -1

3

How many neurons make up most somatosensory projection pathways? -4 -2 -1 -3

3

Most human color vision is based upon comparing signals generated by how many types of cones? 1 3 4 2

3

Unlike in most other sensory projection pathways, auditory signals must travel along how many neurons before they reach the cortex? -4 -1 -3 -5 -2

4

What wavelengths of light are visible to the human eye? -400-700 nm -200-400 nm -100-200 nm -800-900 nm

400-700 nm

What is the cupula? -A gelatinous cap surrounding the stereocilia and kinocilium of the hair cells -A patch of hair cells located on the wall of the saccule -A mound of hair cells within the ampulla -A dilated sac at one end of the semicircular canal

A gelatinous cap surrounding the stereocilia and kinocilium of the hair cells

Which term refers to a substance or mechanism that has pain-relieving properties? -Hyperalgesic -Analgesic -Inflammatory -Nociceptive

Analgesic

What fluid is secreted by the ciliary body? -Lymph -Blood -Aqueous humor -Tears

Aqueous humor

What is a receptive field? -Area within which a single sensory neuron is able to detect a stimulus -Location of signal integration in the thalamus -Site where axons in a projection pathway cross to the opposite side of the brain -The region of the cerebral cortex that first receives a particular type of sensory signal

Area within which a single sensory neuron is able to detect a stimulus

Which is also known as the external acoustic meatus? -Pharyngotympanic tube -Auditory canal -Tympanic cavity -Eustachian tube

Auditory canal

Which is located in the middle ear? -Auditory ossicles -Auricle -Cochlea -External acoustic meatus

Auditory ossicles

Infections of the throat may be transmitted to the middle ear via which of the following? -Vestibule -Auditory tube -Cochlea -Auditory canal

Auditory tube

Which structure connects the nasopharynx to the middle ear? -Cochlear duct -Auditory canal -Auditory tube -Auditory ossicles

Auditory tube

Which cells of a taste bud are stem cells that multiply and replace taste cells that have died? -Basal cells -Taste hairs -Taste cells -Supporting cells

Basal cells

The cochlea detects differences in the pitch of sound because different frequencies vibrate different areas along which of the following? -Auditory canal -Tectorial membrane -Basilar membrane -Tympanic membrane

Basilar membrane

Which term refers to the comparison of signals from both the right and left ears to localize the source of a sound? -Stereopsis -Optic chiasm -Hemidecussation -Binaural hearing

Binaural hearing

________ cells are first-order retinal neurons that synapse with photoreceptors.

Bipolar

How does the brain determine the location of a stimulus? -By how long a stimulus lasts -By the stimulus modality -By which axons send the signal to the CNS -By firing frequency

By which axons send the signal to the CNS

What are olfactory hairs? -Stiff hairs that line the anterior nasal passages -Small bundles of olfactory cell axons that come together to form the olfactory nerve -Small, spiky projections that cover the tongue -Cilia on olfactory cells that have receptors for odor molecules

Cilia on olfactory cells that have receptors for odor molecules

Which genetic disorder is caused by a mutation in one or more photopsins? -Myopia -Diplopia -Night blindness -Color blindness

Color blindness

Which are the photoreceptors that are primarily responsible for photopic (day) and trichromatic (color) vision? -Amacrine -Rod -Bipolar -Cone

Cone

Which type of photoreceptor is primarily responsible for photopic (day) vision and trichromatic (color) vision? -Ganglion cell -Cone cell -Rod cell -Bipolar cell

Cone cell

Describe the function of the spiral organ. -Muffles the vibrations of the tympanic membrane -Converts sound vibrations into nerve impulses -Senses the orientation of the head -Transmits sound vibrations to the tympanic membrane

Converts sound vibrations into nerve impulses

Describe the function of the spiral organ. -Transmits sound vibrations to the tympanic membrane -Converts sound vibrations into nerve impulses -Senses the orientation of the head -Muffles the vibrations of the tympanic membrane

Converts sound vibrations into nerve impulses

Astigmatism may result from an irregularity in which of the following structures? -Retina -Cornea -Iris -Pupil

Cornea

The loudness of a sound is expressed in which of the following units? -Volts (V) -Amperes (Amps) -Hertz (Hz) -Decibels (dB)

Decibels (dB)

What occurs when outer hair cells of the spiral organ are stimulated by motor neurons from the pons? -Increased mobility of the vestibular membrane -Decreased mobility of the vestibular membrane -Decreased mobility of the basilar membrane -Increased mobility of the basilar membrane

Decreased mobility of the basilar membrane

Stereoscopic vision provides for which of the following? -Night vision -Color vision -Day vision -Depth perception

Depth perception

Which term refers specifically to the perception of acceleration? -Dynamic equilibrium -Proprioception -Static equilibrium -Nociception

Dynamic equilibrium

Vision is the perception of which of the following? -Odorant molecules -Body position -Sound waves -Electromagnetic radiation

Electromagnetic radiation

When eyes are focusing on far away objects, they are in which state? -Diplopia -Myopia -Emmetropia -Convergence

Emmetropia

Which tactile receptors are located in the mucous membranes of the lips and tongue, in conjunctiva of the anterior surface of the eye, and the epineurium of large nerves? -Lamellar (Pacinian) corpuscles -Tactile (Meissner) corpuscles -Tactile (Merkel) discs -End bulbs (Krause corpuscles)

End bulbs (Krause corpuscles)

Which fluid fills the membranous labyrinth of the inner ear? -Aqueous humor -Endolymph -Vitreous humor -Perilymph

Endolymph

Which fluid fills the membranous labyrinth of the inner ear? -Endolymph -Aqueous humor -Vitreous humor -Perilymph

Endolymph

The vestibule contains receptors for which sensory modality? -Vision (sight) -Audition (hearing) -Equilibrium (balance) -Olfaction (smell) -Gustation (taste)

Equilibrium (balance)

True or false: The auditory ossicles provide mechanical advantage and amplify the sound.

False

Which type of lingual papillae do not contain taste buds? -Vallate papillae -Filiform papillae -Foliate papillae -Fungiform papillae

Filiform papillae

Which type of lingual papillae is responsible for giving cats' tongues their rough, sandpaper-like feel? -Foliate papillae -Fungiform papillae -Filiform papillae -Vallate papillae

Filiform papillae

Which serves as the sensory receptors in the semicircular ducts? -Maculae -Cupula -Hair cells -Otolithic membrane

Hair cells

Which type of lingual papillae are weakly developed in humans and lose most of their taste buds by age 2 or 3 years? -Foliate papillae -Filiform papillae -Fungiform papillae -Vallate papillae

Foliate papillae

Which portion of the retina produces the greatest visual acuity (sharpness of image)? -Sclera -Optic disc -Ora serrata -Fovea centralis

Fovea centralis

Which term refers to unencapsulated nerve endings that act as temperature receptors (warm and cold), and nociceptors (pain)? -Peritrichial endings -Tactile (Merkel) discs -Free nerve endings -Hair receptors

Free nerve endings

The pitch of a sound is determined by which aspect of the vibration producing it? -Amplitude -Frequency -Intensity -Loudness

Frequency

Which type of lingual papillae are most concentrated at the tip and sides of the tongue? -Foliate papillae -Fungiform papillae -Filiform papillae -Vallate papillae

Fungiform papillae

Which type of lingual papillae contain about three taste buds per papillae? -Vallate papillae -Foliate papillae -Filiform papillae -Fungiform papillae

Fungiform papillae

Which type of retinal cells function as second-order neurons in the visual pathway, as well as occasionally functioning as photoreceptors? -Rod cell -Cone cell -Ganglion cell -Bipolar cell

Ganglion cell

The axons of which retinal cells form the optic nerve? -Bipolar cells -Rod cells -Ganglion cells -Cone cells

Ganglion cells

Which act as sensory receptors within the utricle and saccule? -Crista ampullaris -Otolithic membrane -Taste buds -Hair cells

Hair cells

The cochlea contains receptors for which sense? -Vision -Olfaction -Hearing -Equilibrium

Hearing

Higher pitched sounds (more treble) are caused by vibrations with which of the following characteristics? -Smaller amplitudes -Higher frequencies -Larger amplitudes -Lower frequencies

Higher frequencies

____________ cells and amacrine cells form horizontal connections between rods, cones, and bipolar cells.

Horizontal

Which regions of the brain receive taste information and in turn activate autonomic reflexes related to food, such as salivating, gagging, and vomiting? -Pons and cerebellum -Hypothalamus and amygdala -Hippocampus and thalamus -Basal nuclei and pyramids

Hypothalamus and amygdala

Pressure waves are transduced into neural signals in which section of the ear? -Middle ear -Inner ear -Outer ear

Inner ear

The orbitofrontal cortex is responsible for which of the following? -Detecting the presence of odorant molecules -Integrating different types of sensory information into an overall perception of flavor -Inhibiting olfactory bulb cells to modulate odor perception -Associating smells with emotions, memories, and visceral reactions

Integrating different types of sensory information into an overall perception of flavor

The posterior chamber of the eye is located between which two structures? -Sclera and Choroid -Iris and lens -Cornea and iris -Choroid and Retina

Iris and lens

What happens when the retinal moiety of rhodopsin absorbs light? -It emits radiation. -It is converted into vitamin A. -It becomes cis-retinal. -It becomes all-trans retinal.

It becomes all-trans retinal.

Which statement about the pupillary dilator is true? -It receives parasympathetic innervation. -It consists of a spoke-like arrangement of myoepithelial cells. -It constricts the pupil in bright light. -It narrows the pupil.

It consists of a spoke-like arrangement of myoepithelial cells.

What is the function of the tympanic reflex? -It amplifies sound frequencies associated with human speech to allow better understanding of language. -It allows localization of sounds in a noisy environment. -It muffles the transfer of vibrations to the oval window in order to protect the hair cells of the inner ear from very loud noises. -It allows you to orient yourself; to determine which direction is up after you fall down.

It muffles the transfer of vibrations to the oval window in order to protect the hair cells of the inner ear from very loud noises.

Which statement about the pupillary constrictor is true? -It narrows the pupil. -It receives sympathetic innervation. -It consists of a spoke-like arrangement of myoepithelial cells. -When activated, it allows more light to enter the eye in dimly lit environments.

It narrows the pupil.

Why does constriction of the pupil facilitate focusing on nearby objects? -It reduces spherical aberration. -It narrows the diameter of the ciliary body. -It flattens the lens and makes it thinner. -It allows the lens to relax into a more convex shape.

It reduces spherical aberration.

The vitreous body, or humor, is a jelly-like substance located between what two structures of the eye? -Sclera and choroid -Lens and retina -Iris and lens -Cornea and iris

Lens and retina

Which term refers to the brain's ability to determine the site of stimulation? -Intensity -Location -Duration -Modality

Location

Which term refers to a bactericidal enzyme found in tears and other body secretions? -Lysozyme -Mucin -Conjunctiva -Cerumen

Lysozyme

Which term refers to a patch of cells in the center of the retina? -Macula lutea -Vitreous body -Ciliary body -Lens

Macula lutea

Which term refers to the patch of hair cells and supporting cells positioned vertically on the wall of the saccule? -Macula sacculi -Spiral ganglion -Organ of Corti -Macula utriculi

Macula sacculi

Which term refers to patches of sensory epithelium within the utricle and saccule? -Olfactory epithelium -Maculae -Crista ampullaris -Semicircular canals -Lingual papillae

Maculae

Which type of receptor detects touch, pressure, stretch, or vibration? -Thermoreceptor -Photoreceptor -Mechanoreceptor -Chemoreceptor -Nociceptor

Mechanoreceptor

Which type of cone contains a photopsin that is maximally sensitive to wavelengths of light around 531 nm? -Long-wavelength cones -Short-wavelength cones -Medium-wavelength cones

Medium-wavelength cones

Which section of the ear runs from the tympanic membrane (ear drum) to the oval window of the cochlea? -Middle ear -Inner ear -Outer ear

Middle ear

Which term refers to the type of stimulus or sensation produced when a sensory receptor is activated? -Format -Effector -Modality -Threshold

Modality

Which term refers to the central pillar of spongy bone which supports the cochlea of the inner ear? -Utricle -Saccule -Modiolus -Vestibule

Modiolus

Proprioceptors respond to which type of stimuli? -Sound waves in the air -Chemicals that trigger tastes and smells -Pressure and stretch in internal organs -Movements or changes in body position

Movements or changes in body position

Nociceptors that give rise to the sensation of fast pain are characterized by which of the following? -Myelinated axons -Unmyelinated axons -Long axons -Short axons

Myelinated axons

Which term refers to difficulty in viewing distant objects? -Myopia -Emmetropia -Astigmatism -Hyperopia

Myopia

What is the distal most portion of the lacrimal apparatus from the lacrimal gland? -Lacrimal canal -Lacrimal gland -Nasolacrimal duct -Lacrimal duct -Lacrimal sac

Nasolacrimal duct

Olfactory cells are a type of what? -Epithelial cell -Neuron -Mucus cell -Respiratory cell

Neuron

Which type of secretion from the tarsal glands coats the eye and reduces evaporation? -Cerumen -Oil -Sweat -Tears

Oil

Where does hemidecussation occurs in the visual projection pathway? -Optic tracts -Lateral geniculate nucleus -Occipital lobe -Optic chiasm -Optic nerve

Optic chiasm

Which area of the retina lacks photoreceptors and is therefore referred to as the "blind spot"? -Ora serrata -Macula lutea -Fovea centralis -Optic disc

Optic disc

Which membrane is found in the maculae of the saccule and utricle? -Tectorial -Otolithic -Basilar -Tympanic

Otolithic

The sclera is part of which tunic of the eyeball? -Outer -Middle -Inner

Outer

The beginning of the inner ear is a membrane-covered opening called which of the following? -Oval window -Auricle -Internal acoustic meatus -Tympanic cavity

Oval window

Which is an opening between the middle ear and the vestibule of the inner ear? -Oval window -External acoustic meatus -Eustachian tube -Tragus

Oval window

The term referred pain specifically refers to which of the following? -Pain that arises from activity in the cranial nerves -Pain that originates in the viscera, but which seems to come from the skin -Pain that triggers emotional and behavioral responses -Pain that has no medically identifiable causes and which is therefore attributed to psychological factors

Pain that originates in the viscera, but which seems to come from the skin

The pupillary constrictor muscle is under direct control of which branch of the nervous system? -Parasympathetic -Somatic motor -Somatic sensory -Sympathetic

Parasympathetic

Which fluid serves as a cushion between the bony and membranous labyrinths? -Vitreous humor -Perilymph -Endolymph -Aqueous humor

Perilymph

Which term is another name for hair receptors? -End bulbs -Peritrichial endings -Thermoreceptors -Lamellar corpuscles

Peritrichial endings

________ is the visual pigment present in cones.

Photopsin

Which term refers to the reduced ability to accommodate for near vision that commonly occurs with aging? -Emmetropia -Hyperopia -Myopia -Presbyopia

Presbyopia

As light passes through different mediums, its path will bend. What is this called? -Refraction -Focusing -Constriction -Dilation

Refraction

The ora serrata is the scalloped margin of which structure? -Macula lutea -Ciliary body -Optic disc -Retina

Retina

Which structure contains photoreceptors? -Iris -Lens -Cornea -Retina

Retina

Which type of stimulus will maximally activate the sensory receptors within the semicircular ducts? -Tastants -Vibration -Rotational motion -Linear acceleration

Rotational motion

Which cochlear chamber is the most superior? -Scala vestibuli -Scala media -Scala tympani

Scala vestibuli

Which term refers to the posterior, white portion of the fibrous layer? -Cornea -Sclera -Choroid -Iris

Sclera

Aqueous humor is reabsorbed from the anterior chamber into the blood by which of the following? -Ora serrata -Macula lutea -Scleral venous sinus -Suspensory ligament -Vitreous humor

Scleral venous sinus

Rod cells are primarily responsible for which type of vision? -Photopic -Myopic -Scotopic -Trichromatic

Scotopic

Which term refers to the conscious perception of a stimulus? -Sensation -Sensory modality -Transduction -Receptor potential

Sensation

Which term refers to sensory receptors accompanied by accessory tissues that facilitate transduction of a stimulus? -Receptor potential -Sense organ -Labeled line -Sensory receptor

Sense organ

After spraying perfume on her neck, Tasha becomes less aware of the scent over time. What property is this describing? -Sensory projection -Referred pain -Sensory adaptation -Analgesic effect

Sensory adaptation

Which would be true about a person with only one eye? -She would be completely blind. -She would be color-blind. -She would have impaired panoramic vision. -She would have impaired stereoscopic vision.

She would have impaired stereoscopic vision.

Softer (quieter) sounds are caused by vibrations with which of the following characteristics? -Smaller amplitudes -Higher frequencies -Lower frequencies -Larger amplitudes

Smaller amplitudes

Senses in which of the following categories utilize receptors that are specific to a particular area of the body? -Somatosensory senses -Somesthetic senses -Special senses -General senses

Special senses

Which tract is part of the pathway responsible for eliciting emotional pain responses (e.g. fear and nausea)? -Cuneate fasciculus -Medial lemniscus -Spinoreticular tract -Spinothalamic tract

Spinoreticular tract

Which neural pathway is the primary projection pathway for pain signals arising from below the neck? -Medial lemniscus -Gracile fasciculus -Cuneate fasciculus -Spinothalamic tract

Spinothalamic tract

The cochlear nerve is formed by the axons of which of the following? -Inner hair cells -Spiral ganglion neurons -Mitral cells -Outer hair cells

Spiral ganglion neurons

Which term refers to the perception of the orientation of the head when the body is stationary? -Angular acceleration -Static equilibrium -Dynamic equilibrium -Linear acceleration

Static equilibrium

Exteroceptors respond to which of the following? -Stimuli that produce feelings of nausea -Stimuli pertaining to the position or movements of body parts -Stimuli external to the body -Stimuli from internal organs

Stimuli external to the body

Which of the following plays the largest role in binaural hearing? -Cochlear nuclei of the medulla -Spiral ganglia of the cochlea -Inferior colliculus -Superior olivary nuclei of the pons

Superior olivary nuclei of the pons

The myoepithelial cells within the pupillary dilator are innervated by which branch of the nervous system? -Somatic motor -Somatic sensory -Parasympathetic -Sympathetic

Sympathetic

Which are specialized to detect textures, edges and shapes? -Free nerve ending -Tactile (Merkel) discs -Hair receptors -Tendon organs

Tactile (Merkel) discs

Which structure secretes an oil that reduces tear evaporation? -Lacrimal gland -Palpebral fissure -Conjunctiva -Tarsal gland

Tarsal gland

The auditory canal is a passageway through which bone? -Maxilla -Frontal -Temporal -Zygomatic

Temporal

Which cranial bone contains the bony labyrinth? -Temporal -Ethmoid -Sphenoid -Maxilla -Parietal

Temporal

Select all that apply Which sensory modalities involve the activation of tactile (Merkel) discs? -Pain -Texture -Temperature -Light touch

Texture Light touch

Which structure secretes endogenous opioids? -Teeth -Bones -The skin -The brain

The brain

What is sensory adaptation? -The amplitude or strength or a stimulus -The type of stimulus or sensation that it evokes -The ability of the brain to identify the site of stimulation -The decrease in perceived sensation over time

The decrease in perceived sensation over time

Relative to high frequency vibrations, lower frequency vibrations cause which of the following? -The distal end of the basilar membrane to vibrate more than the proximal end -The proximal end of the basilar membrane to vibrate more than the distal end -The basilar membrane to vibrate less vigorously along its entire length -The basilar membrane to vibrate more vigorously along its entire length

The distal end of the basilar membrane to vibrate more than the proximal end

What is a sensory projection pathway? -The neural pathway followed by sensory signals on their way to the brain -A brief, local change in the membrane potential of a sensory cell triggered by a stimulus -The first area of cortex to receive incoming sensory information -The area within which an individual receptor is able to detect a stimulus

The neural pathway followed by sensory signals on their way to the brain

Which structure in the gustatory pathway relays signals to the primary gustatory cortex? -The amygdala -The facial nerve -The lingual nerve -The thalamus

The thalamus

Which structure in the gustatory pathway relays signals to the primary gustatory cortex? -The thalamus -The facial nerve -The amygdala -The lingual nerve

The thalamus

What role do odorant binding proteins play in olfaction? -They transport hydrophobic odorants through the mucus that coats the olfactory epithelium. -They transport hydrophilic odorants across the plasma membrane of olfactory cells. -They are a type of cell-surface receptor found on olfactory cells. -They transport large molecular weight odorants across the blood-brain barrier.

They transport hydrophobic odorants through the mucus that coats the olfactory epithelium.

What is the primary function of a sensory receptor? -Amplification -Perception -Transduction -Propagation

Transduction

What is the function of the middle ear? -Convert vibration to nerve signals -Transmit sound waves to the outer ear -Convert nerve signals to vibrations -Transmit sound waves to the inner ear

Transmit sound waves to the inner ear

What is the primary function of the outer ear? -Equalizing air pressure on both sides of the tympanic membrane -Transmitting sound vibrations to the tympanic membrane -Transducing vibrations into neural signals -Monitoring motion and body position

Transmitting sound vibrations to the tympanic membrane

What is the primary function of the outer ear? -Transmitting sound vibrations to the tympanic membrane -Equalizing air pressure on both sides of the tympanic membrane -Monitoring motion and body position -Transducing vibrations into neural signals

Transmitting sound vibrations to the tympanic membrane

Where are the olfactory tracts located? -Within frontal lobe -Underneath the frontal lobe -Within the brainstem -Posterior to the insula

Underneath the frontal lobe

Nociceptors that give rise to the sensation of slow pain are characterized by which of the following? -Myelinated axons -Short axons -Long axons -Unmyelinated axons

Unmyelinated axons

Where is the olfactory mucosa located? -Lining the paranasal sinuses -Posterior half of the soft palate -Superior surface of the tongue -Upper region of the nasal cavity

Upper region of the nasal cavity

The _________ body is an extension of the choroid that supports the iris and lens of the eye.

ciliary

The conjunctiva are ______. -Very vascular -Not vascular

Very vascular

Together, the utricle, saccule, and semicircular ducts comprise which of the following? -Ossicles -Pinna -Vestibular apparatus -Bony labyrinth

Vestibular apparatus

The cochlear nerve and the vestibular nerve come together to form which cranial nerve? -Accessory (XI) -Abducens (VI) -Hypoglossal (XII) -Vestibulocochlear (VIII)

Vestibulocochlear (VIII)

Sound is produced by which of the following? -The emission of thermal radiation -Electrical currents moving through the air -Vibrating objects pushing against air molecules -Light bouncing off an object in the environment

Vibrating objects pushing against air molecules

Which term refers to a molecule that plays a crucial role in visual transduction by changing shape when it absorbs certain wavelengths of light? -Visual pigment -Pigment epithelium -Vitreous humor -Pupillary dilator

Visual pigment

The duplicity theory of vision holds that a single receptor system cannot produce both high sensitivity and high resolution. What does this theory explain? -Why rods decrease neurotransmitter release when stimulated by light -How trans-retinal is converted back into cis-retinal -How retinal absorbs light -Why we have both rods and cones

Why we have both rods and cones

The ________ membrane separates the scala media from the scala tympani.

basilar

The _________ membrane separates the scala media from the scala tympani

basilar

The taste ___________ are found mainly on the lingual papillae and contain the sensory receptors for taste.

buds

Earwax, also called _________, is a protective, sticky secretion of ear canal glands. It waterproofs the ear canal and inhibits bacterial growth. Listen to the complete question

cerumen

The _______ is a thin transparent membrane covering the eyeball and the inner surface of the eyelids.

conjunctiva

The _________ is the translucent anterior section of the fibrous layer (tunic) of the eye.

cornea

The ________ ampullaris is a mound of hair cells and supporting cells within the ampulla of a semicircular canal.

crista

Pain from arthritis is a type of ______ pain. -deep somatic -superficial somatic -visceral

deep somatic

The ____________ duct connects the lacrimal apparatus to the nasal cavity.

nasolacrimal

True or false: All sensory signals are consciously perceived.

false

True or false: The outer hair cells account for most of the hearing (90-95%) accomplished by the spiral organ.

false

Which term refers to the sensation of taste? -Nociception -Gustation -Proprioception -Olfaction

gustation

The ______ ear consists of the cochlea and the vestibule which are organs important for the senses of hearing and balance. -external -inner -middle

inner

The visual adjustment that is made when you go from a dark or dimly lit area to a brighter area is called ________ adaptation.

light

The visible bumps on the tongue are not taste buds, but instead are called ___________ papillae.

lingual

Most encapsulated nerve endings are ______. -photoreceptors -thermoreceptors -mechanoreceptors -chemoreceptors

mechanoreceptors

The bony labyrinth of the inner ear is lined with a series of fleshy tubes called the ____ labyrinth.

membranous

The central pillar of bone within the cochlea of the inner ear is called the _______

modiolus

The ______ membranes of the maculae sacculi and utriculi are important in sensing gravity and motion. -otolithic -tympanic -cutaneous

otolithic

The ______ hair cells of the spiral organ adjust the response of the cochlea to make the IHCs more responsive to certain pitches of sound. inner outer

outer

While hearing is primarily a function of the inner hair cells, cochlear tuning is a function of the ___ hair cells.

outer

Which can be defined as discomfort resulting from tissue damage or exposure to noxious stimuli? -Pain -Somesthesis -Proprioception -Somatosensation

pain

Tactile corpuscles are most abundant on the ______. -back of the hand -palm of the hand

palm of the hand

The _____ reflex refers to the ability of the pupil to respond to the intensity of light.

photopupillary

The taste hairs of taste cells project into small openings in the epithelium of the tongue where they come into contact with saliva mixed with bits of dissolved food. These small pits are called taste ___________

pore

The bending of a tip link protein leads to depolarization of the hair cell by allowing ________ ions to diffuse across the membrane into the cell.

potassium

The ________ is the opening within the iris of the eye.

pupil

Which term refers to the area within which a single sensory neuron is able to detect a stimulus? -Primary sensory cortex -Projection pathway -Labeled line -Receptive field

receptive field

The initial effect of a stimulus on a sensory receptor is a small, local change in membrane potential called a(n) ___________ potential.

receptor

Which part of the eye forms from a cup-shaped outgrowth of the diencephalon and is actually considered part of the brain? -iris -retina -choroid -sclera

retina

Which type of photoreceptor cells demonstrate extensive neural convergence resulting in spatial summation, useful for low light vision? -Ganglion -Rods -Amacrine -Cone

rods

The ______ ducts of the inner ear are specialized to detect rotational head movements (angular acceleration). -apical -tubular -cochlear -semicircular

semicircular

The retina is attached to the eye at the optic disc and at the ora ________

serrata

Red-green color blindness is a(n) ____________-linked recessive trait.

sex

Which term refers to any audible vibration of molecules? -Olfaction -Vision -Gustation -Sound

sound

The acoustic organ, also known as the ________ organ, transduces airborne vibrations into neural signals.

spiral

The _______ ligament attaches the lens of the eye to the ciliary body.

suspensory

The olfactory ______ carry sensory information from the olfactory bulbs to the primary olfactory cortex. -tracts -cells -nerves -mucosa

tracts

______ is the conversion of one form of energy to another. In biology, it is used to describe the conversion of stimulus energy into an electrical signal in the nervous system. -Sensation -Transduction -Perception -Transformation

transduction

True or false: Constriction of the pupil minimizes the blurring of an image by screening out the peripheral light rays.

true

True or false: Molecules must first be dissolved in the saliva to be tasted.

true

True or false: Most somatosensory projection pathways decussate.

true

True or false: Sensitivity differences during light and dark adaptation result, at least in part, from the difference in bleaching and regeneration rates of photopsin and rhodopsin.

true

True or false: The brain may distinguish between stimulus intensities based on which sensory neurons are firing.

true

True or false: The pigment epithelium of the retina is a darkly pigmented layer that absorbs stray light.

true

The scala _______ is the most inferior chamber of the spiral organ.

tympani

The choroid is ______. -very vascular -only vascular in infants -not vascular

very vascular

The ______ nerve carries information to the vestibular nuclei of the pons and medulla oblongata. -vestibular -vagus -glossopharyngeal -accessory

vestibular

The ________ nuclei, which are located on either side of the pons and medulla oblongata, receive input from the vestibular apparatus of the inner ear.

vestibular

The __________ membrane separates the scala media from the scala vestibuli

vestibular

The _____ body is a jelly-like substance located between the lens and the retina of the eyeball.

vitreous