ANATOMY (Ch. 5)

the _____ contracts and pulls hair upright to force sebum out of the hair follicle.

arrector pilli muscle

terminal hair appears at puberty in the ______ and ____ regions in both sexes

axillary; pubic

______ is the most common form of skin cancer.

basal cell carcinoma

_______ is the least malignant form of skin cancer.

basal cell carcinoma

in second degree burns, burns are red and ____ but skin regenerates.

painful

in third degree burns, nerve ending are destroyed and aren't _____.

painful

the outer wall of a hair follicle is the _______.

peripheral connective tissue sheath

a ______ barrier include the continuity of the skin and the hardness of its keratinized cells.

physical

the skin _____ the skin which is the most vulnerable of organ systems.

protects

carotene accumulates in the _____ or the fatty tissue in the hypodermis.

stratum corneum

in the _______ layer of the epidermis cells are shingle-like and horny.

stratum corneum

the ______ is a broad zone 20-30 dead cell layers thick that accounts for 3/4 of epidermis thickness; top layer.

stratum corneum

the ______ layer of the epidermis contains keratin and thickened plasma and protects skin against abrasion and protection.

stratum corneum

the brick and mortar system of the _______ is a physical barrier for the skin.

stratum corneum

light skin is advantageous for populations closer to the poles because ____ production helps improve calcium uptake for bone strength.

vitamin D

eccrine sweat glands are simple, _____ tubular glands and their ducts entends to open in a funnel-shaped pores.

coiled

the extracellular matrix of the reticular layer contains pockets of adipose cells and thick bundles of ____ fibers.

collagen

_____ are peg like projections that indent overlying epidermis and house nerve endings and touch receptors.

dermal papillae

the ____ has a rich supply of nerve fibers, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels.

dermis

the _____ is made up of strong, flexible connective tissue.

dermis

____________ are membrane junctions that are responsible for joining keratinocytes together.

desmosomes

Since the epidermis, like all epithelial tissue, is avascular nutrients reach epidermis by ____ through tissue fluid from blood vessels in the dermis.

diffusing

the skin helps ____ substances.

excrete

sweat pores open along the crests of friction ridges and leave films of sweat called _______.

fingerprints

_____ burns include localized redness, swelling, and pain.

first degree

______ burns involve tissue damage to the epidermis.

first degree

____ are dermal folds that occur at or near joints, where dermis is tightly secures to deeper structures.

flexure lines

the ____ is the free border and is the distal part free of the skin

free edge

_____ are skin ridges assumed to enhance the gripping ability of fingers and toes.

friction ridges

_____ between cells makes the stratum corneum layer virtually waterproof.

glycolipids

the ____ surrounding dead flat cells in the stratum corneum are like mortar that provides a physical barrier for the skin.

glycolipids

the ______ is the deep end of the follicle located below the skin surface

hair bulb

_____ fold down from the epidermal surface into the dermis.

hair follicles

the _____ is an actively dividing area of the hair bulb that produces hair

hair matrix

the _____ is the part of the follicle responsible for hair growth.

hair matrix

the nipple like bit of dermal tissue that protrudes into the hair bulb is the _______.

hair papilla

hard keratin is found in the ____ and _____

hair; nails

cleavage lines are important to surgery because incision made parallel to these lines ___ quickly and the skin gapes less.

heal

Caucasian skin appears pinkish because small amounts of melanin allows _____ to show through.

hemoglobin

_____ is the pinkish hue of fair skin that reflects crimson color of oxygenate pigment in red blood cells circulating dermal capillaries.

hemoglobin

_______ hair is pale and fine.

vellus

the ______ rule is given to recognize the signs of melanoma.

ABCD

the precursor of vitamin ____ is synthesized when sunlight strikes the skin.

D

thick skin is found is area subject to ______ (palms, fingernails, soles of the feet).

abrasion

the papillary layer of the dermis contains ______ connective tissue.

areolar

the hypodermis _______ the skin to the underlying structures and acts as a shock absorber and insulator.

anchors

____ sweat glands lie deeper in the dermis and even the hypdermis and their ducts empty into hair follicles.

apocrine

______ sweat glands are confined to the axillary and anogenital areas.

apocrine

skin ____ include hair follicle, nails, sweat, and sabaceous glands

appendages

______sweat glands are accociated with hair follicles.

appocrine

______ barriers for the skin include dendritic cells of the epidermis, macrophages of the dermis, and DNA.

biological

second degree burns have symptoms to first degree burns but with _____.

blisters

the ______ of the nail is the exposed part of nail adherent to underlying skin.

body

the dead flat cells of the stratum corneum are like ______ that provide a physical barrier for the skin.

bricks

vitamin D is needed in the body because ____ can't be absorbed from the digestive tract without it.

calcium

________ glands are modified apocrine glands found in the lining of the external ear canal.

ceruminous

a ____ barrier includes skin secretions and melanin. Also, the skin's surface teams with bacterial substances in subum in the acid mantle to kill bacteria.

chemical

the skin constitutes at least three types of barriers: ______,_____,and _____

chemical; physical; biological

vellus hair is found on the body hair in ____ and adult females.

children

______ are separations between bundles of collagen fibers.

cleavage lines

the ____ (of the hair) is the bulky layer surrounding the medulla and is several layers of flattened cells.

cortex

the skin allows for _____ sensation

cutaneous

the skin is richly supplied with ________ sensory receptors that help respond to stimuli arising outside the body.

cutaneous

the _____ is the outermost single layer of cells overlapping one another

cuticle

The hypodermis is found ____ to the skin.

deep

melanocytes are produced in the _____ layer of the epidermis; stratum basale

deepest

________ are star shaped cells that arise from bone marrow and ingest foreign substances

dendritic cells

____ sweat glands (merocrine sweat glands) are numerous and abundant of palms, soles of feet, and forehead.

eccrine

_____ sweat glands secrete sweat and regulate sweating to prevent overheating

eccrine

two types of sweat glands exist: ________ and -______

eccrine, apocrine

skin appendages are derived from the _____

epidermis

the skin is composed of two major regions: ________ and ______

epidermis, dermis

the inner wall that thins as approaches the hair bulb is the _______.

epithelial root sheath

the ________ (cuticle) is the proximal nail fold that projects onto nail body

eponychium

terminal hair is also found on the ____ and ____ of males.

face; chest

the _____ is the thickened region beneath the free edge of the nail where dirt and debris accumulate

hyponychium

the ______ system is the skin and it's derivatives (sweat, oil glands, hair, and nails)

integumentary

______ and ______ of the stratum corneum protect the skin against abrasion and penetration.

keratin; thickened plasma membrane

_______ produce keratin and arise from the stratum basale.

keratinocytes

which epidermal cell type is the most numerous?

keratinocytes

apocrine sweat glands secretes true sweat, plus fatty substances and proteins and play ____ in maintaining constant body temperature.

little

the immediate threat to life for burns is the _____ of body fluid and _____.

loss; dehydration.

In thin skin, stratum ______ is absent and all other strata are thinner as composed to thick skin.

lucidum

the _____ is the white cresent; region lies over thick nail matrix

lunule

____ glands are another type of specialized sweat glands that secrete milk from the female reproductive organs.

mammary

the nail _____ is responsible for nail growth and is the thickened proximal portion of the nail bed.

matrix

the _____ (of hair) is the central core that contains soft keratin; contains large cells and air spaces.

medulla

the hair has three layers of keratinized cells: ______,____ and ____.

medulla, cortex, cuticle

_____ protects nuclei from damaging effects of UV radiation.

melanin

darker skin is advantageous for populations closer to the equator where sunlight is intense because ____ helps protect the skin from sun where it is need.

melanin

when ______ production decreases and air bubbles replace melanin in the hair shaft gray or white hair results.

melanin

three pigments that contribute to skin colors are: ________,______, and __________.

melanin, carotene, hemoglobin

_________ are spider shaped cells that synthesize the pigment melanin.

melanocytes

_____ is the most dangerous skin cancer because it is highly metastatic and is resistant to chemotherapy.

melanoma

______ is the cancer of melanocytes.

melanoma

______ functions of the skin include the conversion of cholesterol molecules to vitamin D precursor from sunlight.

metabolic

the skin performs ____ functions.

metabolic

the layer of cells underlying fingernail or toe nail

nail bed

The lunale of the nail is white because thick ______ underlies it blocks the rosy color of dermal blood supply from showing through.

nail matrix

the _____ is responsible for nail growth.

nail matrix

the ______ is responsible for nail growth

nail matrix

the ______ is the thickened proximal portion of the nail bed.

nail matrix

_____ form a clear protective covering on the dorsal surface part of a finger and toe

nails

______ contains a free edge, nail plate, body, and a proximal root.

nails

phagocytes and other defensive cells wander freely in the _____ layer of dermis and patrol area for bacteria that have penetrated the skin.

papillary

the ____ layer of the dermis is thin and superficial.

papillary

the _____ layer of the dermis is areolar connective tissue interlacing collagen and elastic fibers.

papillary

the dermis contains two layers; _______ and _______

papillary; reticular

the skin ____ body temperature.

regulates

the skin is a _____ for blood.

reservoir

the _____ layer of the dermis is the deeper layer.

reticular

the ______ layer of the dermis is coarse, dense irregular connective tissue.

reticular

the ___ of nail is where nail growth begins and is embedded under the skin at the base of the nail.

root

the ____ is the remainder of hair deep within the follicle

root

______ glands or oil glands are simple branched alveolar glands that are found all over the body expect in thick skin of the palms and soles.

sebaceous

sebaceous glands secrete ______ that softens and lubricated hair and skin.

sebum

sebaceous glands secrete ________.

sebum

________ burns involve tissue damage to the epidermis and upper region of the dermis.

second degree

the hair ____ projects from the skin and extends halfway down the portion of hair embedded in the skin.

shaft

1 in 5 Americans develop _____ at some point.

skin cancer

the overexposure of UV radiation in sunlight damages DNA bases and is a risk factor for _______.

skin cancer

third degree burns involves _____as treatment.

skin grafting

_______ is the second most common skin cancer, arising from keratinocytes in the stratum spinosum.

squamos cell carcinoma

___________ is the type of epithelial tissue that forms the epidermis

stratified squamous epithelium

in basal cell carcinoma _____ cells proliferate and invade the dermis and hypodermis

stratum basale

in the _________ there is one row of actively mitotic stem cells and some newly formed cells become part of the more superficial layers.

stratum basale

melanocytes are contained in the _______ layer of the epidermis.

stratum basale

the _____ contains actively mitotic cells and is the source of new keratinocytes.

stratum basale

the ______ is the deepest epidermal layer, attached to the underlying dermis along a wavy borderline.

stratum basale

the _____ marks the transition between the living cells of the deeper strata and the dead cells of the more superficial strata.

stratum granulosum

the ______ layer contains keratohyline granules and lamellar granules.

stratum granulosum

the _________ consists of 1-5 layers of flattened cells and the process of keratinization begins.

stratum granulosum

there are no living cells above the ______ because the production of keratin causes cells to flatten and start to die.

stratum granulosum

in the ______, cells are 2-3 layers thick and is a thin translucent band just above the stratum granulosum.

stratum lucidum

the ______ consists of 2-3 rows of clear, flat dead keratinocytes with indistinct boundaries.

stratum lucidum

the ______ is only present in thick skin.

stratum lucidum

the _______ is several cell layers thick and the cells contain a weblike system of intermediate filaments.

stratum lucidum

the _________ is not present in thin skin.

stratum lucidum

the ______ are several layers of keratinocytes unified by desmosomes; cells contain thick bundles of intermediate filaments made of pre-keratin.

stratum spinosum

the hypodermis is mostly composed of _________.

subcutaneous tissue

____ are common forms of first degree burns

sun burns

______ are sudorifeous gland that are distributed over the entire skin except nipples and external genitalia.

sweat glands

_______ cells are sensory receptors for touch.

tactile

A ____ is the defense mechanism as melanin synthesis speeds up repair rate of DNA that has been photo damaged.

tan

____ hair is coarse, long hair of the eyebrows and scalp.

terminal

______ burns are entire thickness of skin is burned and shows grey and white, blackened colors.

third degree

hard keratin that is found in typical epidermal cells is ______ and more durable and allows individual cells to not flake off.

tougher

carotene is a ______ to ____ colored pigment.

yellow; orange