ANATOMY (Ch. 5)
the _____ contracts and pulls hair upright to force sebum out of the hair follicle.
arrector pilli muscle
terminal hair appears at puberty in the ______ and ____ regions in both sexes
axillary; pubic
______ is the most common form of skin cancer.
basal cell carcinoma
_______ is the least malignant form of skin cancer.
basal cell carcinoma
in second degree burns, burns are red and ____ but skin regenerates.
painful
in third degree burns, nerve ending are destroyed and aren't _____.
painful
the outer wall of a hair follicle is the _______.
peripheral connective tissue sheath
a ______ barrier include the continuity of the skin and the hardness of its keratinized cells.
physical
the skin _____ the skin which is the most vulnerable of organ systems.
protects
carotene accumulates in the _____ or the fatty tissue in the hypodermis.
stratum corneum
in the _______ layer of the epidermis cells are shingle-like and horny.
stratum corneum
the ______ is a broad zone 20-30 dead cell layers thick that accounts for 3/4 of epidermis thickness; top layer.
stratum corneum
the ______ layer of the epidermis contains keratin and thickened plasma and protects skin against abrasion and protection.
stratum corneum
the brick and mortar system of the _______ is a physical barrier for the skin.
stratum corneum
light skin is advantageous for populations closer to the poles because ____ production helps improve calcium uptake for bone strength.
vitamin D
eccrine sweat glands are simple, _____ tubular glands and their ducts entends to open in a funnel-shaped pores.
coiled
the extracellular matrix of the reticular layer contains pockets of adipose cells and thick bundles of ____ fibers.
collagen
_____ are peg like projections that indent overlying epidermis and house nerve endings and touch receptors.
dermal papillae
the ____ has a rich supply of nerve fibers, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels.
dermis
the _____ is made up of strong, flexible connective tissue.
dermis
____________ are membrane junctions that are responsible for joining keratinocytes together.
desmosomes
Since the epidermis, like all epithelial tissue, is avascular nutrients reach epidermis by ____ through tissue fluid from blood vessels in the dermis.
diffusing
the skin helps ____ substances.
excrete
sweat pores open along the crests of friction ridges and leave films of sweat called _______.
fingerprints
_____ burns include localized redness, swelling, and pain.
first degree
______ burns involve tissue damage to the epidermis.
first degree
____ are dermal folds that occur at or near joints, where dermis is tightly secures to deeper structures.
flexure lines
the ____ is the free border and is the distal part free of the skin
free edge
_____ are skin ridges assumed to enhance the gripping ability of fingers and toes.
friction ridges
_____ between cells makes the stratum corneum layer virtually waterproof.
glycolipids
the ____ surrounding dead flat cells in the stratum corneum are like mortar that provides a physical barrier for the skin.
glycolipids
the ______ is the deep end of the follicle located below the skin surface
hair bulb
_____ fold down from the epidermal surface into the dermis.
hair follicles
the _____ is an actively dividing area of the hair bulb that produces hair
hair matrix
the _____ is the part of the follicle responsible for hair growth.
hair matrix
the nipple like bit of dermal tissue that protrudes into the hair bulb is the _______.
hair papilla
hard keratin is found in the ____ and _____
hair; nails
cleavage lines are important to surgery because incision made parallel to these lines ___ quickly and the skin gapes less.
heal
Caucasian skin appears pinkish because small amounts of melanin allows _____ to show through.
hemoglobin
_____ is the pinkish hue of fair skin that reflects crimson color of oxygenate pigment in red blood cells circulating dermal capillaries.
hemoglobin
_______ hair is pale and fine.
vellus
the ______ rule is given to recognize the signs of melanoma.
ABCD
the precursor of vitamin ____ is synthesized when sunlight strikes the skin.
D
thick skin is found is area subject to ______ (palms, fingernails, soles of the feet).
abrasion
the papillary layer of the dermis contains ______ connective tissue.
areolar
the hypodermis _______ the skin to the underlying structures and acts as a shock absorber and insulator.
anchors
____ sweat glands lie deeper in the dermis and even the hypdermis and their ducts empty into hair follicles.
apocrine
______ sweat glands are confined to the axillary and anogenital areas.
apocrine
skin ____ include hair follicle, nails, sweat, and sabaceous glands
appendages
______sweat glands are accociated with hair follicles.
appocrine
______ barriers for the skin include dendritic cells of the epidermis, macrophages of the dermis, and DNA.
biological
second degree burns have symptoms to first degree burns but with _____.
blisters
the ______ of the nail is the exposed part of nail adherent to underlying skin.
body
the dead flat cells of the stratum corneum are like ______ that provide a physical barrier for the skin.
bricks
vitamin D is needed in the body because ____ can't be absorbed from the digestive tract without it.
calcium
________ glands are modified apocrine glands found in the lining of the external ear canal.
ceruminous
a ____ barrier includes skin secretions and melanin. Also, the skin's surface teams with bacterial substances in subum in the acid mantle to kill bacteria.
chemical
the skin constitutes at least three types of barriers: ______,_____,and _____
chemical; physical; biological
vellus hair is found on the body hair in ____ and adult females.
children
______ are separations between bundles of collagen fibers.
cleavage lines
the ____ (of the hair) is the bulky layer surrounding the medulla and is several layers of flattened cells.
cortex
the skin allows for _____ sensation
cutaneous
the skin is richly supplied with ________ sensory receptors that help respond to stimuli arising outside the body.
cutaneous
the _____ is the outermost single layer of cells overlapping one another
cuticle
The hypodermis is found ____ to the skin.
deep
melanocytes are produced in the _____ layer of the epidermis; stratum basale
deepest
________ are star shaped cells that arise from bone marrow and ingest foreign substances
dendritic cells
____ sweat glands (merocrine sweat glands) are numerous and abundant of palms, soles of feet, and forehead.
eccrine
_____ sweat glands secrete sweat and regulate sweating to prevent overheating
eccrine
two types of sweat glands exist: ________ and -______
eccrine, apocrine
skin appendages are derived from the _____
epidermis
the skin is composed of two major regions: ________ and ______
epidermis, dermis
the inner wall that thins as approaches the hair bulb is the _______.
epithelial root sheath
the ________ (cuticle) is the proximal nail fold that projects onto nail body
eponychium
terminal hair is also found on the ____ and ____ of males.
face; chest
the _____ is the thickened region beneath the free edge of the nail where dirt and debris accumulate
hyponychium
the ______ system is the skin and it's derivatives (sweat, oil glands, hair, and nails)
integumentary
______ and ______ of the stratum corneum protect the skin against abrasion and penetration.
keratin; thickened plasma membrane
_______ produce keratin and arise from the stratum basale.
keratinocytes
which epidermal cell type is the most numerous?
keratinocytes
apocrine sweat glands secretes true sweat, plus fatty substances and proteins and play ____ in maintaining constant body temperature.
little
the immediate threat to life for burns is the _____ of body fluid and _____.
loss; dehydration.
In thin skin, stratum ______ is absent and all other strata are thinner as composed to thick skin.
lucidum
the _____ is the white cresent; region lies over thick nail matrix
lunule
____ glands are another type of specialized sweat glands that secrete milk from the female reproductive organs.
mammary
the nail _____ is responsible for nail growth and is the thickened proximal portion of the nail bed.
matrix
the _____ (of hair) is the central core that contains soft keratin; contains large cells and air spaces.
medulla
the hair has three layers of keratinized cells: ______,____ and ____.
medulla, cortex, cuticle
_____ protects nuclei from damaging effects of UV radiation.
melanin
darker skin is advantageous for populations closer to the equator where sunlight is intense because ____ helps protect the skin from sun where it is need.
melanin
when ______ production decreases and air bubbles replace melanin in the hair shaft gray or white hair results.
melanin
three pigments that contribute to skin colors are: ________,______, and __________.
melanin, carotene, hemoglobin
_________ are spider shaped cells that synthesize the pigment melanin.
melanocytes
_____ is the most dangerous skin cancer because it is highly metastatic and is resistant to chemotherapy.
melanoma
______ is the cancer of melanocytes.
melanoma
______ functions of the skin include the conversion of cholesterol molecules to vitamin D precursor from sunlight.
metabolic
the skin performs ____ functions.
metabolic
the layer of cells underlying fingernail or toe nail
nail bed
The lunale of the nail is white because thick ______ underlies it blocks the rosy color of dermal blood supply from showing through.
nail matrix
the _____ is responsible for nail growth.
nail matrix
the ______ is responsible for nail growth
nail matrix
the ______ is the thickened proximal portion of the nail bed.
nail matrix
_____ form a clear protective covering on the dorsal surface part of a finger and toe
nails
______ contains a free edge, nail plate, body, and a proximal root.
nails
phagocytes and other defensive cells wander freely in the _____ layer of dermis and patrol area for bacteria that have penetrated the skin.
papillary
the ____ layer of the dermis is thin and superficial.
papillary
the _____ layer of the dermis is areolar connective tissue interlacing collagen and elastic fibers.
papillary
the dermis contains two layers; _______ and _______
papillary; reticular
the skin ____ body temperature.
regulates
the skin is a _____ for blood.
reservoir
the _____ layer of the dermis is the deeper layer.
reticular
the ______ layer of the dermis is coarse, dense irregular connective tissue.
reticular
the ___ of nail is where nail growth begins and is embedded under the skin at the base of the nail.
root
the ____ is the remainder of hair deep within the follicle
root
______ glands or oil glands are simple branched alveolar glands that are found all over the body expect in thick skin of the palms and soles.
sebaceous
sebaceous glands secrete ______ that softens and lubricated hair and skin.
sebum
sebaceous glands secrete ________.
sebum
________ burns involve tissue damage to the epidermis and upper region of the dermis.
second degree
the hair ____ projects from the skin and extends halfway down the portion of hair embedded in the skin.
shaft
1 in 5 Americans develop _____ at some point.
skin cancer
the overexposure of UV radiation in sunlight damages DNA bases and is a risk factor for _______.
skin cancer
third degree burns involves _____as treatment.
skin grafting
_______ is the second most common skin cancer, arising from keratinocytes in the stratum spinosum.
squamos cell carcinoma
___________ is the type of epithelial tissue that forms the epidermis
stratified squamous epithelium
in basal cell carcinoma _____ cells proliferate and invade the dermis and hypodermis
stratum basale
in the _________ there is one row of actively mitotic stem cells and some newly formed cells become part of the more superficial layers.
stratum basale
melanocytes are contained in the _______ layer of the epidermis.
stratum basale
the _____ contains actively mitotic cells and is the source of new keratinocytes.
stratum basale
the ______ is the deepest epidermal layer, attached to the underlying dermis along a wavy borderline.
stratum basale
the _____ marks the transition between the living cells of the deeper strata and the dead cells of the more superficial strata.
stratum granulosum
the ______ layer contains keratohyline granules and lamellar granules.
stratum granulosum
the _________ consists of 1-5 layers of flattened cells and the process of keratinization begins.
stratum granulosum
there are no living cells above the ______ because the production of keratin causes cells to flatten and start to die.
stratum granulosum
in the ______, cells are 2-3 layers thick and is a thin translucent band just above the stratum granulosum.
stratum lucidum
the ______ consists of 2-3 rows of clear, flat dead keratinocytes with indistinct boundaries.
stratum lucidum
the ______ is only present in thick skin.
stratum lucidum
the _______ is several cell layers thick and the cells contain a weblike system of intermediate filaments.
stratum lucidum
the _________ is not present in thin skin.
stratum lucidum
the ______ are several layers of keratinocytes unified by desmosomes; cells contain thick bundles of intermediate filaments made of pre-keratin.
stratum spinosum
the hypodermis is mostly composed of _________.
subcutaneous tissue
____ are common forms of first degree burns
sun burns
______ are sudorifeous gland that are distributed over the entire skin except nipples and external genitalia.
sweat glands
_______ cells are sensory receptors for touch.
tactile
A ____ is the defense mechanism as melanin synthesis speeds up repair rate of DNA that has been photo damaged.
tan
____ hair is coarse, long hair of the eyebrows and scalp.
terminal
______ burns are entire thickness of skin is burned and shows grey and white, blackened colors.
third degree
hard keratin that is found in typical epidermal cells is ______ and more durable and allows individual cells to not flake off.
tougher
carotene is a ______ to ____ colored pigment.
yellow; orange
