Anatomy ch.3
What are three general characteristics of connective tissues?
1. Rich supply of blood vessels. 2. Composed of many types of cells. 3. There is a great deal of noncellular, nonliving material (matrix) between the cells of connective tissues.
what are the epithelial layers cells names 1. One layer of cells 2. More than one layer
1. Simple 2. Stratified
name the 2 multicellular glands: 1. more than one cell that have one single duct not branched 2. multiple cells and the duct is branched.
1. Simple glands that have multicellular glands 2. Compound glands.
CT-proper - Dense regular CTs. (abundant in collagen) Parallel collagen fibers giving lots of strength & resistance. Provides firm attachment 1. attached muscle to bone 2. flatten sheets like tendons 3. connects bone to bone 4. abundant elastic fibers, very visible; blood vessels that have elasticity (ex:larger arteries) respiratory passages, vertebral column.
1. Tendons & ligaments 2. Aponeuroses 3. ligaments 4. Elastic tissue
Classification of Glands 1. one cell, secrets mucus & globet cells 2. more than one cell & usually there is a duct 3.
1. Unicellular glands 2. Multicellular glands. 3.
Fluid CTs fluid matrix = plasma 1. red blood cells caring oxygen & white blood cells part of the immune system, platelets involved in blood clotting. 2. leaked plasma at the capillary associated with the cardiovascular system
1. blood (vascular CT) 2. lymph CT
Cells of cartilage located in long joints. provides support and produces friction between joints. Ex:ribs and bones of sternum; covering bone surfaces at synovial joints; larynx (voice box), trachea, and bronchi. 1. semisolid 2. a surrounding CT that helps to give structure & integrity
1. chondrocytes in lacunae 2. perichondrium- Peri( around) chondrium(cartilage)
Layer/ sheet of CT also called Hypodermis (Hypo= below) skin layer
1. fascia
What two physiological characteristics are highly developed in neurons, nerve cells?
1. irritability 2. conductivity
which of the following membranes are open to the exterior and which one is not? 1. mucus membrane 2. serous membrane have 2 layer visceral & parietal
1. open to the exterior 2. not open to the exterior
What are the epithelial type of cell shapes on the apical surface (top) 1. Flatten 2. Shape of an ice cube or marshmallow 3. tall can of tea
1. squamous epithelial cell 2. cuboidal epithelial cell 3. columnar epithelial cell
Identify the major tissue type: anchors, packages, and supports body organs. a. connective tissue b. epithelium tissue c. muscle tissue d. nervous tissue
A
Identify the major tissue type: includes abundant nonliving extracellular matrix a. connective tissue b. epithelium tissue c. muscle tissue d. nervous tissue
A
Identify the major tissue type: the most durable and widespread tissue in the body. a. connective tissue b. epithelium tissue c. muscle tissue d. nervous tissue
A
choose the best response to identify the connective tissues described below. acts as a storage depot for fat. a. adipose connective tissue b. areolar connective tissue c. dense irregular connective tissue d. dense regular connective tissue e. elastic cartilage f. elastic connective tissue g. fibrocartilage h. hyaline cartilage i. osseous tissue
A
indicate which muscle types (could be more then one) is the correct one according to the characteristic: Allows you to direct your eyeballs a. skeletal b. cardiac c. smooth
A
indicate which muscle types (could be more then one) is the correct one according to the characteristic: Concerned with locomotion of the body as a whole a. skeletal b. cardiac c. smooth
A
indicate which muscle types (could be more then one) is the correct one according to the characteristic: Contains branching cylindrical cells a. skeletal b. cardiac c. smooth
A
indicate which muscle types (could be more then one) is the correct one according to the characteristic: Contains long, non-branching cylindrical cells a. skeletal b. cardiac c. smooth
A
indicate which muscle types (could be more then one) is the correct one according to the characteristic: Found attached to bones a. skeletal b. cardiac c. smooth
A
indicate which muscle types (could be more then one) is the correct one according to the characteristic: Has several nuclei per cell a. skeletal b. cardiac c. smooth
A
indicate which muscle types (could be more then one) is the correct one according to the characteristic: Voluntarily controlled a. skeletal b. cardiac c. smooth
A
select the type of epithelial tissue that fits the description. alveolar sacs of lungs. a. simple squamous b. simple cuboidal c. simple columnar d. pseudo-stratified ciliated columnar e. stratified squamous f. transitional
A
select the type of epithelial tissue that fits the description. forms the thin serous membranes, a single layer of flattened cells. a. simple squamous b. simple cuboidal c. simple columnar d. pseudo-stratified ciliated columnar e. stratified squamous f. transitional
A
what are the 4 tipes of tissue:
(CMEN) 1. connective 2. Muscular 3. epithelial 4. Nervous
list four major functions of epithelium in the body.
(PCSS) 1. Protection 2. Controls permeability. (A boundary layer) 3. Sensation. (innervated) nerve endings for touch sensation, temperature, pain. 4. Secretion.(ex:sweat to cool down) (ex:oil glands sebaceous gland to keeps or hair and skin moisturize.
How does it differ structurally from other stratified squamous epithelia? How does the structural difference support its function in the body?
- When stretched, its top layers are squamous, when not stretched, top layers are pillow shaped. -The surface cells have the ability to slide over one another, increasing the internal volume of the organ.
CT-proper - Loose CTs types 1. Most widely distributed CT, abundant ground substances, packing material. Provides support but permits independent movement; phagocytic cells provide defense against pathogens. 2. Fat that helps cushion & Insulates in the body; stores energy. located deep to the skin, especially at sides, buttocks, and breasts. 3. Super abundant fibers; macrophages in places like liver, spleen, lymph nodes. Supporting framework tissue.
1. Areola CT 2. Adipose CT 3. Reticular CT
Describe five general characteristics of epithelial tissue:
1. Cellularity- Cells bound tightly together by specialized junctions. There is little or no intercellular space between these cells. 2. Polarity meaning- the directionality of the cell(up, down, left, right) -Apical (top of the cell; close to the skin) -& basal (bottom of the cell; close to the basement membrane) 3. Attachment- The basal surface is bound to a thin basement membrane, a complex structure produced by the underlying connective tissue. 4. Very regenerative-basal steam cells generate lots cells at the basement membrane. steams cells are highly mitotically active divided by mitosis that get push out to produce new cells 5. are avascular -(no blood vessels) must obtain nutrients by diffusion or absorption across their apical or basal surfaces. the membrane has a free edge.
the most obvious extracellular fibers of (CT-proper) are: 1. Made out of strong protein, they are the most abundant found throughout the body but specially in skin, tendons & ligaments. 2. Thinner fibers form of branching framework particularly in liver & spleen. 3. highly branched, have a protein called elastin(very stretchy) they give elasticity to the connective tissue.
1. Collagen fibers 2. Reticular fibers 3. Elastic fibers
connective tissue are divided into 3 types: 1. loose & dense 2. blood & lymphatic 3. cartilage & bone
1. Connective Tissue proper 2. Fluid connective tissue 3. Supporting connective tissue
Method of secretion types 1. The salivary gland produces saliva by this method of secretion. Packaged into secretory vesicles, is released through exocytosis onto the surface of the cell 2. The apical portion of the cell is lost along with the secretory vesicles during the secretion. They occur in the lactiferous cells that produces milk in the mammary glands. secretion - regrow - secretion. 3. Oily sebaceous glands work to secrete their material such as in the hair follicles. The entire cell becomes packed with secretory products and then bursts apart. The secretion is released and the cell dies
1. Eccrine secretion= Merocrine. Golgi apparatus packages the material for secretion into secretoria vesicles they reach the plasma membranes and the vesicles fuse with the membrane and the material is secreted. (ex: the salivary gland produces saliva by eccrine secretion) 2. Apocrine secretion- the apical (top) portion of the cell is lost along with the secretory vesicles. they occur in the Lactiferous cells of the mammary glands 3. Holocrine- (Holo=entire) the entire cell rupture.
what are 2 types of glandular epithelial secretion methods 1. secrete material out to the surface via ducts. (ex: perspiration, digestive enzymes, and skin) 2. secrete material directly into the surrounding environment extracellular environment. highly vascular
1. Exocrine gland. they secrete material OUT to the surface via ducts. They are cells that are called exocrine cells in the exocrine gland they produce material when sweat that material is moved to the surface of the epithelium like your skin via a tube duct. 2. Endocrine gland. Duct less, hormones are secreted into blood. highly vascularized lots of blood capillaries the material enter directly into the blood stream and transported through the body. via cardiovascular system.
they are 4 cell types of FIXED CELLS- cells that are always found in the same place which their function is: 1. produce all fibers 2. Immune system cells that are phagocytic (engulfs) this cells are always going to be found in connective tissue looking for pathogens (which are diseases causing bacteria) 3. Cells that stores lipids 4. Produce a pigment called melanin that gives connective tissue coloration.
1. Fibroblast 2. Fixed macrophages 3. Adipocytes 4. Melanocytes
Name the 2 types of (CT-proper) connective tissue proper 1. cells that are always found in the same place. 2.cells that move into & out-to the connective tissue
1. Fixed cells 2. Wandering cells
they are cell types of WANDERING CELLS- cells that move into & out-to the connective tissue which their function is: 1. roam around; they are phagocytic. move into and out-to the blood stream & connective tissue. 2. Another type of white blood cells (WBC). Immunity cell that also moves in and out of connective tissue transported by the blood stream. 3. Another type of white blood cells, immunity cells that enter & exit connective tissue transported by the cardiovascular system by the blood stream.
1. Free macrophages 2. Lymphocytes 3. Microphages Neutrophils & Eosinophils
Intercellular connections 1. Connect cells together and allows them to communicate. 2. Provide impermeable junction between cells. things cannot squeeze between the cells. 3. Strong junction that prevent cells from getting pull apart.
1. Gap junctions 2. Tight junctions 3. Desmosomes
supporting CT types 1. most common type found in ribs, sternum, respiratory passages, articular (joints) cartilage. 2. fibers, auricle (ear) epiglottis, auditory canal. 3. abundant collagen, intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis. Resists compression; prevents bone-to-bone contact. 4. (osseous tissue)the cells are called osteocytes. the extracellular matrix is solid lots of collagen fibers which gives flexibility + the ground substance gets infuse with calcium salts (calcium phosphate) which gives strength 5. found in lacunae by little canals passage ways called canaliculi
1. Hyaline Cartilage 2. Elastic Cartilage 3. fibrous cartilage 4. bone 5. osteocytes
What are 2 types of stratified squamous epithelium? 1. Found in hair and skin. 2. Found in oral cavity: mouth, pharynx, esophagus, rectum, anus, and vagina.
1. Keratinized (ex: hair, and skin) water resistance lots of keratin protein making it strong and tough. prevents from loosing moister. 2. Non keratinized (ex:oral cavity, mouth, pharynx, esophagus, rectum, anus, and vagina) not lots of keratin. secretes mucus to keep it soft and lubricate.
indicate which muscle types (could be more then one) is the correct one according to the characteristic: Striated a. skeletal b. cardiac c. smooth
A, B
How are epithelial tissues classified?
Are generally arrange by cellular shape and by the number of their cell layers. squamous (flat), cuboidal (iced cube-like), columnar (column-shaped)
Identify the major tissue type: Lines body cavities and covers the body's external surface. a. connective tissue b. epithelium tissue c. muscle tissue d. nervous tissue
B
Identify the major tissue type: cells may absorb, secrete, protect or form a filtering membrane. a. connective tissue b. epithelium tissue c. muscle tissue d. nervous tissue
B
Identify the major tissue type: synthesizes hormones. a. connective tissue b. epithelium tissue c. muscle tissue d. nervous tissue
B
choose the best response to identify the connective tissues described below. composes basement membranes; a soft packaging tissue with a jellylike matrix a. adipose connective tissue b. areolar connective tissue c. dense irregular connective tissue d. dense regular connective tissue e. elastic cartilage f. elastic connective tissue g. fibrocartilage h. hyaline cartilage i. osseous tissue
B
indicate which muscle types (could be more then one) is the correct one according to the characteristic: Changes the internal volume of an organ as it contracts a. skeletal b. cardiac c. smooth
B
indicate which muscle types (could be more then one) is the correct one according to the characteristic: Has intercalated discs a. skeletal b. cardiac c. smooth
B
indicate which muscle types (could be more then one) is the correct one according to the characteristic: Tissue of the heart a. skeletal b. cardiac c. smooth
B
indicate which muscle types (could be more then one) is the correct one according to the characteristic: Involuntarily controlled a. skeletal b. cardiac c. smooth
B, C
indicate which muscle types (could be more then one) is the correct one according to the characteristic: Has a single nucleus in each cell a. skeletal b. cardiac c. smooth
B,C
Identify the major tissue type: major function is to contract to generate movement. a. connective tissue b. epithelium tissue c. muscle tissue d. nervous tissue
C
Identify the major tissue type: pumps blood, flushes urine out of the body, allows one to swing a bat. a. connective tissue b. epithelium tissue c. muscle tissue d. nervous tissue
C
choose the best response to identify the connective tissues described below. attaches bones to bones and muscles to bones. a. adipose connective tissue b. areolar connective tissue c. dense irregular connective tissue d. dense regular connective tissue e. elastic cartilage f. elastic connective tissue g. fibrocartilage h. hyaline cartilage i. osseous tissue
C
choose the best response to identify the connective tissues described below. the dermis of the skin a. adipose connective tissue b. areolar connective tissue c. dense irregular connective tissue d. dense regular connective tissue e. elastic cartilage f. elastic connective tissue g. fibrocartilage h. hyaline cartilage i. osseous tissue
C
indicate which muscle types (could be more then one) is the correct one according to the characteristic: Contains spindle-shaped cells a. skeletal b. cardiac c. smooth
C
indicate which muscle types (could be more then one) is the correct one according to the characteristic: Found in the walls of the stomach, uterus, and arteries a. skeletal b. cardiac c. smooth
C
select the type of epithelial tissue that fits the description. lining of the stomach. a. simple squamous b. simple cuboidal c. simple columnar d. pseudo-stratified ciliated columnar e. stratified squamous f. transitional
C
Connect epithelial bind them together to underling structures & connection to organs in the body and cavities
CT-layers
Identify the major tissue type: Transmits electrical signals or waves and excitation. a. connective tissue b. epithelium tissue c. muscle tissue d. nervous tissue
D
Identify the major tissue type: forms nerves and the brain. a. connective tissue b. epithelium tissue c. muscle tissue d. nervous tissue
D
Identify the major tissue type: most involved in regulating and controlling body functions quickly. a. connective tissue b. epithelium tissue c. muscle tissue d. nervous tissue
D
select the type of epithelial tissue that fits the description. lining of the trachea. a. simple squamous b. simple cuboidal c. simple columnar d. pseudo-stratified ciliated columnar e. stratified squamous f. transitional
D
DELETED
DELETED
choose the best response to identify the connective tissues described below. provides a flexible framework for the external ear a. adipose connective tissue b. areolar connective tissue c. dense irregular connective tissue d. dense regular connective tissue e. elastic cartilage. elastic cartilage f. elastic connective tissue g. fibrocartilage h. hyaline cartilage i. osseous tissue
E
choose the best response to identify the connective tissues described below. walls of large arteries a. adipose connective tissue b. areolar connective tissue c. dense irregular connective tissue d. dense regular connective tissue e. elastic cartilage. elastic cartilage f. elastic connective tissue g. fibrocartilage h. hyaline cartilage i. osseous tissue
E
select the type of epithelial tissue that fits the description. Lining of the esophagus. a. simple squamous b. simple cuboidal c. simple columnar d. pseudo-stratified ciliated columnar e. stratified squamous f. transitional
E
select the type of epithelial tissue that fits the description. epidermis of the skin a. simple squamous b. simple cuboidal c. simple columnar d. pseudo-stratified ciliated columnar e. stratified squamous f. transitional
E
How do the endocrine and exocrine glands differ in structure and function?
Endocrine glands are ductless, and their function is to release all hormones into the extracellular fluid where they enter blood stream and lymphatic vessels. But Exocrine glands have ducts, and they secrete through the ducts to an epithelial surface.
membranes have:
Epithelial tissue & connective tissue
The matrix connective tissues, sometimes called the extracellular matrix is:
Everything external (outside) to the cell including the •extracellular fibers and •the ground substances.
select the type of epithelial tissue that fits the description. lining of bladder; peculiar cells the have the ability to slide over each other. a. simple squamous b. simple cuboidal c. simple columnar d. pseudo-stratified ciliated columnar e. stratified squamous f. transitional
F
choose the best response to identify the connective tissues described below. makes up the intervertebral discs a. adipose connective tissue b. areolar connective tissue c. dense irregular connective tissue d. dense regular connective tissue e. elastic cartilage f. elastic connective tissue g. fibrocartilage h. hyaline cartilage i. osseous tissue
G
Define tissue:
Groups of specialized cells that are similar in structure. working together to perform a specific function.
choose the best response to identify the connective tissues described below. forms the larynx, the costal cartilages of the ribs, and the embryonic skeleton a. adipose connective tissue b. areolar connective tissue c. dense irregular connective tissue d. dense regular connective tissue e. elastic cartilage f. elastic connective tissue g. fibrocartilage h. hyaline cartilage i. osseous tissue
H
choose the best response to identify the connective tissues described below. matrix hard owing to calcium salts; provides levers for muscles to act on a. adipose connective tissue b. areolar connective tissue c. dense irregular connective tissue d. dense regular connective tissue e. elastic cartilage. elastic cartilage f. elastic connective tissue g. fibrocartilage h. hyaline cartilage i. osseous tissue
I
Where is ciliated epithelium found?
Lining of the trachea, most of the upper respiratory tract.
Describe how the unique structure of a neuron relates to its function in the body.
Neurons conduct impulses over relatively long distances in the body, this is facilitated by their long cytoplasmic extensions
Found in the nasal cavity, trachea, bronchi, and portions of the male reproductive tract; (contains mucus) function: protection and secretion
Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium (PCCE) pseudo= false -ciliated because there is cilia in the apical cells. Cilia moves because they have components of the cytoskeleton within them. they are columnar because they are elongated shape.
What are secretory cells?
Secretory cells are cells that produce secretion that release the secretion via secretory vessels
which epithelium tissue.... good for secretion and absorption. found in stomach & intestinal track part of the digestion track. offers some protection. have microvilli to maximize absorption of nutrients.
Simple Columnar Epithelium (one layer, elongated shape)
An epithelium tissue that is found: Internally within the body (ex: Glands; ducts; portions of kidney tubules; thyroid gland) good for secretion and absorption of material.
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium (one layer) (iced shape)
An epithelium tissue that is can be found in: Lining of some ducts (rare) ducts of sweat glands and mammary glands.
Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium
An epithelium tissue that its function is to : Provides physical protection against abrasion, pathogens, and chemical attack
Stratified Squamous Epithelium ( > one layer, flat shape)
How does the function of stratified epithelium differ from the function of simple epithelium?
Stratified epithelia has more layers for protection, simple epithelia allow materials to move across them and are less protective.
What roles does epithelium play?
Their role is to secrete substances, mucus; propulsion of mucus by ciliary action.
How are the functions of connective tissue reflected in its structure?
There is a wide variety in the structures of connective tissue. Also, the large amount of nonliving matrix seen provides the strength needed to protect the body and carry out the normal functions of the body.
Why do adipose cells remind people of a signet ring (a ring with a single jewel)?
They contain a large fat-filled vacuole occupying most of the cell volume. The nucleus is pushed to the periphery, giving the cell a "signet ring" appearance.
have transitional appearances depending if the the epithelium is stretch out (squamous) or relax (not stretch out) cuboidal. ex:bladder changes from cuboidal to squamous depending if its full or not. found: urinary bladder; renal pelvis; ureters
Transitional Epithelium
supporting CT- firm matrix, comprise of chondroitin sulfates, avascular (no blood supply) which makes the heel very slow.
cartilage
CT-proper - Dense irregular CTs. (abundant in collagen) found in:
interwoven, different direction collagen fibers. tissue found in joint capsules, perichondrium(around cartilage), periosteum(around bones), dermis, capsules of organs (ex: liver, kidney, spleen)
Explain why a buccal swab procedure shouldn't cause bleeding
its a noninvasive procedure taken from inside the mouth where the cheek is. cells just come off onto the swab
glandular epithelial tissue is
modify epithelial cells that produces secretion
What functions are performed by connective tissue?
protection, support, and bind together tissues of the body
An epithelium tissue that is located in pleural =lungs-alveoli, the thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic cavities, and the inner surfaces of the circulatory system)
simple squamous epithelium
An epithelium tissue that its function is to: Reduces friction, controls vessels permeability, performs absorption and secretion.
simple squamous epithelium
Which epithelium tissue has.. very thin, good for diffusion. (ex:pleural =lungs-alveoli) found in places where we have serious membranes and tissue souring internal organs.
simple squamous epithelium (one layer, flat shape)
cutaneous membrane - since is dry is keratinized & the top part of the underline CT is =Areolar CT
skin
Epithelial tissue covers all body surfaces such as:
skin, inside your mouth, within your esophagus throat, within your digestive track, inside your nasal passages, inside your ear canal.
Which type of epithelium is removed with a buccal swab?
stratified squamous
which epithelium tissue has.... thick good for protection. (ex:skin, oral cavity) covered by moist.
stratified squamous epithelium (flat shape)
incomplete epithelium membrane + areolar Ct line joint capsules produce synovial fluid
synovial membrane
How are neurons and other cells different?
their cytoplasm is drawn out into long processes
In what ways are neurons similar to other cells?
they contain a nucleus and the usual organelles
Connective tissue is very unique. For example, blood is liquid connective tissue and bone is solid connective tissue but they have some important similarities such as:
•Structure (framework for the body), •Transport fluids (blood) dissolved materials from one region of the body to another, •Protects delicate organs, •Defense from pathogens (in our blood we have white blood cells which is part of our inmune system), •Binds tissues helps envelop blood vessels, and muscles. (ex:connective tissue helps binds muscle to bone and bones together with tendons and ligaments) They are highly specialized cells, extracellular materia ex: fiber or ground substance.