Anatomy chapter 1: introduction
caudal/inferior direction
structure being closer to the feet or lower than another structure of the body
cranial/superior direction
structure being closer to the head or higher than another structure in the body
medial direction
structure being closer to the median plane than another structure in the body
posterior/dorsal direction
structure being more in back than another structure in the body
physiology
study of how the body and its parts function
anatomy
study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts
homeostasis imbalance
a disturbance in homeostasis results in disease
peritoneum=
abdominal cavity
frontal/coronal plane
divides the body into anterior and posterior parts
sagittal plane
divides the body into unequal left and right parts, parallel to median plane (not equal parts)
what are the 2 major cavities?
dorsal and ventral
7th necessary life function
reproduction- reproduction of human organism, making new person, cellular or organism level
Organ: larynx organ system: ___
respiratory
Organ: lungs organ system: ___
respiratory
Organ: trachea organ system: ___
respiratory
3rd necessary life function
responsiveness- ability to sense changes and react (pain, nervous system)
lateral direction
structure being further away from the median plane than another structure in the body
what is the function of digestive system
takes in nutrients, breaks them down, and eliminates unabsorbed matter
Organ: kidneys organ system: ___
urinary
Organ: urinary bladder organ system: ___
urinary
3rd survival need of human body
water- chem reactions, most abundant chemical in body
distal direction
with reference to the limbs, structure being further away from median plane or root of the limb with another structure in the limb.
Organ: ovaries organ system: ___
reproductive, endocrine
what is the function of muscular system
Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression. Maintains posture, and produces heat.
what is the function of cardiovascular system
Blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc. The heart pumps blood.
what 2 cavities make up the dorsal cavity?
Cranial and spinal (divided by the cranium)
median/midsagittal plane
Cuts the body into left and right planes (equal parts)
transverse/ cross / horizontal plane
Divides body into upper and lower parts
what is the function of urinary system
Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body. Regulates water, electrolyte and acid-base balance of the blood.
what is the function of endocrine system
Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells.
what is the function of skeletal system
Protects and supports body organs; provides a framework the muscles can use to cause movement; bones store minerals
what is the function of respiratory system
Takes in oxygen for cells and eliminates cellular CO2 waste.
what 3 cavities make up the ventral cavity?
Thoracic (divided by diaphragm) then the abdominal and pelvic cavities (together are abdominopelvic cavity)
5th survival need of human body
appropriate atmospheric pressure- need for gas exchange
what are the levels of organization (simplest to most complex).
atoms, molecules, cells, tissues, organs, organ system, organism
deep direction
away from body surface, more internal
intermediate direction
between medial and lateral
anatomical position
body is erect with feet slightly apart. palms forward.
Organ: heart organ system: ___
cardiovascular
visceral=
covers the internal organs
4th necessary life function
digestion- breakdown and absorption of nutrients
Organ: esophagus organ system: ___
digestive
Organ: small intestines organ system: ___
digestive
Organ: stomach organ system: ___
digestive
6th necessary life function
excretion- removing wastes from metabolic reactions (urine, feces)
what is the function of nervous system
fast-acting control system, responds to internal and external change, activates muscles and glands, sends message to nervous system via nerve
how does the anatomy of an organ determines its function? + example
form fits functions, they work hand in hand. Ex: left ventricle of the heart has more muscle because it has to pump blood to the whole body.
what is the function of integumentary system
forms the external body covering and protects deeper tissues from injury, synthesizes vitamin D, regulate body temp.
gross or microscopic: asked to examine organs in the cardiovascular system.
gross
gross or microscopic: studying organs in the abdominal cavity
gross
8th necessary life function
growth- increase in size of body part or organism, increase cell size and number of cells
pericardium=
heart
what is the function of immune system
house white blood cells, involved with immunity. Immune response attacks foreign substances in body.
why is the abdominal cavity more prone to injuries than other cavities?
it isn't protected by bones
parietal=
lines internal body walls
pleural=
lungs
1st necessary life function
maintain boundaries- internal environment remains distinct from external environment surrounding it (plasma membrane, skin)
5th necessary life function
metabolism- all chemical reactions that occur within body cells, break down substances into building blocks, produces energy
gross or microscopic: asked to identify epithelial tissue within the body
microscopic
gross or microscopic: studying how skin changes as you age
microscopic
2nd necessary life function
movement- activities by muscular system, locomotion, movement of substances (muscles, air, blood)
Organ: brain organ system: ___
nervous
Organ: spinal cord organ system: ___
nervous
what systems are responsible for communication for homeostasis?
nervous and endocrine systems
4th survival need of human body
normal body temp- 98 degrees F, 37 degrees C
1st survival need of human body
nutrients - carbs, prots, lipids, vitamins
proximal direction
only with reference to the limbs, structure being closer to median plane or root of the limb than another structure in the limb
2nd survival need of human body
oxygen- required for chem reactions
what is the function of lymphatic system
picks up fluid leaked from the blood vessels and returns it to the blood. detects, filters, and eliminates disease causing organisms
what is the function of reproductive system
production of offspring, ovaries produce eggs, testes produce sperm, duct system carries sperm to exterior, uterus is development site for fetus.
What is homeostasis?
the body's ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions even though the outside world changes continuously.
what do you call a group of cells that perform similar functions?
tissue
superficial direction
toward or at the body surface