Anatomy chapter 1: introduction

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caudal/inferior direction

structure being closer to the feet or lower than another structure of the body

cranial/superior direction

structure being closer to the head or higher than another structure in the body

medial direction

structure being closer to the median plane than another structure in the body

posterior/dorsal direction

structure being more in back than another structure in the body

physiology

study of how the body and its parts function

anatomy

study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts

homeostasis imbalance

a disturbance in homeostasis results in disease

peritoneum=

abdominal cavity

frontal/coronal plane

divides the body into anterior and posterior parts

sagittal plane

divides the body into unequal left and right parts, parallel to median plane (not equal parts)

what are the 2 major cavities?

dorsal and ventral

7th necessary life function

reproduction- reproduction of human organism, making new person, cellular or organism level

Organ: larynx organ system: ___

respiratory

Organ: lungs organ system: ___

respiratory

Organ: trachea organ system: ___

respiratory

3rd necessary life function

responsiveness- ability to sense changes and react (pain, nervous system)

lateral direction

structure being further away from the median plane than another structure in the body

what is the function of digestive system

takes in nutrients, breaks them down, and eliminates unabsorbed matter

Organ: kidneys organ system: ___

urinary

Organ: urinary bladder organ system: ___

urinary

3rd survival need of human body

water- chem reactions, most abundant chemical in body

distal direction

with reference to the limbs, structure being further away from median plane or root of the limb with another structure in the limb.

Organ: ovaries organ system: ___

reproductive, endocrine

what is the function of muscular system

Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression. Maintains posture, and produces heat.

what is the function of cardiovascular system

Blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc. The heart pumps blood.

what 2 cavities make up the dorsal cavity?

Cranial and spinal (divided by the cranium)

median/midsagittal plane

Cuts the body into left and right planes (equal parts)

transverse/ cross / horizontal plane

Divides body into upper and lower parts

what is the function of urinary system

Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body. Regulates water, electrolyte and acid-base balance of the blood.

what is the function of endocrine system

Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells.

what is the function of skeletal system

Protects and supports body organs; provides a framework the muscles can use to cause movement; bones store minerals

what is the function of respiratory system

Takes in oxygen for cells and eliminates cellular CO2 waste.

what 3 cavities make up the ventral cavity?

Thoracic (divided by diaphragm) then the abdominal and pelvic cavities (together are abdominopelvic cavity)

5th survival need of human body

appropriate atmospheric pressure- need for gas exchange

what are the levels of organization (simplest to most complex).

atoms, molecules, cells, tissues, organs, organ system, organism

deep direction

away from body surface, more internal

intermediate direction

between medial and lateral

anatomical position

body is erect with feet slightly apart. palms forward.

Organ: heart organ system: ___

cardiovascular

visceral=

covers the internal organs

4th necessary life function

digestion- breakdown and absorption of nutrients

Organ: esophagus organ system: ___

digestive

Organ: small intestines organ system: ___

digestive

Organ: stomach organ system: ___

digestive

6th necessary life function

excretion- removing wastes from metabolic reactions (urine, feces)

what is the function of nervous system

fast-acting control system, responds to internal and external change, activates muscles and glands, sends message to nervous system via nerve

how does the anatomy of an organ determines its function? + example

form fits functions, they work hand in hand. Ex: left ventricle of the heart has more muscle because it has to pump blood to the whole body.

what is the function of integumentary system

forms the external body covering and protects deeper tissues from injury, synthesizes vitamin D, regulate body temp.

gross or microscopic: asked to examine organs in the cardiovascular system.

gross

gross or microscopic: studying organs in the abdominal cavity

gross

8th necessary life function

growth- increase in size of body part or organism, increase cell size and number of cells

pericardium=

heart

what is the function of immune system

house white blood cells, involved with immunity. Immune response attacks foreign substances in body.

why is the abdominal cavity more prone to injuries than other cavities?

it isn't protected by bones

parietal=

lines internal body walls

pleural=

lungs

1st necessary life function

maintain boundaries- internal environment remains distinct from external environment surrounding it (plasma membrane, skin)

5th necessary life function

metabolism- all chemical reactions that occur within body cells, break down substances into building blocks, produces energy

gross or microscopic: asked to identify epithelial tissue within the body

microscopic

gross or microscopic: studying how skin changes as you age

microscopic

2nd necessary life function

movement- activities by muscular system, locomotion, movement of substances (muscles, air, blood)

Organ: brain organ system: ___

nervous

Organ: spinal cord organ system: ___

nervous

what systems are responsible for communication for homeostasis?

nervous and endocrine systems

4th survival need of human body

normal body temp- 98 degrees F, 37 degrees C

1st survival need of human body

nutrients - carbs, prots, lipids, vitamins

proximal direction

only with reference to the limbs, structure being closer to median plane or root of the limb than another structure in the limb

2nd survival need of human body

oxygen- required for chem reactions

what is the function of lymphatic system

picks up fluid leaked from the blood vessels and returns it to the blood. detects, filters, and eliminates disease causing organisms

what is the function of reproductive system

production of offspring, ovaries produce eggs, testes produce sperm, duct system carries sperm to exterior, uterus is development site for fetus.

What is homeostasis?

the body's ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions even though the outside world changes continuously.

what do you call a group of cells that perform similar functions?

tissue

superficial direction

toward or at the body surface


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