anatomy chapter 20 circulatory system blood vessels and circulation
aldosterone
"salt-retaining hormone"
ischemia
a thrombus induces this in the tissues that the vessel supplies
hypercapnia
excess of carbon dioxide in the blood
external and internal iliac
external common iliac divides into
angiogenesis
growth of new blood vessels
internal jugulars external jugulars vertebral veins
head and neck are drained mainly by these three veins
pressure&resistance
hemodynamics are based mainly on:
hypertension
high blood pressure
epinephrine and norepinephrine
hormones produced by the adrenal glands and bind to receptors on smooth muscles of most blood vessels
tunica interna
inner most tunic of blood vessels
sinusoids
irregular blood-filled spaces in the liver, bone marrow, spleen, and some other organs
great saphenous vein
longest vein in the body
hypotension
low blood pressure
it allows more time for gas exchange and capillaries can engage in absorption to prevent fluid accumulation
lower blood pressure during pulmonary circulation is ideal because:
vasodialtion
lowers blood pressure
diastolic pressure
minimum arterial blood pressure occurring during the ventricular relaxation between heartbeats
diffusion
movement of carbon dioxide from the tissue into the capillary blood occurs via
capillary
narrowest type of vessels that engages in fluid exchanges with surrounding tissues; smallest type of blood vesels
capillary beds
networks that capillaries are organized into
basal lamina
non-cellular, protienacious material that surrounds the capillary and endothelial cells and seperate it from adjacent connective tisssue
peripheral resistance
opposition to blood flow
chemoreceptor
organ or cell specialized to detect chemicals
hydrostatic pressure
physical force exerted by a liquid against a surface such as a capillary wall
autoregulation
ability of a tissue to adjust its own blood supply through vasomotion or angiogenesis
edema
accumulation of excess fluid
endothelium
acts as a selectively permeable barrier to materials entering or leaving the bloodstream
ascending aorta
aorta that arises from the left ventricle
descending aorta
aorta that passes downward through the thoracic and abdominal cavities
diastolic
arterial blood pressure attained during ventricular relaxation
interosseous arteries
arteries of the forearm that are locates between the radius and ulna
chemoreflex
autonomic negative feedback response to changes in blood chemistry
baroreflex
autonomic negative feedback response to changes in blood pressure
stroke or cerebrovascular accident(CVA)
sudden death of brain tissue caused by ischemia
external iliac
supplies mainly the lower limbs
internal iliac
supplies the pelvic wall and visceral
blood pressure
the force that the blood exerts against a vessel wall
conduction
the largest arteries
left and right brachiocephalic veins
the superior vena cava is formed by the union of what two veins
tunica media
thickest layer of blood a vessel
aorta
thorax receives blood from several arteries which arise directly from the:
veins, arteries, capillaries
three basic types of blood vessels
loose connective& simple squamous epithelium
tissue that comprise the capillary endothelium
veins
type of blood vessel regarded as capacitance vessels
metarterioles
type of blood vessel that links the arterioles to capillaries
tunica media
vasoconstriction primarily results from contraction of the tunica _____?
venous valves
veins have _____ that ensure the one way flow of blood
postcapillary venules
venules that receive blood from capilaries
veins
vessels that carry blood back to the heart
aneurysm
weak bulging point in the wall of a heart chamber or blood vessel that present a threat of hemorrhage
common iliac arteries
what arteries supply blood to the pelvic wall and lower limbs
oxygen carbon dioxide steroid hormones
what can easily diffuse through the plasma membrane
vasodialation
widening of a blood vessel due to relaxation of the muscle of its tunica media and the outward pressure of the blood exerted against the wall
vessels from highest blood pressure to lowest
1. aorta 2. systemic artery 3. capillary 4. venule 5. systemic vein 6. superior vena cava
the arteries that a RBC must travel to get from the left ventricle to the tongue
1. aortic arch 2. brachiocephalic trunk 3. right common carotid artery 4. external carotid artery 5. lingual artery
trace the pathway of blood from the heart to the forehead
1. aortic arch 2. brachiocephalic trunk 3. right common carotid artery 4. internal carotid artery 5. opthalamic artery
regions of the aorta in the order of blood flow from the heart
1. ascending aorta 2. aortic arch 3. descending aorta 4. thoracic aorta 5. abdominal aorta
rank of the arteries of the upper limb from the proximal to distal
1. axillary artery 2. brachial artery 3. radial artery 4. deel palmar arch
branches of the aortic arch from most proximal to most distal
1. brachiocephalic trunk 2. left common carotid 3. left subcalvian
arteries that branch off of the abdominal aorta in order from the superior to inferior
1. celiac trunk 2. superior mesenteric artery 3. renal artery 4. gonadal artery 5. common iliac artery
three primary branches of the celiac trunk
1. common hepatic artery 2. splenic artery 3. laft gastric artery
list the order of veins as blood would flow from the foot to the inferior vena cava
1. dorsal venous arch 2. great saphenous vein 3. external iliac vein 4. common iliac vein 5. inferior vena cava
arteries in order as they descend and supply blood to the lower limb
1. external iliac artery 2. femoral artery 3. popliteal artery 4. anterior tibial artery 5. dorsal pedal artery
veins that drain the majority of blood from the head and neck
1. external jugular 2. internal jugular 3. vertebral vein
inferior vena cava
1. formed by the union of the right and left common iliac veins 2. is retroperitoneal 3. largest blood vessel in the body
principal veins of the portal system carrying blood from the gastrointestinal organs to the liver
1. gastric veins 2. hepatic portal vein 3. splenic vein 4. inferior/superior mesenteric arteris
chemicals given off by the systemic capillary blood to the perivascular tissues
1. glucose 2. antibodies 3. oxygen 4. hormones
functions of vasoreflexes
1. help regulate blood pressure 2. modify perfusion to an organ or tissure
portal systems occur in:
1. kidneys 2. between the intestines and liver 3. between the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary
veins as blood would flow from the foot to the inferior vena cava
1. lateral plantar vein 2. fibular vein 3. popliteal vein 4. external iliac vein 5. common iliac vein 6. inferior vena cava
types of veins from smallest to largest
1. postcapillary venules 2. muscular veins 3. medium veins 4. venous sinuses 5. large veins
flow of blood cell through the pulmonary circuit from the right ventricle
1. pulmonary trunk 2. pulmonary arteries 3. lobar arteries 4. alveolar capillaries 5. pulmonary veins 6. left atrium
blood pressure is determined by
1. resistance to flow 2. cardiac output 3. blood volume
parietal branches of the thoracic aorta
1. subcostal arteries 2. superior phrenic arteries 3. posterior intercostal arteries
arteries that bracnh from the thoracic aorta that supply blood to the muscles, bones, and skin of the chest wall
1. superior phrenic arteries 2. posterior intercostal arteries 3. subcostal arteries
characterisitcs of transiet ischemic attacks
1. temporary loss of vision 2. headache 3. temporary dizziness 4. temporary weakness 5. temporary paralysis
normal BP
120/80
mediastinal arteries bronchial arteries esophageal arteries
directly supply blood to the viscera of the thorax
effects of a stroke
blindness paralysis loss of speech loss of sensation
maxillary
branch of the external carotid artery, supplies to the teeth, maxilla, oral cavity, and external ear
arteries
carry blood away from the heart; have thicker walls
brain
cerebra arterial circle supplies blood to the
vasoreflexes: constriction and dialation
changes in the diameter of a blood vessel
axillary
changes its name to the subclavian vein at the lateral margin of the first rib
diuretic
chemical that increases urine output
oxygen glucose antibodies hormones
chemicals given off by the systemic capillary blood to the perivascular tissue often include
systemic circuit
circuit that supplies oxygen and nutrients to all organs and removes their metabolic wastes
anastomosis
collateral route of blood supplied to a tissue
hypoxia
deficiency of oxygen in any tissue
atherosclerosis
degenerative changes of the blood vessels characterized by the presence of atheromas and often leading to calcification of the vessel wall
blood to release carbon dioxide and pick up oxygen
primary purpose of pulmonary circuit
filtration
process in which hydrostatic pressure forces a fluid through a selectively permeable mombrane
transcytosis
process in which the endothelial cells pick up material on one side of the plasma membrane by pinocytosis or receptor-mediated endocytosis, transport the vesicle across the cell, and discharge the material on the other side by exocytosis
albumin
protein that determines blood colloid osmotic pressure(COP)
vasoconstrition
raises blood pressure
muscular venules
receive blood from the postcapillary venules
venous return
refers to the flow of blood back to the heart
brachiocephalic trunk
right common carotid branches off of the:
baroreceptors and chemoreceptors
sensory structures located inside arterial walls
right common carotid artery&right subclavian artery
shortly after leaving he aortic arch, the brachiocephalic trunk branches into the:
arteriole
small vessel that empties into a capillary
postcapillary venules
smallest of the veins
arterioles
smallest resistance arteries
diffusion definition
spontaneous net movement of particles from a place of high concentration to low concetration