anatomy chapter 20 circulatory system blood vessels and circulation

aldosterone

"salt-retaining hormone"

ischemia

a thrombus induces this in the tissues that the vessel supplies

hypercapnia

excess of carbon dioxide in the blood

external and internal iliac

external common iliac divides into

angiogenesis

growth of new blood vessels

internal jugulars external jugulars vertebral veins

head and neck are drained mainly by these three veins

pressure&resistance

hemodynamics are based mainly on:

hypertension

high blood pressure

epinephrine and norepinephrine

hormones produced by the adrenal glands and bind to receptors on smooth muscles of most blood vessels

tunica interna

inner most tunic of blood vessels

sinusoids

irregular blood-filled spaces in the liver, bone marrow, spleen, and some other organs

great saphenous vein

longest vein in the body

hypotension

low blood pressure

it allows more time for gas exchange and capillaries can engage in absorption to prevent fluid accumulation

lower blood pressure during pulmonary circulation is ideal because:

vasodialtion

lowers blood pressure

diastolic pressure

minimum arterial blood pressure occurring during the ventricular relaxation between heartbeats

diffusion

movement of carbon dioxide from the tissue into the capillary blood occurs via

capillary

narrowest type of vessels that engages in fluid exchanges with surrounding tissues; smallest type of blood vesels

capillary beds

networks that capillaries are organized into

basal lamina

non-cellular, protienacious material that surrounds the capillary and endothelial cells and seperate it from adjacent connective tisssue

peripheral resistance

opposition to blood flow

chemoreceptor

organ or cell specialized to detect chemicals

hydrostatic pressure

physical force exerted by a liquid against a surface such as a capillary wall

autoregulation

ability of a tissue to adjust its own blood supply through vasomotion or angiogenesis

edema

accumulation of excess fluid

endothelium

acts as a selectively permeable barrier to materials entering or leaving the bloodstream

ascending aorta

aorta that arises from the left ventricle

descending aorta

aorta that passes downward through the thoracic and abdominal cavities

diastolic

arterial blood pressure attained during ventricular relaxation

interosseous arteries

arteries of the forearm that are locates between the radius and ulna

chemoreflex

autonomic negative feedback response to changes in blood chemistry

baroreflex

autonomic negative feedback response to changes in blood pressure

stroke or cerebrovascular accident(CVA)

sudden death of brain tissue caused by ischemia

external iliac

supplies mainly the lower limbs

internal iliac

supplies the pelvic wall and visceral

blood pressure

the force that the blood exerts against a vessel wall

conduction

the largest arteries

left and right brachiocephalic veins

the superior vena cava is formed by the union of what two veins

tunica media

thickest layer of blood a vessel

aorta

thorax receives blood from several arteries which arise directly from the:

veins, arteries, capillaries

three basic types of blood vessels

loose connective& simple squamous epithelium

tissue that comprise the capillary endothelium

veins

type of blood vessel regarded as capacitance vessels

metarterioles

type of blood vessel that links the arterioles to capillaries

tunica media

vasoconstriction primarily results from contraction of the tunica _____?

venous valves

veins have _____ that ensure the one way flow of blood

postcapillary venules

venules that receive blood from capilaries

veins

vessels that carry blood back to the heart

aneurysm

weak bulging point in the wall of a heart chamber or blood vessel that present a threat of hemorrhage

common iliac arteries

what arteries supply blood to the pelvic wall and lower limbs

oxygen carbon dioxide steroid hormones

what can easily diffuse through the plasma membrane

vasodialation

widening of a blood vessel due to relaxation of the muscle of its tunica media and the outward pressure of the blood exerted against the wall

vessels from highest blood pressure to lowest

1. aorta 2. systemic artery 3. capillary 4. venule 5. systemic vein 6. superior vena cava

the arteries that a RBC must travel to get from the left ventricle to the tongue

1. aortic arch 2. brachiocephalic trunk 3. right common carotid artery 4. external carotid artery 5. lingual artery

trace the pathway of blood from the heart to the forehead

1. aortic arch 2. brachiocephalic trunk 3. right common carotid artery 4. internal carotid artery 5. opthalamic artery

regions of the aorta in the order of blood flow from the heart

1. ascending aorta 2. aortic arch 3. descending aorta 4. thoracic aorta 5. abdominal aorta

rank of the arteries of the upper limb from the proximal to distal

1. axillary artery 2. brachial artery 3. radial artery 4. deel palmar arch

branches of the aortic arch from most proximal to most distal

1. brachiocephalic trunk 2. left common carotid 3. left subcalvian

arteries that branch off of the abdominal aorta in order from the superior to inferior

1. celiac trunk 2. superior mesenteric artery 3. renal artery 4. gonadal artery 5. common iliac artery

three primary branches of the celiac trunk

1. common hepatic artery 2. splenic artery 3. laft gastric artery

list the order of veins as blood would flow from the foot to the inferior vena cava

1. dorsal venous arch 2. great saphenous vein 3. external iliac vein 4. common iliac vein 5. inferior vena cava

arteries in order as they descend and supply blood to the lower limb

1. external iliac artery 2. femoral artery 3. popliteal artery 4. anterior tibial artery 5. dorsal pedal artery

veins that drain the majority of blood from the head and neck

1. external jugular 2. internal jugular 3. vertebral vein

inferior vena cava

1. formed by the union of the right and left common iliac veins 2. is retroperitoneal 3. largest blood vessel in the body

principal veins of the portal system carrying blood from the gastrointestinal organs to the liver

1. gastric veins 2. hepatic portal vein 3. splenic vein 4. inferior/superior mesenteric arteris

chemicals given off by the systemic capillary blood to the perivascular tissues

1. glucose 2. antibodies 3. oxygen 4. hormones

functions of vasoreflexes

1. help regulate blood pressure 2. modify perfusion to an organ or tissure

portal systems occur in:

1. kidneys 2. between the intestines and liver 3. between the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary

veins as blood would flow from the foot to the inferior vena cava

1. lateral plantar vein 2. fibular vein 3. popliteal vein 4. external iliac vein 5. common iliac vein 6. inferior vena cava

types of veins from smallest to largest

1. postcapillary venules 2. muscular veins 3. medium veins 4. venous sinuses 5. large veins

flow of blood cell through the pulmonary circuit from the right ventricle

1. pulmonary trunk 2. pulmonary arteries 3. lobar arteries 4. alveolar capillaries 5. pulmonary veins 6. left atrium

blood pressure is determined by

1. resistance to flow 2. cardiac output 3. blood volume

parietal branches of the thoracic aorta

1. subcostal arteries 2. superior phrenic arteries 3. posterior intercostal arteries

arteries that bracnh from the thoracic aorta that supply blood to the muscles, bones, and skin of the chest wall

1. superior phrenic arteries 2. posterior intercostal arteries 3. subcostal arteries

characterisitcs of transiet ischemic attacks

1. temporary loss of vision 2. headache 3. temporary dizziness 4. temporary weakness 5. temporary paralysis

normal BP

120/80

mediastinal arteries bronchial arteries esophageal arteries

directly supply blood to the viscera of the thorax

effects of a stroke

blindness paralysis loss of speech loss of sensation

maxillary

branch of the external carotid artery, supplies to the teeth, maxilla, oral cavity, and external ear

arteries

carry blood away from the heart; have thicker walls

brain

cerebra arterial circle supplies blood to the

vasoreflexes: constriction and dialation

changes in the diameter of a blood vessel

axillary

changes its name to the subclavian vein at the lateral margin of the first rib

diuretic

chemical that increases urine output

oxygen glucose antibodies hormones

chemicals given off by the systemic capillary blood to the perivascular tissue often include

systemic circuit

circuit that supplies oxygen and nutrients to all organs and removes their metabolic wastes

anastomosis

collateral route of blood supplied to a tissue

hypoxia

deficiency of oxygen in any tissue

atherosclerosis

degenerative changes of the blood vessels characterized by the presence of atheromas and often leading to calcification of the vessel wall

blood to release carbon dioxide and pick up oxygen

primary purpose of pulmonary circuit

filtration

process in which hydrostatic pressure forces a fluid through a selectively permeable mombrane

transcytosis

process in which the endothelial cells pick up material on one side of the plasma membrane by pinocytosis or receptor-mediated endocytosis, transport the vesicle across the cell, and discharge the material on the other side by exocytosis

albumin

protein that determines blood colloid osmotic pressure(COP)

vasoconstrition

raises blood pressure

muscular venules

receive blood from the postcapillary venules

venous return

refers to the flow of blood back to the heart

brachiocephalic trunk

right common carotid branches off of the:

baroreceptors and chemoreceptors

sensory structures located inside arterial walls

right common carotid artery&right subclavian artery

shortly after leaving he aortic arch, the brachiocephalic trunk branches into the:

arteriole

small vessel that empties into a capillary

postcapillary venules

smallest of the veins

arterioles

smallest resistance arteries

diffusion definition

spontaneous net movement of particles from a place of high concentration to low concetration