Anatomy Chapter 5. Integumentary system

the sweat glands that communicate with hair follicles in the armpits and produce an odorous secretion are called:

Apocrine glands

Deodorants are used to mask the effects of secretions from which type of skin gland?

Apocrine sweat gland

Deodorants are used to mask the odor for what glands?

Apocrine sweat gland secretions

How does stratum lucidum appear in the thick skin layer?

Appears as a glassy layer in the thick skin only *only found in thick skin

What is the composition of the papillary layer of the dermis?

Areolar connective tissue

The hypodermis consists of which tissue type?

Areolar tissue

The hypodermis consists of which type of tissue?

Areolar tissue

What is a bundle of smooth muscle cells that connects to each hair?

Arrector pili

Calluses form on the palms after manual labor because:

Cells of the stratum basale divide more rapidly, thickening the epithelium

In which type of burn are the superficial cells of the epidermis destroyed, but the dermis remain mostly unaffected?

First-degree burn

The loose connective tissue that separates the integument from deeper tissues and organs is the called the

hypodermis or subcutaneous layer

what covers the nail bed?

nail body

Thick skin can be found on the

palms and soles of feet

The most superficial layer of the dermis is the

papillary layer

Where are the capillaries that supply the epidermis located?

papillary layer of the dermis

Squamous cell carcinomas involve _______

the superficial layers of epidermal cells

What is another example that influences skin color?

Amount and distribution of melanin

What is a carcinoma?

Any cancer of epithelial tissue

What is thick skin?

-5 layers of cells -Very thick stratum corneum

What 2 groups of sweat glands occur in the skin?

-Apocrine sweat glands -Eccrine sweat glands

What is cyanosis and how does this happen?

-Bluish coloration -Occurs when blood oxygen supplies are diminished as in: asthma attack, heart attack

What color is oxygenated blood and what causes it?

-Bright red -Increases in body temp. -Results in a flushed, red skin color

Which two skin pigments are found in the epidermis?

-Carotene -Melanin

What does the reticular layer contain? What type of tissue?

-Contains: blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, nerve fibers, and sensory receptors -Dense irregular tissue

What does the papillary layer contain? What type of tissue?

-Contains: capillaries, lymphatic vessels, and sensory neurons that supply skin surface -Consists of areolar tissue

What fibers are responsible for the stretching of the skin during pregnancy?

Elastic fibers found in the reticular layer of the dermis

A small amount of UV radiation is beneficial because it stimulates vitamin D3 synthesis in the

Epidermis

Where are accessory organs (such as hair follicles and sweat glands) derived from?

Epidermis

What do burns result from?

Exposure to heat, radiation, electrical shock, or strong chemicals

True or false: A persons skin color depends on the number of melanocytes present in epidermis

FALSE

During skin repair, most the scab consists of an insoluble network of what? It is a protein that forms from blood proteins during the clotting response?

Fibrin

During step 4 of skin repair, which cells in the dermis continue to create scar tissue?

Fibroblasts

Coiled tubular glands that discharge their secretions onto the surface of the skin are called ___________.

Merocrine sweat glands

Coiled tubular glands that discharge their secretions onto the surface of the skin are called what?

Merocrine sweat glands

Why are skin injuries and infections more common when one is aging?

Most likely due to a thinning of the epidermis as stem cells become less active

What is NOT a function of the integumentary system?

Movement

Does the epidermis contain blood vessels?

NO, it is avascular

Which type of burn appears inflamed and feels tender but has no blisters?

First degree burn

A thickened area of scar tissue that is covered by a shiny, smooth epidermal surface is called a

Keloid

The fibrous protein that forms the basic structural component of hair and nails is what?

Keratin

The protein that contributes to many of the skin's protective qualities is called

Keratin

The skin may turn orange as a result of what buildup

Keratin

What substance makes nails hard?

Keratin

What are the majority of cells in the epidermis?

Keratinocytes: contain the protein keratin

What organs convert a precursor molecule into calcitriol, a hormone that is essential for calcium and phosphate absorption?

Kidneys

When the arrector pili muscle is stimulated, it pulls on the hair follicle, causing what?

The hair to stand up and cause goosebumps

The skin is also called the...

cutaneous membrane

Shafts of hair are compromised of

dead, keratinized epidermal cells

The dermis is composed largely of

dense irregular connective tissue

Projections of the loose connective tissue from the dermis, which extend upward between the adjacent ridges of the epidermis are called the

dermal papillae

Thin skin is defined by the thickness of the

epidermis

What is the correct order of the layers of the cutaneous membrane?

epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis

What is thin skin?

4 layers of cells

What kind of membrane is the integumentary system?

-Cutaneous membrane

What happens during the proliferation phase?

-Deeper parts of the clot dissolve -Number of capillaries declines -Fibroblasts have formed extensive meshwork of collagen fibers

Why does sagging and wrinkling of the skin occurs as one is aging?

-Due to decrease in elastic fiber network -Integument gets weaker and less resilient

When do apocrine sweat glands become active and what happens?

-During puberty -Secrete into hair follicles in armpits, around nipples, and in pubic region

What area is effected in a second degree burn, symptoms and example?

-Entire epidermis and part of the dermis damaged -Causes blistering, pain, and swelling -Some scar tissue may form

What are some parts of the cutaneous membrane?

-Epidermis -Dermis

What area is effected in a third degree burn, symptoms and example?

-Epidermis and dermis are destroyed -Damage may extend into the hypodermis Sensory nerves destroyed

What is involved in the "Synthesis and storage of nutrients" function?

-Epidermis synthesizes vitamin D3 -Dermis stores lipids in adipose tissue

What skin functions are effected by burns

-Fluid and electrolyte balance -Thermoregulation -Protection from infection

What is involved in the "Excretion and secretion " function?

-Glands excrete salts, water, and organic wastes -Specialized integumentary (mammary) glands secrete milk

What are part of the accessory structures?

-Hair -Exocrine -Nails

What is the hair structure?

-Hair root -Hair shaft

What are some accessory organs?

-Hair shaft -Sweat duct -Sebaceous gland -Sweat gland duct -Hair follicle -Nerve fibers

Where are ceruminous glands located and what do they form?

-Located in passageway of external ear -Forms cerumen, or earwax by combining with sebaceous glands

What are some characteristics of the subcutaneous layer?

-Loose connective tissue beneath the dermis -Separates integument from deeper tissues -Not part of the integumentary system, yet interwoven with connective tissue of the dermis

What happens during the inflammtaion phase?

-Mast cells released at bleeding injury site -Increased blood flow -Increased # of phagocytes

What is the sebaceous gland function?

-Oil gland -Discharge oily lipid secretion (sebum) into hair follicles through holocrine secretion

What area is effected in a first degree burn, symptoms and example?

-Only the epidermis is affected -Causes erythema or redness from inflammation -Example: sunburn

The glands that begin discharging a sticky, cloudy, and potentially odorous secretion at puberty are called what?

Apocrine glands

What is the pigment carotene?

-Orange-yellow pigment -Accumulates in epidermal cells -Found in orange-colored foods (carrots, squashes) -Can be converted into Vitamin A

What layers are in the dermis?

-Papillary layer -Reticular layer

What are the functions of the hair?

-Protect the scalp from U V light -Provide insulation for the skull -Prevent entry of foreign particles into nose, eyes, and ears -Provide early-warning system to prevent injury due to sensory fibers at base of hair follicles

What is involved in the "sensory reception" function?

-Receptors detect touch, pressure, pain and temperature and relay information to nervous system

What happens during the scarring phase?

-Scab is shed and epidermis is complete -Shallow depression marks injury site

Degree of scar formation is dependent on what?

-Severity -Location of injury and age of patient

What is involved in the "protection" function?

-Skin covers and protects underlying tissues -Prevents fluid loss

What is involved in the "Temperature maintenance" function?

-Skin regulates heat exchange with the environment

Why does skin regeneration occur?

-Stem cells of epithelium and connective tissue undergo cell division -Replace lost or damaged tissue

What is the epidermis composed of?

-Stratified (layers) of epithelial cells

How long does hair grow a day?

0.3 mm/day

What are the 2 types of sweat glands?

1. Apocrine sweat glands 2. Eccrine (merocrine) sweat glands

What are the 2 pigments that influence skin color

1. Carotene 2. Melanin

What are the 2 major parts of the integumentary system?

1. Cutaneous membrane, or skin 2. Accessory structures -Hair -Exocrine glands -Nails

What are the 3 layers of dead keratinized cells?

1. Cuticle-surface layer 2. Cortex-middle layer, contains hard keratin 3. Medulla-core , contains soft keratin

What are the 4 phases of skin regeneration?

1. Inflammation phase 2. Migration phase 3. Proliferation phase 4. Scarring phase

What is the order of events for skin repair process?

1. Phagocytosis of pathogens and debris 2. Inflammatory response 3. Formation of scab

What are the 5 functions of the integument system?

1. Protection 2. Temperature maintenance 3. Synthesis and storage of nutrients 4. Sensory reception 5. Excretion and secretion

What are the 2 types of melanin?

1. Red-yellow 2. Brown-black

What are the 2 layers of the cutaneous membrane?

1. Superficial epithelium or epidermis 2. Underlying connective tissue of the dermis

What are the 2 parts of the dermis?

1. Superficial papillary layer 2. Deeper reticular layer

What are the two types of exocrine glands in the integument

1.Sebaceous glands 2.Sweat glands or sudoriferous glands

What are the phases new daughter cells go through that are formed in the stratum basale?

1.Stratum spinosum 2.Stratum granulosum 3.Stratum lucidum Migrate outward toward skin surface

How many types of melanin are there?

2

How long do dead cells stay in the stratum corneum before they shed or are washed away?

2 more weeks

How long does it take for cells to move from stratum basale to stratum corneum?

7-10 days

How thick is the stratum spinosum layer?

8-10 cells thick

What is not a common site of keloid development?

Abdomen

In elderly people, blood supply to the dermis is reduced and sweat glands are less active. This combination of factors would most affect the:

Ability to thermoregulate

The condition that results from clogged sebaceous glands is

Acne

What are causes of sebaceous glands being sensitive to changes in concentrations of sex hormones?

Acne occurs (Blocked sebaceous ducts causes inflammation and raised "pimple")

What does the hypodermis contain?

Adipose tissue Muscle cells Blood vessels Nerve cells

Older individuals do not tolerate summer heat as well as they did when they were young, and they are more prone to heat-related illnesses. What accounts for these changes?

As a person ages, the blood supply to the dermis decreases and merocrine sweat glands become less active

Why does skin sag and wrinkle as a person ages?

As a person ages, the dermis becomes thinner and the elastic fiber network decreases in size, weakening the integument and causing loss of resilience

When do hair cells become keratinized and eventually die?

As hair cells move toward surface. This happens about halfway to skin surface

What is the most common skin cancer?

Basal cell carcinoma

Which of the following conditions is the most common form of skin cancer

Basal cell carcinoma

Why is the stratum basale also called the stratum germinativum?

Because germinative cells are stem cells that continually divide to replace cells lost at the surface

Why can skin regenerate effectively even after considerable damage?

Because stem cells persist in both the epithelial and connective tissue components of skin. When injury occurs, cells of the stratum germinativum replace epithelial cells while mesenchymal cells replace cells lost from the dermis

What happens during the migration phase?

Blood clot or scab forms at surface, to restrict entry of microorganisms

Both dermal layers contain a network of:

Blood vessels (cardiovascular system), lymphatic vessels (lymphatic system), and nerve fibers (nervous system).

What structures help local tissues defend and repair themselves after injury or infection?

Both blood and lymphatic vessels

How is the stratum basale attached to the basement membrane?

By hemidesmosomes

What are the effects of inadequate vitamin D3?

Can lead to weak and flexible bones

Exposure of the skin to UV light

Can slowly increase melanoacyte activity

Which of the following structures is/are associated with the hair papilla?

Capillaries and nerves

What is a pigment found in veggies that can make skin appear orange or yellow

Carotene

What substance is converted to vitamin A, which is required for normal epithelial tissue maintenance?

Carotene

______ is a pigment found in vegetables that can make skin appear orange or yellow

Carotene

Which types of fibers extend from the reticular layer of the dermis into the superficial papillary layer above, as well as into the subcutaneous layer below?

Collagen fibers

What are the 2 major types of tissues that make up the skin?

Connective and epithelial

The dermis consists of what major tissue type?

Connective tissue

What does the stratum spinosum layer consist of?

Consists of keratinocytes held together by desmosomes

What causes your hair to stand/ get "goose bumps"?

Contraction of arrector pili muscle

Where is thin skin found in the body?

Covers rest of the body

The fold of the stratum corneum over the base of a nail is called the

Cuticle

Why do muscles become weaker and bone strength decreases when one is aging?

Decline in Vitamin D3

What is the reason calcium and phosphate absorption decline as we age?

Decreased vitamin D3 production

What are the layers of thick skin?

Deep to superficial Stratum basale (germinativum) Stratum spinosum Stratum granulosum Stratum lucidum Stratum corneum

What is the cutaneous plexus?

Deeper layer that supplies adipose tissue in hypodermis and tissues of the integument

Albinism

Deficiency or the absence of pigment in the skin, hair, and irises of the eyes

The reticular layer of the dermis consists of which tissue level?

Dense irregular connective tissue

The reticular layer of the dermis consists of which tissue type?

Dense irregular connective tissue

What does the severity of burns depend on?

Depth into the tissues and the total area affected

What is NOT an accessory structure of the integumentary system?

Dermal papillae

Epidermal cells are supplied with nutrients from blood vessels in the

Dermis

The highly vascular layer of the skin, which provides thermoregulation via changed blood flow is the

Dermis

As cells are pushed form the deeper portion of the epidermis toward the surface they

Die

Why do identical twins have different finger prints?

Different epidermal ridges

When the body overheats, the skin responds by

Dilating blood vessels

Why is the sensitivity of immune system reduced when one is aging?

Due to a decrease of macrophages residing in the skin

Why does one's hair become thing and changes color when one is aging?

Due to low-functioning follicles and decreased melanocyte activity

Why is one who is aging very sensitive to sun exposure?

Due to lower amount of melanin production

Why does one's ability to lose heat decreases when aging?

Due to reduced dermal blood supply and less active sweat glands

Why does one's skin becomes dry and often scaly when one is aging?

Due to reduction in glandular secretions

Why does one's skin takes more slowly to repair when aging?

Due to slower stem cell division, increasing the threat of infection in cuts

What is the reason for different hair color?

Due to type and amount of melanin from melanocytes

Identify the structures that are responsible for the stretching of the skin during pregnancy

Elastic fibers found in the reticular layer of the dermis

During what repair, would cells divide to produce mobile cells that invade the deeper area of injury?

Fibroblasts and connective tissue stem cell

Fibroblasts create _____ to elevate epidermis

Fibrous, noncellular scar tissue

Why does swimming in fresh water for an extended period cause epidermal swelling

Fresh water is hypotonic with respect to the skin cells, so water moves into the cells by osmosis, causing them to swell

An increase in the rate of malignant melanomas is likely due to which of the following?

Global atmospheric ozone depletion

Stimulation of the arrector pili muscle results in what?

Goosebumps

When the arrector pilli muscles contract

Goosebumps are formed

What term describes the combination of fibrin clots, fibroblasts, and the extensive network of capillaries in healing tissue?

Granulation tissue

During the regeneration process of the skin after injury, what is the combination of blood clot, fibroblasts, and an extensive capillary network called?

Graulosum

Hair is formed by the repeated divisions of epithelial stem cells in which structure?

Hair matrix

The epithelium at the base of a follicle forms a cap over which structure?

Hair papilla

What part of a hair can be seen on the surface of the skin?

Hair shaft

Subcutaneous injections are made in the

Hypodermis

What is another name for the subcutaneous layer?

Hypodermis

What is the subcutaneous layer?

Hypodermis layer that is deep to the dermis -NOT actually part of the integument but stabilizes position of the skin relative to underlying tissues

List the two terms for the tissue that connects the dermis to underlying tissues

Hypodermis or subcutaneous layer

The loose connective tissue that separates the integument from deeper tissues and organs is called the

Hypodermis or subcutaneous layer

The superficial ridges that overlie the dermal papillae

Increase friction and increase skin surface area

Perspiration that is produced by apocrine sweat glands

Is limited to the hair follicles of the axilla, nipples, and groin

What is the function of melanin?

It protects DNA from the damaging effects of UV radiation

Why does hair turn gray or white with age?

Low-functioning follicles and decreased melanocyte activity

The pale crescent area of the nail is called the

Lunula

What is the most dangerous skin cancer?

Malignant melanoma

The observed differences in skin color reflect the levels of what production

Melanin

The reason elderly people are more sensitive to sun exposure and more likely to get sunburned is that with age:

Melanocyte activity declines

The most severe type of skin cancer is most likey to develop from

Melanocytes

Why does exposure to sunlight or sunlamps darken skin?

Melanosomes enter cells of stratum basale, coloring the epidermis

What type of secretion characterizes apocrine sweat glands?

Merocrine

Where does nail growth take place?

Nail root

Why does a superficial cut hurt less than a deep cut?

Nerve fibers are located in the reticular layer of the dermis of the skin

If a burn on the forearm destroys the epidermis and the deep dermis and then heals, will hair grow again in the affected area?

No because the outside layer cuticle, burns away leaving the hair's cortex exposed

Where is thick skin found?

Palms of hands and soles of feet

The superficial layer of the dermis is down as? What is the deep layer?

Papillary layer Deep Layer is the reticular layer

Why does one's hair turns gray or white during older ages?

Pigment production declines with age

The reticular layer's collagen fibers directly provide which function?

Prevent damage to the tissue

Which of the following is the function of hair associated with a nerve fiber?

Provides an early-warning system that may help prevent injury

What is the role of the subpapillary plexus?

Provides blood to capillary loops along epidermis-dermis boundary

What is the layer of the skin that contains bundles of collagen fivers and elastin, and it is responsible for the mechanical strength and flexibility of the skin

Reticular

Microscopically, straight hairs are _________ in cross section, and curly hairs are _________.

Round; flattened

What is used to estimate the burn area?

Rule of Nines (Body surface is divided into multiples of 9%)

The 2 types of exocrine glands in the skin are what?

Sebaceous and sweat glands

What gland secretes into hair follicles?

Sebaceous gland

What is an oil gland that secretes into hair follicles?

Sebaceous gland

Acne results from the blockage of ducts in which glands?

Sebaceous glands

What level of burn is where the superficial and deep cells of the epidermis are affected but the dermis may or may not be affected

Second degree burn

In which level of the classification of burns are the superficial and deep cells of the epidermis affected, whereas the dermis may or may not be affected?

Second degree burns

What is the function of the eccrine sweat gland?

Secretes watery perspiration directly onto surface of skin

Thinning of the epidermis and the decline of stem cell activity leads to which of the following results?

Skin injuries and infections both become more common.

What is the importance of vitamin D3 on the skin?

Skin protection, skin cell growth, repair, and metabolism

The hypodermis...

Stabilizes the position of the skin relative to skeletal muscles and other organs

The deepest layer of cells in the epidermis is the cells of the

Stratum Basale

During the migration phase, what stratum layer cells migrate along wound edges and divide to replace missing cells?

Stratum basale

During wound repair, cells from which layer rapidly divide and begin to migrate along the wound periphery to replace missing epidermal cells?

Stratum basale

The epidermal layer whose cells have stopped dividing and started to produce large amounts of keratin the

Stratum basale

What is the deepest layer of the epidermis?

Stratum basale

The folding over of which integumentary layer forms the cuticle?

Stratum corneum

The layer of the epidermis at the exposed surface is the

Stratum corneum

In which epidermal layer have the cells stopped dividing and begun making large amounts of keratin?

Stratum granulosum

What layer of epidermal do cells stop dividing and have begun making large amounts of keratin?

Stratum granulosum

The layer of the epidermis not present in thin skin is the stratum

Stratum lucidum

What layer of the epidermis is only found in thick skin?

Stratum lucidum (clear layer)

Each time a stem (basal) cell from the stratum basale divides, one of the resulting daughter cells enters which of the following layers?

Stratum spinosum

Upon exposure to ultraviolet radiation, cells in which two epidermal layers convert a steroid into vitamin D3?

Stratum spinosum and basale

What regions changes the most in response to circulating levels of sex hormones?

Subcutaneous layer (hypodermis)

Squamous cell carcinoma involves what?

Superficial epidermal cells

Blood supply in the dermis is supplied by what?

Supplied by networks of arteries called plexuses

What is the role of the papillary layer?

Supports and nourishes epidermis

What is the reason for skin to turn a pale color?

Temporary constriction of the same blood vessel

When a person becomes "pale", what is the physiologic basis?

The blood supply to the skin decreases

When a person becomes "pale," what is the physiologic basis?

The blood supply to the skin decreases

The excessive production of keratin is called hyperkeratosis. Calluses and corns are easily observed examples of hyperkeratosis. What epidermal layer is characterized by cells that have stopped dividing and have begun making large amounts of keratin?

The stratum granulosum, consists of cells displaced from the stratum spinosum that have stopped dividing and have begun making large amounts of the protein keratin.

Why are injections administered in the hypodermis when administering drugs using a hypodermis needle?

There are no vital organs in the region

As cells are pushed from the deeper portion of the epidermis toward the surface,

They die

What are keloids?

Thickened areas of scar tissue covered by shiny, smooth epidermal surface

The type of burn that injures the hypodermis, deeper tissues, and organs is

Third degree burn

What type of burn cannot repair themselves and requires skin grafting?

Third degree burn

What burn destroys the epidermis as well as the hair follicles?

Third-degree burn

What amino acid is melanin produced by?

Tyrosine

Melanin serves to protect cells in the deeper layers of the epidermis from

UV radiation

The epidermis synthesizes what?

Vitamin D3

Why do calluses form?

When skin is subjected to mechanical stress, stem cells in the stratum basal divide more rapidly and the thickness of the epithelium increases

Why does hair turn gray or white with age?

With advancing age, melanocyte activity decreases, leading to gray or white hair

The subcutaneous layer consists of

areolar and adipose tissue

Squamous cell carcinoma involves

superficial epidermal cells