Anatomy Chapter 6
Circumduction
circular movement of a limb at the far end a combination of flexion, extension, abduction, nd adduction. Commonly seen in ball-and-socket joints such as the shoulder. Proximal end of limb is stationary. Distal end moves in circle. (pg198)
plantar flexion
depressing the foot (pointing toes)
Prime Mover
Muscle that has the major responsibility for causing a particular movement. The muscle that acts as the initial and main source of motive power.
What are the risks, both physically and mentally, for those who use steroids?
The risks are bloated faces; shriveled testes and infertility; liver damage and liver cancer; and changes in blood cholesterol. About 1/3 of anabolic steroid users develop serious psychiatric problems, including depression, delusions, and manic behavior involving Jekyll-and-Hyde personality swings and extreme violence.
Body movements happen when muscles contract ____________ ______________
across joints
Extension
is opposite of flexion. It is a movement that INCREASES the angle, or distance, between 2 bones or parts of the body (straightening the knee or elbow). that is MORE than 180 degrees is called hyperextension.
Inversion
turning inward Special movement of foot - turn the sole medially.
7 factors in naming skeletal muscles
1 DIRECTION of the muscle fibers 2 Relative SIZE of the muscle fiber 3 LOCATION of the MUSCLE 4 NUMBER of origins 5 LOCATION of the muscle's ORIGIN and INSERTION 6 SHAPE of the muscle 7 ACTION of the muscle
Name 3 notable athletes who have used steroids and been caught.
1 Marion Jones 2 Mark McGwire 3 Barry Bonds
People with chronic back pain occasionally get relief from a tummy tuck. How does this help?
By reducing the size of the abdomen it forces contents into a smaller place which would increase the intra-abdominal pressure. This makes the vertebrae separate itself reducing compression and pressure of the nerves.
Flexion
DECREASES the angle of the joint and brings 2 bones closer together. typical of hinge joints (bending the knee or elbow), but it is also common at ball-and- socket joints (bending forward at hips)
Skeletal muscles consist of ____________________________ that have different arrangements.
Fascicles
During and overambitious workout, a high school athlete pulls some muscles by forcing his knee into extensions when his hip is already fully flexed. What muscles does he pull?
He pulled his hamstring
Opposition
In the palm of the hand - the saddle joint between metacarpal 1 and the carpals thumb to touch the tips of the other fingers on the same hand.
Fixator
Is a specialized synergist. holds a bone still or stabilize the origin of a prime mover so all the tension can be used to move the insertion bone.
Gregor, who works at a pesticide factory, comes to the clinic complaining of muscles spasms that interfere with his movement and breathing. A blood test shows that he has been contaminated with organophosphate pesticide, which is an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor. How would you explain to Gregor what this means?
It is a chemical or drug that inhibits the acetylcholinesterase enzyme from breaking down acetylcholine, thereby increase the level and duration of action of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.
What is androstenedione? What are the detrimental effects of this drug?
It's sold as a "nutritional performance enhancer" which is converted to testosterone in the body. Boosts testosterone levels. It has been found that boys and men who took the supplement have developed elevated levels of the female hormone estrogen as well as testosterone (raising their risk of feminizing effects such as large breasts), early puberty, and stunted bone growth leading to shorter-than-normal adult height.
What 7 facts can be learned in the name of a muscle? and Examples. 2. Relative SIZE of the muscle
Maximus (largest) Minimus (Smallest) Longus (long) are all sometimes used in the name of the muscles. Ex: gluteus maximus is the largest muscle of the gluteus muscle group.
Abduction
Movement away from the midline of the body. (moving a limb away from body) pg198
Adduction
Movement toward the midline of the body. (movement of limb toward the body) Pg198
"Antagonistic pairs or groups" might refer to what characteristic of muscles and their movements?
Muscles that oppose or reverse a movement. As one muscle contracts, the other relaxes. An example of a pair is the biceps and triceps; to contract, the triceps relaxes while the biceps contracts to lift the arm.
An emergency appendectomy is performed on Mr. Geiger. The incision was made at the lateral edge of the right iliac abdominopelvic region. Was his rectus abdominis cut?
No, because the cut was not in the correction region. The muscle does not extend completely across the iliac region.
Muscles can't _________________, they can only_______________
PUSH, PULL
What 7 facts can be learned in the name of a muscle? and Examples. 3. LOCATION of the muscle
Some muscles are named for the bone with which they are associated. Ex: the temporalis and frontalis muscles overlie the temporal and frontal bones of the skull, respectively.
What 7 facts can be learned in the name of a muscle? and Examples. 1- DIRECTION of the muscle fibers.
Some muscles are names in reference to some imaginary line, usually the midline of the body or the axis of a limb bone. when a muscle's name includes the term "rectus" (straight), its fibers run parallel to that imaginary line. the term "oblique" in the name tells you that the muscle fibers run obliquely (at a slant). Ex: rectus femoris is the straight muscle of the thigh., or femur.
What 7 facts can be learned in the name of a muscle? and Example. 6. SHAPE of muscle
Some muscles have a distinctive shape that helps to identify them. ex: the deltoid muscle is roughly triangular (deltoid means "triangular")
What are anabolic steroids?
Synthetic variants of the male hormone testosterone. The hormones responsible for the changes that occur during puberty and convert boys into men: most notably, the increase in bone and muscle mass.
Mrs. Sanchez says that her 6 year old son seems to be unusually clumsy and tires easily .The doctor notices that his calf muscles appear to be normal in size. If anything, they seem a bit enlarged rather than wasted. For what condition must the boy be checked? What is the prognosis?
The boy has a chance of having Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy. This condition is fatal when it impairs the respiratory muscles.
Susan, a massage therapist, was giving Mr. Graves a backrub. What two broad superficial muscles of the back were receiving the "bulk" of her attention?
The latissimus and trapezius are receiving most of her attention because they cover most of the superficial of the back.
Fascicles - which ones are most powerful
The stocky bipennate (a muscle in which the fibers converge from both sides to a central tendon; rectus femoris found in thigh) and multipennate (fascicles insert into opposite sides of the tendon or from several different sides; deltoid). The stocky bipennate and multipennate muscles, which pack in the MOST fibers, shorten very little but are very powerful.
What do athletes claim steroids will do for them?
They are convinced that huge doses could enhance masculinizing effects. They claim that anabolic steroids increase muscle mass and strength, oxygen carrying capacity of the blood, and aggressive behavior.
What were steroids developed to do?
They were developed to treat certain muscle-wasting diseases, anemia, and muscle atrophy in patients immobilized after surgery.
Dorsiflexion
Up and down movements of the foot at the ankle. Lifting the foot so that its superior surface approaches the shin (standing on heels) is called _______________.
What 7 facts can be learned in the name of a muscle? and Example. 7. ACTION of the muscle
When muscles are named for their actions, terms such as "flexor". "extensor", and "adductor" appear in their names. Ex: the adductor muscles of the thigh all bring the adduction, and the extensor muscles of the wrist all extend the wrist.
What 7 facts can be learned in the name of a muscle? and Examples. 4. NUMBER of origins
When the term biceps, triceps, or quadriceps forms part of a muscle names, you can assume that the muscle has two, three, or four origins, respectively. Ex: the biceps muscle of the arm has 2 heads, or origins, and the triceps muscle has 3.
Depression
downward movement of structures of the body. ex: shoulder joint lowers the corresponding arm vertically downwards.
The Fascicle arrangement determines what about a muscle?
it determines its range of motion and power.
Rotation
movement of a bone around its longitudinal axis (pg 198 6.13c pic for example). a common movement of ball-and-socket joints and describes the movement of the atlas around the dens of the axis (as in shaking your head "no")
Supination
movement that turns the palm up refers to movements of the radius around the ulna (pg 198) occurs when the forearm rotates laterally so the palm faces up. (anteriorly)
Synergist
muscle that aids a prime mover in a movement and helps prevent rotation - helps reduce undesirable movements.
Antagonist
muscle that opposes or reverses a prime mover
Pronation
palm down occurs when the forearm rotates medially so the palms face down (posteriorly)
What 7 facts can be learned in the name of a muscle? and Example. 5. LOCATION of the muscle's ORGIN and INSERTION
sometimes muscles are named for their attachment sites. Ex: the sternocleidomastoid muscle has its origin on the sternum (sterno) and clavicle (cleido) and inserts on the mastoid process of the temporal bone.
Elevation
the upward movement of structures of the body. Ex: shoulder joint raises the corresponding arm vertically upwards, rather than outwards, to the side or in any other direction.
Eversion
turning outward Special movement of - turn the sole laterally.
What is the relationship between the origin and insertion of a muscle? Why is knowing these points significant?
(Skeletal muscles are attached to bones on each end by tendons) The Origin is the fixed attachment (immovable or less movable bone), while the insertion is attached to the movable bone. When the muscle contracts, the insertion moves toward the origin.