Anatomy ~ Chp 27 ~ Fluid, Electrolyte, Acid-Base Balance ~ Post-Test
Normal ECF pH values are limited to the range between __________. 7.35 and 7.45 6.35 and 8.35 6.8 and 7.0 6.0 and 8.0
7.35 and 7.45
ANP has exactly the opposite function of ________
Aldosterone. ADH. Ang II
Acidosis is a more common problem than alkalosis because many acids are by-products of metabolic reactions. Which of the following acids fits that description? - lactic acid - sulfuric acid - phosphoric acid - carbonic acid - All of the listed responses are correct.
All of the listed responses are correct.
Activity that occurs in the body to maintain calcium homeostasis occurs primarily in the __________. - digestive tract - kidneys - bone - All of the listed responses are correct.
All of the listed responses are correct.
Angiotensin II produces a coordinated elevation in the extracellular fluid volume by __________. - triggering the secretion of aldosterone - stimulating thirst - causing the release of ADH - All of the listed responses are correct.
All of the listed responses are correct.
Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP) hormone __________. - blocks release of ADH - reduces thirst - blocks release of Aldosterone - All of the listed responses are correct.
All of the listed responses are correct.
Deviations outside of the normal pH range due to changes in hydrogen ion concentrations __________. - alter protein structure - disrupt the stability of cell membranes - change the activities of important enzymes - All of the listed responses are correct.
All of the listed responses are correct.
Disorders that have the potential for disrupting pH balance in the body include __________. - heart failure and hypotension - neural damage and CNS disease - emphysema and renal failure - All of the listed responses are correct.
All of the listed responses are correct.
Extracellular fluids in the body consist of ________. - aqueous humor, perilymph, endolymph - cerebrospinal fluid, synovial fluid, serous fluids - interstitial fluid, blood plasma, lymph - All of the listed responses are correct.
All of the listed responses are correct.
Major causes of metabolic acidosis include which of the following? - impaired ability to excrete H+ at the kidneys - production of a large number of fixed or organic acids - a severe bicarbonate loss - All of the listed responses are correct.
All of the listed responses are correct.
Physiological adjustments affecting fluid & electrolyte balance are mediated primarily by __________. - atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) - antidiuretic hormone (ADH) - aldosterone - All of the listed responses are correct.
All of the listed responses are correct.
Pulmonary & Renal mechanisms support the buffer systems by ________. - secreting or generating hydrogen ions - generating additional buffers when necessary - controlling the excretion of acids and bases - All of the listed responses are correct.
All of the listed responses are correct.
Treatment for hyperkalemia includes the __________. - infusion of hypotonic solution - use of appropriate diuretics - administration of buffers such as sodium bicarbonate - All of the listed responses are correct.
All of the listed responses are correct.
After a person consumes a meal, the levels of which ion rise in blood in response to increased *Acid* production in stomach? - sodium - bicarbonate - hydrogen - potassium
Bi*carbon*ate. Acid ~ Carbon
Increasing or decreasing the rate of respiration can have a profound effect on the buffering capacity of body fluids by __________. - lowering or raising PO2 - lowering or raising PCO2 - increasing production of lactic acid - All of the listed responses are correct.
lowering or raising PCO2
Respiratory alkalosis develops when respiratory activity __________. - lowers plasma PCO2 to below-normal levels - when PCO2 levels are not affected - raises plasma PCO2 to above-normal levels - decreases plasma PO2 to below-normal levels
lowers plasma PCO2 to below-normal levels
Chronic diarrhea causes a severe loss of bicarbonate ions, resulting in __________. - respiratory alkalosis - respiratory acidosis - metabolic acidosis - metabolic alkalosis
metabolic acidosis
Sodium levels are figured as a balance between __________. - absorption of sodium across digestive epithelium - excretion at kidney & other sites - exchange of gases across respiratory epithelium - both absorption of sodium across digestive epithelium & excretion at kidney & other sites
both absorption of sodium across digestive epithelium & excretion at kidney & other sites
Which of the following conditions could cause muscle cramps or spasms? - both hyperkalemia & hypocalcemia - hypocalcemia - hyperkalemia - hypernatremia
both hyperkalemia & hypocalcemia. *"Too much K & Too little Ca"*
Which of the following would *NOT* be associated with a sensation of increased thirst? - increase in renin secretion - increase in production of ADH - decrease in production of ADH - increase in production of angiotensin II
decrease in production of ADH. *"ADH - Keep Water - Drink more Water"*
Sodium ions enter ECF by crossing the digestive epithelium via __________. - active transport - diffusion - facilitated diffusion - diffusion & Active Transport
diffusion & Active Transport
When the amount of water you gain each day is equal to the amount you lose to the environment, you are in __________. fluid balance acid-base balance electrolyte balance dynamic equilibrium
fluid balance
In a protein buffer system, if the pH increases, carboxyl group (COOH) of amino acid dissociates & releases __________. - molecule of carbon dioxide - molecule of carbon monoxide - hydrogen ion - hydroxyl ion
hydrogen ion
When pure water is consumed, Extracellular fluid becomes __________. - hypertonic with respect to ICF - hypotonic with respect to ICF - isotonic with respect to ICF - in equilibrium with ICF
hypotonic with respect to ICF
Most common problems with electrolyte balance are caused by __________. - shifts of the bicarbonate ion - imbalance between sodium gains & losses - imbalance between chloride gains & losses - All of the listed responses are correct.
imbalance between sodium gains & losses
Which of the following body organs has the greatest measure of control over body fluid and composition levels? - heart - stomach - skin - kidneys
kidneys
If the ECF is hypertonic with respect to the ICF, water will move __________. - in both directions until osmotic equilibrium is restored - from cells into ECF until osmotic equilibrium is restored - from ECF into until osmotic equilibrium is restored - in response to pressure of carrier molecules
*from cells into ECF* until osmotic equilibrium is restored. *"From ICF to ECF"*
When water is lost but electrolytes are retained, *Osmolarity of ECF rises* & osmosis then moves water __________. - back & forth between the ICF & ECF - out of ECF & into ICF until isotonicity is reached - directly into blood plasma until equilibrium is reached - out of ICF & into ECF until isotonicity is reached
*out of ICF & into ECF* until isotonicity is reached. *"From ICF to ECF"*
All of the homeostatic mechanisms that monitor and adjust the composition of body fluids respond to changes in __________. - intracellular fluid - extracellular fluid - regulatory hormones - fluid balance
Extracellular fluid. ECF
Potassium ions are found in the highest concentrations in which of the following fluid compartments? - cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) - intracellular fluid (ICF) - lymph - blood plasma - interstitial fluid (IF)
Intracellular fluid. ICF. *"Potassium K is in INside"*
ANP generates sodium loss
It means you Pee a lot
ADH, Aldosterone, Ang II
Keep Water
Aldosterone stimulates sodium retention
Keep Water
Exchange between plasma & interstitial fluid is determined by the relationship between _______. - total peripheral resistance & mean arterial pressure - fluid balance & acid-base balance - net hydrostatic & net colloid osmotic pressures - None of the listed responses is correct.
Net Hydrostatic & Net colloid osmotic pressures
Which of the following occurs when an individual loses body water? - Plasma volume decreases, electrolyte concentrations rise. - Plasma volume increases, electrolyte concentrations increase. - Plasma volume decreases, electrolyte concentrations decrease. - Plasma volume increases, electrolyte concentrations decrease.
Plasma volume decreases, and electrolyte concentrations rise.
As a result of the aging process, the ability to regulate pH through *renal* compensation changes as a result of __________. - increased ability to concentrate urine - reduction in the rate of insensible perspiration - increased glomerular filtration - reduction in the number of functional nephrons
Reduction in the number of functional *nephrons*
What are the major contributors to the osmolarities of ECF & ICF? - ADH & aldosterone - renin & angiotensin - sodium & potassium - chloride & bicarbonate
Sodium & Potassium
Concentration of potassium in the ECF is controlled by adjustments in the rate of active secretion __________. - along distal convoluted tubule of nephron - in proximal convoluted tubule of nephron - in nephron loop - in glomerulus
along DCT of Nephron
Which of the following does NOT affect fluid levels in the blood? - hypoaldosteronism - diarrhea - fever - chloride shift
chloride shift
Under normal circumstances, during respiratory acidosis chemoreceptors monitoring PCO2 of plasma & CSF will eliminate problem by calling for __________. - breathing into a small paper bag - decrease in the breathing rate - decrease in pulmonary ventilation rates - increase in pulmonary ventilation rates
increase in pulmonary ventilation rates
When a normal pulmonary response does NOT reverse respiratory acidosis, the kidneys respond by __________. - increasing loss of bicarbonate ions - increasing reabsorption of hydrogen ions - decreasing rate of hydrogen ion secretion into filtrate - increasing rate of hydrogen ion secretion into filtrate
increasing rate of hydrogen ion secretion into filtrate
The body content of water or electrolytes will rise if __________. - outflow exceeds intake - intake is less than outflow - intake exceeds outflow - losses exceed gains
intake exceeds outflow. *"Rise: In > Out"*
Whenever the rate of sodium intake or output changes, there is a corresponding gain or loss of water that tends to __________. - keep sodium concentration constant - alter sodium concentration - decrease sodium concentration - increase sodium concentration
keep sodium concentration constant
Blood pH is normally measured at __________. pH 7.35-7.45 pH 6-7 pH 4 pH 1-2
pH 7.35-7.45
Hemoglobin buffer system helps prevent drastic alterations in pH when __________. - hemoglobin production is increasing - plasma of PCO2 is constant - RBC production is decreasing - plasma PCO2 is rising or falling
plasma PCO2 is rising or falling
Important *Homeostatic* adjustments occur in response to changes in __________. - plasma volume or osmolarity - cell receptors that respond to ICF volumes - hormone levels - hypothalamic osmoreceptors
plasma volume or *Osmolarity*
Primary role of the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system is to __________. - alter the rate of filtration at the glomerulus - prevent changes in pH caused by organic & fixed acids in the ECF - buffer the pH of the ICF and urine - None of the listed responses is correct.
prevent changes in pH caused by organic & fixed acids in the ECF
A metabolic alkalosis can be due to __________. - near drowning - prolonged tissue hypoxia - prolonged vomiting - hypercapnia
prolonged vomiting
Elderly have an increased risk of respiratory acidosis because of __________. - increased insensible perspiration - decrease in ADH and aldosterone sensitivity - reduction in the number of nephrons - reduction in vital capacity
reduction in vital capacity
What are 2 important effects of increased release of ADH? - decrease in the plasma volume & elimination of the source of stimulation - decrease in plasma osmolarity & alteration of composition of tissue fluid - increased rate of sodium absorption & decreased thirst - reduction of urinary water losses & stimulation of thirst center
reduction of urinary water losses & stimulation of thirst center
Which of the following does NOT cause Hypokalemia? - excessive Aldosterone secretion - renal failure - increase in pH of ECF - administration of diuretic drugs
renal failure
A mismatch between carbon dioxide generation in peripheral tissues and carbon dioxide excretion at the lungs is a __________. - condition known as ketoacidosis - respiratory acid-base disorder - severe bicarbonate loss - metabolic acid-base disorder
respiratory acid-base disorder
What are the principal ions in the extracellular fluid (ECF)? - potassium, ammonium, chloride - sodium, chloride, bicarbonate - potassium, magnesium, phosphate - phosphate, sulfate, magnesium
sodium, chloride, bicarbonate
Ketone bodies accumulate in the blood during conditions of __________. - starvation - hyperventilation - excessive lipid intake - hypercapnia
starvation