anatomy circulatory quizs

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how many valves does the heart have?

four

what does fibrillation mean?

irregular heart beat (unsynchronized)

what does ischemia mean?

not getting enough blood

how thick are the walls of capillaries

one cell layer thick

there are three ECG waves.. the second wave is called __________ & is triggered by ______

QRS complex by contraction of ventricles (ventricle depolarization)

Atriventricular node (AV node)

"stalls" signal for atria to contract before sending impulses to ventricle which allows atria to empty the blood into ventricles before it then contracts

what is thrombophelebitis ?

(serious complication of varicose veins) >inflammation of a vein that results when a clot forms in a vessel w poor circulation

why does this structural difference exist?

-related to a difference in function of two vessels >arteries must be able to expand as blood is forced into them and then recoil as blood flows off into circulation ; walls must be strong and stretchy enough to take these continuous changes in pressure (^ needs to be stretchy enough to be able to take blood forced into it = high pressure)

how does deoxygenated blood travel

from vena cava-> right atria-> tricuspid valve-> right ventricle-> pulmonary semilunar valve -> pulmonary arteries -> lungs

capillaries

gas + nutrients exhcange occurs in this one cell thick blood vessel embedded in tissue

where are the semilunar valves located in the heart?

guard base of the two large arteries (pulmonary artery and aorta) leaving the ventricular chamber

systemic

heart and cells (body)

pulmonary

heart and lungs

where are the capillary beds found?

in the tissues

pulmonary circuit

right side of the heart sends deoxygenated blood to lungs and then back to left atrium

what might causes the heart to beat less forcefully... thus decreasing stroke volume?

severe blood loss or an extremly rapid heart beat

why might waves take on an abnormal shape?

something wrong w intrinstic conduction

purkinje fibers

specialized nerve cells that transmit impulses through the heart; embedded in ventricles

circle of willis

surrounds brain; protects by providing more thn one route for blood to reach brain tissue

pulmonary veins are systemic or pulmonary circulation?

sustemic

aorta is pulmonary or systemic circulation?

systemic

aortic semilunar valve are systemic or pulmonary circulation?

systemic

bicuspid valve is pulmonary or systemic circulation?

systemic

left ventricle is pulmonary or systemic circulation?

systemic

left atrium is pulmonary or systemic circulation?

systemica

sinoatrial node

the "pacemaker" that is in the right atria and sets the polarization pace for the whole heart

what is the most important external influence on heart rate?

the activity of the autonomic nervous system

what is cardiac output (CO)?

the amount of blood pumped out by each side (each ventricles) of the heart in one min

endocardium

the inner layer of the heart that connects with blood vessels

arteries

thick blood vessels that send blood away from the heart

veins

thin blood vessels that return blood to heart

what is valvular stenosis

when valve flaps become stiffer

what is congestive heart failure?

-a (usually) progressive condition that reflects weakening og heart by coronary atherosclerosis (clogging of coronary vessel w fatty build up), persistant high blood pressure, or multiple myocardial infection

what are varicose veins? who commonly seen in?

-are common in people who stand for long periods of time and in the obese or pregnant -common factors: pooling of blood in feet and legs and inefficient venous return resulting from inactivity or pressure on veins >the overworked valves give way and veins become twisted and dilated

what is pulmonary edema

-as blood vessels within lungs become swollen w blood, the pressure within them increases and fluid from circulation into the lung tissue causing pulmonary edema if untreated person suffocates -if right side of peripheral congestion occurs as blood blacks up in systemic circulation

where are AV valves located in the heart?

-between the atrial and ventricular chambers on each side

mitral regurgitation is a heart condition that occurs when the mitral valve does not close fully. Based on your knowledge of the heart describe what happens to the blood of someone who has this condition.

-blood backs up into the atrium and causes deoxygenated blood to mix w oxygenated blood and vice versa

what is the main thing controlling stroke volume?

-how much the cardiac muscle cells are stretched just before they contract (more stretch= stronger contraction)

when does stroke volume increase?

-increase as force of ventricular contraction increases

describe the three leaflets of the valve when the ventricles are contracting (forcing blood out)

-leaflets are forced open and flattened against walls of arteries by tremendous force of rushing blood

when you place your hand over your heart, you use your right hand. this is because you feel your heart more strongly on the left side of your chest, even though the heart is centered in the chest cavity. Why do you feel your heartbeat more strongly on the left side?

-left ventricle bc it has to pump blood through aortic valve to rest of body is bigger

Great saphenous

-longest vein in body -receive the superficial drainage of leg beginning at dorsal venoles arch in foot and travel up to medial aspect of leg to empty femoral veins

often causes valvular stenosis? & what is the resulting effect on the heart?

-often because of repeated bacterial infection of the endocardium -forces the heart to contract more vigorously than normal to create enough pressure to drive blood through narrowed valve (heart workload increases and heart will weaken and fail)

list and describe the three other factors that impact heart rate.

1. neutral (ANS) controls= heart ability to adjust from rapid-> normal heartbeat 2. hormones +ions= epinephrine, thyroxine, calcium, potassium and sodium 3. physical factors= age, gender, exercise and body temp

how much is a healthy heart stroke volume? what is the percent of the blood present in the ventricles?

>60% of blood present in ventricles (70 mL)

what happens to the AV valve flap when the ventricles contract and they are squeezing the blood in their chambers?

>AV flaps are forced upward closing the valve; so blood goes one way (not backward)

describe the AV valve flaps when the heart is relaxed and the blood is flowing through

>AV flaps hang looslu into the ventricles >not tensed; so blood can just flow through

explain why the heart and circulatory system is described as a double loop?

>because the blood has an oxygenated and deoxygenated loop >travels through the heart twice

why is it helpful that capillaries have thin walls?

>exchange are easily made between the blood and tissue cells >exchange oxygen, nutrients, CO2, and waste

distinguish between the bicuspid and the tricuspid valve. what is the purpose of these valves?

>tricupsid=between the right atrium and the right ventricle; opens to allow blood to be pumped from the right atrium in to the right ventricle. Once the blood has passed through the valve closes so the blood cannot pass back. (The name tricuspid comes from the fact that it has three flaps.) >bicuspid= valve between the left atrium and left ventricle ;also allows the flow of blood in one direction. After the oxygenated blood flows from the atrium to the ventricle the valve closes to prevent the blood from flowing back. (This valve has only 2 flaps which give it the name bicuspid.)

when does CO increase? decrease?

>varies w demands >rises when the stroke volume is increased or heart beats faster or both >drops when either or both of these factors decrease

write the genetic equation we use to calculate CO

CO=HR x SV

there are three ECG waves... the first wave is called ______ & is triggered by _______

P wave by depolarization of artia before conrtaction (SA node fired)

there are three ECG waves... the third wave is called ________ & is triggered by______.

T wave, by ventricle repolarization; getting ready to relax ventricles

what is the major function of the valves?

allow blood flow in only one direction through heart chambers

what can cause the heart to beat more forcefully.... thus increasing stroke volume?

anything that increases the volume or speed of the venous return (ex: return)

what are the largest blood vessel propelling blood away from heart called ?

arteries

which blood vessel has thicker walls?

arteries

what are the smallest vessels that feed capillary beds?

arterioles

what are AV valves?

atrioventricular valves

the left AV valve is also known as

bicuspid valve

describe how oxygenated blood travels through the heart

blood enters back from the lungs through the pulmonary veins to the left atrium to the left ventricle through the bicuspid valve to the aorta out to the rest of the body

describe how deoxygenated blood travels through heart

blood enters through superior and inferior vena cavas into right ventricle (or right atrium to right ventricle) through the tricuspid valve and out the pulmonary artery to the lungs where it will get oxygen and become oxygenated blood

pericardium

connective tissue surrounding the outside of the heart that reduces friction during movement

ascending lumbar

dumps into inferior vena cava

what is the name of the recording that is produced?

electrocardiogram

what do we detect and record the electrical impulses of the heart with?

electrocardiograph

how does oxygenated blood travel

from lungs -> pulmonary veins -> left atria -> bicuspid valve -> left ventricle -> aortic semilunar valve -> aorta -> rest of the body

describe what happens to the leaflet and valves when ventricles relax?

leaflet fill w blood closing the valve (prevents arterial blood from reentering the heart)

systemic circuit

left side of heart sends oxygenated blood to body and back to right atrium

myocardium

middle layer of muscle tissue of the heart

typically arteries carry _______ blood and veins carry _______ blood. With the exception of the pulmonary trunk (arteries) and pulmonary veins (the opposite)

oxygen rich oxygen depleted

pulmonary semilunar valve is pulmonary or systemic ciruclation?

pulmoary

superior vena cava is pulmonary or systemic circulation?

pulmoary

inferior vena cava are systemic or pulmonary circulation?

pulmonary

pulmonary arteries is pulmonary or systemic circulation?

pulmonary

right atrium is pulmonary or systemic circulation?

pulmonary

right ventricle is pulmonary or systemic circulation?

pulmonary

tricuspid valve is pulmonary or systemic circulation?

pulmonary

what can thrombophelebitis commonly cause?

pulmonary embolism (blood vessel breaking in lung)

list the semilunar valves and where they lead to

pulmonary semilunar valve-> lungs aortic semilunar vale-> aorta-> rest of the body

ventricles

pumping chambers of the heart

atria

recieving chambers of heart

the right AV is also known as

tricuspid valve

what do veins have that prevents backflow of blood?

valves

what are the largest blood vessels that return blood to the heart called?

veins

superior vena cava

veins draing the head and arms empty into the superior vena cava

inferior vena cava (description)

veins draining the lower body empty into the inferior vena cava

what causes the heart muscle to stretch?

venous return (amount of blood entering the heart and destending ventricles)

what are the small vessels that drain blood away from capillary beds?

venules which empty into veins that empty into vena cava

what is stroke volume (SV)?

volume of blood pumped out by a ventricle w each heartbeat

what is myocardial infarct?

when heart tissue cells die (part) can be caused by reduced blood flow


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