anatomy circulatory quizs
how many valves does the heart have?
four
what does fibrillation mean?
irregular heart beat (unsynchronized)
what does ischemia mean?
not getting enough blood
how thick are the walls of capillaries
one cell layer thick
there are three ECG waves.. the second wave is called __________ & is triggered by ______
QRS complex by contraction of ventricles (ventricle depolarization)
Atriventricular node (AV node)
"stalls" signal for atria to contract before sending impulses to ventricle which allows atria to empty the blood into ventricles before it then contracts
what is thrombophelebitis ?
(serious complication of varicose veins) >inflammation of a vein that results when a clot forms in a vessel w poor circulation
why does this structural difference exist?
-related to a difference in function of two vessels >arteries must be able to expand as blood is forced into them and then recoil as blood flows off into circulation ; walls must be strong and stretchy enough to take these continuous changes in pressure (^ needs to be stretchy enough to be able to take blood forced into it = high pressure)
how does deoxygenated blood travel
from vena cava-> right atria-> tricuspid valve-> right ventricle-> pulmonary semilunar valve -> pulmonary arteries -> lungs
capillaries
gas + nutrients exhcange occurs in this one cell thick blood vessel embedded in tissue
where are the semilunar valves located in the heart?
guard base of the two large arteries (pulmonary artery and aorta) leaving the ventricular chamber
systemic
heart and cells (body)
pulmonary
heart and lungs
where are the capillary beds found?
in the tissues
pulmonary circuit
right side of the heart sends deoxygenated blood to lungs and then back to left atrium
what might causes the heart to beat less forcefully... thus decreasing stroke volume?
severe blood loss or an extremly rapid heart beat
why might waves take on an abnormal shape?
something wrong w intrinstic conduction
purkinje fibers
specialized nerve cells that transmit impulses through the heart; embedded in ventricles
circle of willis
surrounds brain; protects by providing more thn one route for blood to reach brain tissue
pulmonary veins are systemic or pulmonary circulation?
sustemic
aorta is pulmonary or systemic circulation?
systemic
aortic semilunar valve are systemic or pulmonary circulation?
systemic
bicuspid valve is pulmonary or systemic circulation?
systemic
left ventricle is pulmonary or systemic circulation?
systemic
left atrium is pulmonary or systemic circulation?
systemica
sinoatrial node
the "pacemaker" that is in the right atria and sets the polarization pace for the whole heart
what is the most important external influence on heart rate?
the activity of the autonomic nervous system
what is cardiac output (CO)?
the amount of blood pumped out by each side (each ventricles) of the heart in one min
endocardium
the inner layer of the heart that connects with blood vessels
arteries
thick blood vessels that send blood away from the heart
veins
thin blood vessels that return blood to heart
what is valvular stenosis
when valve flaps become stiffer
what is congestive heart failure?
-a (usually) progressive condition that reflects weakening og heart by coronary atherosclerosis (clogging of coronary vessel w fatty build up), persistant high blood pressure, or multiple myocardial infection
what are varicose veins? who commonly seen in?
-are common in people who stand for long periods of time and in the obese or pregnant -common factors: pooling of blood in feet and legs and inefficient venous return resulting from inactivity or pressure on veins >the overworked valves give way and veins become twisted and dilated
what is pulmonary edema
-as blood vessels within lungs become swollen w blood, the pressure within them increases and fluid from circulation into the lung tissue causing pulmonary edema if untreated person suffocates -if right side of peripheral congestion occurs as blood blacks up in systemic circulation
where are AV valves located in the heart?
-between the atrial and ventricular chambers on each side
mitral regurgitation is a heart condition that occurs when the mitral valve does not close fully. Based on your knowledge of the heart describe what happens to the blood of someone who has this condition.
-blood backs up into the atrium and causes deoxygenated blood to mix w oxygenated blood and vice versa
what is the main thing controlling stroke volume?
-how much the cardiac muscle cells are stretched just before they contract (more stretch= stronger contraction)
when does stroke volume increase?
-increase as force of ventricular contraction increases
describe the three leaflets of the valve when the ventricles are contracting (forcing blood out)
-leaflets are forced open and flattened against walls of arteries by tremendous force of rushing blood
when you place your hand over your heart, you use your right hand. this is because you feel your heart more strongly on the left side of your chest, even though the heart is centered in the chest cavity. Why do you feel your heartbeat more strongly on the left side?
-left ventricle bc it has to pump blood through aortic valve to rest of body is bigger
Great saphenous
-longest vein in body -receive the superficial drainage of leg beginning at dorsal venoles arch in foot and travel up to medial aspect of leg to empty femoral veins
often causes valvular stenosis? & what is the resulting effect on the heart?
-often because of repeated bacterial infection of the endocardium -forces the heart to contract more vigorously than normal to create enough pressure to drive blood through narrowed valve (heart workload increases and heart will weaken and fail)
list and describe the three other factors that impact heart rate.
1. neutral (ANS) controls= heart ability to adjust from rapid-> normal heartbeat 2. hormones +ions= epinephrine, thyroxine, calcium, potassium and sodium 3. physical factors= age, gender, exercise and body temp
how much is a healthy heart stroke volume? what is the percent of the blood present in the ventricles?
>60% of blood present in ventricles (70 mL)
what happens to the AV valve flap when the ventricles contract and they are squeezing the blood in their chambers?
>AV flaps are forced upward closing the valve; so blood goes one way (not backward)
describe the AV valve flaps when the heart is relaxed and the blood is flowing through
>AV flaps hang looslu into the ventricles >not tensed; so blood can just flow through
explain why the heart and circulatory system is described as a double loop?
>because the blood has an oxygenated and deoxygenated loop >travels through the heart twice
why is it helpful that capillaries have thin walls?
>exchange are easily made between the blood and tissue cells >exchange oxygen, nutrients, CO2, and waste
distinguish between the bicuspid and the tricuspid valve. what is the purpose of these valves?
>tricupsid=between the right atrium and the right ventricle; opens to allow blood to be pumped from the right atrium in to the right ventricle. Once the blood has passed through the valve closes so the blood cannot pass back. (The name tricuspid comes from the fact that it has three flaps.) >bicuspid= valve between the left atrium and left ventricle ;also allows the flow of blood in one direction. After the oxygenated blood flows from the atrium to the ventricle the valve closes to prevent the blood from flowing back. (This valve has only 2 flaps which give it the name bicuspid.)
when does CO increase? decrease?
>varies w demands >rises when the stroke volume is increased or heart beats faster or both >drops when either or both of these factors decrease
write the genetic equation we use to calculate CO
CO=HR x SV
there are three ECG waves... the first wave is called ______ & is triggered by _______
P wave by depolarization of artia before conrtaction (SA node fired)
there are three ECG waves... the third wave is called ________ & is triggered by______.
T wave, by ventricle repolarization; getting ready to relax ventricles
what is the major function of the valves?
allow blood flow in only one direction through heart chambers
what can cause the heart to beat more forcefully.... thus increasing stroke volume?
anything that increases the volume or speed of the venous return (ex: return)
what are the largest blood vessel propelling blood away from heart called ?
arteries
which blood vessel has thicker walls?
arteries
what are the smallest vessels that feed capillary beds?
arterioles
what are AV valves?
atrioventricular valves
the left AV valve is also known as
bicuspid valve
describe how oxygenated blood travels through the heart
blood enters back from the lungs through the pulmonary veins to the left atrium to the left ventricle through the bicuspid valve to the aorta out to the rest of the body
describe how deoxygenated blood travels through heart
blood enters through superior and inferior vena cavas into right ventricle (or right atrium to right ventricle) through the tricuspid valve and out the pulmonary artery to the lungs where it will get oxygen and become oxygenated blood
pericardium
connective tissue surrounding the outside of the heart that reduces friction during movement
ascending lumbar
dumps into inferior vena cava
what is the name of the recording that is produced?
electrocardiogram
what do we detect and record the electrical impulses of the heart with?
electrocardiograph
how does oxygenated blood travel
from lungs -> pulmonary veins -> left atria -> bicuspid valve -> left ventricle -> aortic semilunar valve -> aorta -> rest of the body
describe what happens to the leaflet and valves when ventricles relax?
leaflet fill w blood closing the valve (prevents arterial blood from reentering the heart)
systemic circuit
left side of heart sends oxygenated blood to body and back to right atrium
myocardium
middle layer of muscle tissue of the heart
typically arteries carry _______ blood and veins carry _______ blood. With the exception of the pulmonary trunk (arteries) and pulmonary veins (the opposite)
oxygen rich oxygen depleted
pulmonary semilunar valve is pulmonary or systemic ciruclation?
pulmoary
superior vena cava is pulmonary or systemic circulation?
pulmoary
inferior vena cava are systemic or pulmonary circulation?
pulmonary
pulmonary arteries is pulmonary or systemic circulation?
pulmonary
right atrium is pulmonary or systemic circulation?
pulmonary
right ventricle is pulmonary or systemic circulation?
pulmonary
tricuspid valve is pulmonary or systemic circulation?
pulmonary
what can thrombophelebitis commonly cause?
pulmonary embolism (blood vessel breaking in lung)
list the semilunar valves and where they lead to
pulmonary semilunar valve-> lungs aortic semilunar vale-> aorta-> rest of the body
ventricles
pumping chambers of the heart
atria
recieving chambers of heart
the right AV is also known as
tricuspid valve
what do veins have that prevents backflow of blood?
valves
what are the largest blood vessels that return blood to the heart called?
veins
superior vena cava
veins draing the head and arms empty into the superior vena cava
inferior vena cava (description)
veins draining the lower body empty into the inferior vena cava
what causes the heart muscle to stretch?
venous return (amount of blood entering the heart and destending ventricles)
what are the small vessels that drain blood away from capillary beds?
venules which empty into veins that empty into vena cava
what is stroke volume (SV)?
volume of blood pumped out by a ventricle w each heartbeat
what is myocardial infarct?
when heart tissue cells die (part) can be caused by reduced blood flow
