Anatomy Exam 2
dorsal aspect of the lumbar spinal cord
If after a spinal injury, a person loses sensation on the anterior aspect of their leg, what is the likely location of the injury?
ball and socket joint (synovial)
- multiaxial joint - spherical head of bone articulates with socket in another bone - example: glenohumeral joint and hip joint
Pons
- relay station between the cerebellum and cerebrum - Assists medulla in regulating autonomic functions like breathing
interthalamic adhesion
A small, midline mass of gray matter that connects the right and left thalamic bodies
infundibulum
A stalk that attaches the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus.
corpus callosum
A thick band of axons that connects the two cerebral hemispheres and acts as a communication link between them.
superior sagittal sinus
A venous sinus located superiorly between the two cerebral hemispheres. receives blood from cerebral veins and CSF from subarachnoid space via granulations.
afferent neurons
Another term for sensory neurons, which carry info towards the CNS.
premotor cortex
Anterior to the Primary Motor Cortex, active during the planning of a movement
Epithalamus
Contains pineal gland. Involved in olfactory senses and sleep/wake cycle
dural venous sinuses
The jugular vein drains blood out of the brain from the
L1-L4
The lumbar plexus arises from the anterior rami of what spinal nerves?
Ulna
The olecranon is found on which bone?
C3, C4, and C5
The phrenic nerve originates from which spinal nerve roots?
visual cortex
The visual processing areas of cortex in the occipital lobe.
Diaphgragma sellae
___ is a dura mater fold located in a bone feature of the sphenoid bone
tentorium cerebelli
a dural fold separating the cerebrum from the cerebellum
trochlea of humerus (medial condyle)
articulates with trochlear notch of ulna
radial tuberosity of radius
below the head of the radius; site of attachment of the biceps brachii
Dorsiflexion
bending of the foot or the toes upward
plantar flexion
bends the foot downward at the ankle
pubic symphysis
cartilaginous joint at which two pubic bones fuse together
symphysis (cartilaginous joint)
cartilaginous joint made of fibrocartilage. examples are the pubic symphysis and intervertebral discs
synchondrosis (cartilaginous joint)
cartilaginous joint made of hyaline cartilage. - an example is the costal cartilage and epiphyseal plate
sulcus (sulci)
depression or groove in the surface of the cerebral cortex.
central sulcus
depression that separates frontal and parietal lobes
Parieto-Occipital Sulcus
depression that separates parietal and occipital lobes
lateral sulcus
depression that separates temporal lobe from parietal and frontal lobes
falx cerebelli
dural fold between the hemispheres of the cerebellum
diaphragma sellae
dural fold that lines the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone and encases the pituitary gland
anterior (ventral)
every plexus originates from the _________ ramus of each spinal nerve
filum terminale
fibrous extension of the pia mater that anchors the spinal cord from the conus medullaris to the coccyx
lateral malleolus of fibula
forms the lateral bulge of the ankle and articulates with the talus
fibrous joints
generally immovable joints made of dense irregular fibrous connective tissue
gluteal tuberosity of femur
gluteus maximus insertion
nucleus
group of cell bodies in the central nervous system
2 (tibia and fibula)
how many bones are in the leg?
which structure connects the hypothalamus and pituitary gland?
infundibulum
femoral nerve
innervates quadriceps and skin of anterior thigh and medial surface of leg
cartilaginous joints
joints that allow only slight movement and consist of bones connected entirely by cartilage
acromial end of clavicle
lateral end of the clavicle that articulates with the acromion of the scapula
depression
lowering a body part, i.e., opening the mouth
the vital centers for the control of visceral activities such as heart rate, breathing, and blood pressure are located in the:
medulla oblongata
Mesencephalon
most of the extrinsic eye muscles are innervated by nerves that originate from the
parietal lobe
most of the lateral ventricles is located within the
descending tract
motor commands (as action potentials) are sent down the spinal cord, in white matter, to muscles via the
median and lateral apertures
openings leading CSF from the fourth ventricle to the subarachnoid space.
cerebral cortex
outer region of the cerebrum, containing sheets of nerve cells; gray matter of the brain
prefrontal cortex
part of frontal lobe responsible for thinking, planning, language, attention, working memory, decision making, appropriate social behavior, and personality
somatosensory association area
part of parietal lobe that deals with integration and interpretation of somatic sensations; comparison of past to present sensations. textures.
posterior white column
part of white matter between the posterior gray horns and the posterior median sulcus
obturator nerve
passes through obturator foramen to innervate adductor muscles and skin in medial aspect of thighs
posterior median sulcus
shallow longitudinal groove on the dorsal surface of the spinal cord
epidural space
space between the dura mater and the wall of the vertebral wall. contains fat and connective tissue.
Dura venous sinuses
spaces formed between the layers of dura where the majority of blood from our brain drains into.
posterior (dorsal) ramus
spinal nerve branch that innervates the skin and deep muscles of the back or trunk
gray commissure of spinal cord
structure that connects left and right masses of gray matter, and encloses the central canal
sympathetic nervous system
the 'fight or flight' division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations
parasympathetic nervous system
the 'rest and digest' division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy
radial
the ___ notch of the ulna articulates with the radius
precentral gyrus
the strip of frontal cortex, just in front of the central sulcus, that is responsible for initiation of voluntary movement. Contains pyramidal cells. - AKA the primary motor cortex.
postcentral gyrus
the strip of parietal cortex, posterior to the central sulcus, that receives somatosensory information from the entire body. where we feel everything AKA somatosensory cortex.
dura mater
the thickest, toughest layer of the meninges
Diencephalon
the third ventricle is located within the _______ between the right and left thalamus bodies.
both flexion and extension
the trochlear notch of the ulna articulates with the trochlea of the humerus during
Eversion
turning the sole of the foot outward (laterally)
periosteal later and meningeal layer
two layers of dura mater from superficial to deep
LIT AF C lateral ventricles, interventricular foramen, third ventricle, aqueduct of midbrain, and fourth ventricle, central canal
ventricles of the brain
projection fibers
vertical fibers that connect hemispheres with lower brain or spinal cord
arachnoid mater
weblike middle layer of the three meninges
distal radioulnar notch
what joint is formed between the head of the ulna and the ulnar notch of the radius?
Myelin
what makes white matter, white?
both short and irregular
what type of bone is the calcaneus?
3, 4, 6 make your eyes do tricks
which cranial nerves are involved with eye movement?
cervical dermatomes
which dermatomes are related to the superior portion of the back and the posterior portion of the upper limbs
periosteal layer
which layer of the dura mater is found only in the brain and not around the spinal cord?
occipital lobe
which lobe of the brain do we say is related to vision?
parietal lobe
which lobe of the brain is most involved with sensations?
falx cerebri
which of the following is a fold of dura mater between the left and right cerebral hemispheres?
dorsal
which part of our spinal cord (dorsal or ventral) carries sensory information?
ventral root of spinal nerve
which root contains cell bodies of the somatic motor neurons, that innervate the skeletal muscles, and carries efferent information?
dorsal root of spinal nerve
which root contains the axons of the autonomic sensory neurons and carries afferent (sensory) information?
S4, S5, Co1
which spinal nerves form the coccygeal plexus?
arbor vitae
white matter of the cerebellum
anterior median fissure
wide, deep crease along the ventral surface of the spinal cord
will
if CSF pressure is greater than the venous pressure of the superior sagittal sinus, the CSF ______ (will or wont) be reabsorbed into the blood stream.
meningitis
inflammation of the meninges. can be caused by problem with reabsorption of CSF.
anterior white column
lies between the anterior gray horns and the anterior median fissure
synovial membrane
lines the articular capsule and produces synovial fluid.
temporal lobe
lobe of the cerebral cortex related to hearing and smell.
lateral gray horn
located primarily in thoracic and lumbar segments, contains visceral motor nuclei
lesser trochanter of femur
medial (same side as femoral head); smaller bump
styloid process of ulna
medial projection at the distal end of the ulna
Some Lovers Try Positions That They Can't Handle Scaphoid Lunate Triquetrum Pisiform Trapezium Trapezoid Capitate Hamate
mnemonic for carpal bones
MILC, No Thanks Cow Medial, Intermediate, and Lateral Cuneiforms, Navicular, Talus, Calcaneous
mnemonic for tarsals
rotation
movement around an axis
Hyperextension
movement of a body part beyond the midline and extended position
Flexion
movement that decreases the angle of a joint
extension
movement that increases the angle of a joint
pronation
movement that turns the palm down
Supination
movement that turns the palm up
retraction
moving a body part backward and parallel to the ground
protraction
moving a body part forward and parallel to the ground
suprascapular notch of scapula
notch on the anterior side
radial nerve
the posterior aspect of the arm and forearm are innervated by the
denticulate ligaments
thickenings of the pia mater that fuse with the arachnoid mater and anchor the spinal cord to the dura mater to limit the movement of the cord.
septum pellucidum
thin membrane that separates lateral ventricles
please help pivot condom sales back plane, hinge, pivot, condyloid, saddle, ball and socket
types of synovial joints. (and mnemonic)
obturator foramen
'hole' in hip bone shared between ischium and pubis
posterior lobe of cerebellum
(green) lobe of cerebellum involved in planning of voluntary activity
anterior lobe of cerebellum
(red) Lobe of cerebellum that regulates unconscious proprioception.
visual association area
interprets information acquired through the primary visual cortex
Syndesmosis (fibrous joint)
joint held together by a ligament. Fibrous tissue can vary in length but is longer than in sutures - an example is the interosseous membrane between the tibia and fibula
Olecranon fossa of humerus
large distal posterior depression that accommodates the olecranon process of the ulna
pyramidal cells
large neurons that allow conscious control of precise, skilled, skeletal muscle movements
acetabulum of os coxa
lateral depression of the os coxa which articulates with the head of the femur
acromion process of scapula
lateral end of spine of scapula; forms top of shoulder
lateral white column
lateral part of white matter
styloid process of radius
lateral projection at the distal end of the radius
mesencephalon (midbrain), pons, medulla oblongata
what 3 parts of the brain make up the brain stem?
cerebrum, diencephalon, cerebellum, mesencephalon (midbrain), pons, medulla oblongata.
what are the 6 major regions of adult brains?
T2-T12
what are the intercostal nerves?
femur, patella, tibia
what bones are part of the knee joint?
superior peduncle
what communicates the cerebellum with the mesencephalon, diencephalon, and cerebrum?
middle peduncle
what communicates the cerebellum with the pons?
inferior peduncle
what connects the cerebellum to the medulla oblongata?
female pelvis is wider and shallower
what is the difference between a male and female pelvis?
unipolar neuron
what type of neuron is found in the dorsal root ganglion?
unipolar
what type of neurons are afferent neurons?
multipolar
what type of neurons are motor neurons?
Spinal nerves
when a ventral root and dorsal root come together they form mixed nerves (both sensory and motor) called
decussate
when nerve fibers cross over each other, we say they:
ilium, ischium, pubis
which 3 bones fused to form the os coxa?
Accessory Nerve (XI)
which CN innervates the shoulder area?
os coxa (coxal bone)
which bone makes up the pelvic girdle?
Oligodendrocytes
which cells form myelin sheaths around axons in the CNS?
Schwann cells
which cells form myelin sheaths around axons in the PNS?
Dermatome
- Segment of skin supplied by single spinal nerve
hinge joint (synovial)
- Uniaxial joint. open and closing movement. - A joint where convex surface fits into concave surface of other bone - examples: Elbow joint, knee joint, joints between phalanges
condyloid or ellipsoid joint (synovial)
- a biaxial joint - a condyle articulates with an elliptical shallow socket - examples: radiocarpal joint, metacarpophalangeal joints, temporomandibular joint (TMJ).
saddle joint (synovial)
- biaxial joint - bones articulate in way that resembles a saddle - example: between carpal and metacarpal of the thumb
pivot joint (synovial)
- uniaxial joint - rotating bone turns around an axis of another joint. - example: atlantoaxial joint, and proximal radioulnar joint
Epineurium
-tough later of dense connective tissue that surrounds entire nerve including fascicles and blood vessels. - continuous with the dura mater -Gives the spinal nerves the tensile strength to resist all the movements we do.
1. Olfactory (Oh) 2. Optic (Oh) 3. Oculomotor (Oh) 4. Trochlear (To) 5. Trigeminal (Touch) 6. Abducens (And) 7. Facial (Feel) 8. Vestibulocochlear (Virgin) 9. Glossopharyngeal (Girls) 10. Vagus (Vagina) 11. Accessory (Ah) 12. Hypoglossal (heaven)
12 cranial nerve pairs in order
tibial nerve
A division of the sciatic nerve that passes behind the knee. It subdivides and supplies impulses to the knee, the muscles of the calf, the skin of the leg, and the sole, heel, and underside of the toes.
choroid plexus
A highly vascular portion of the lining of the ventricles that secretes cerebrospinal fluid. Contains ciliated cells that move the CSF down the ventricles.
Cerebellum
A large structure of the hindbrain involved in the coordination of complex skeletal muscle movements.
Cerebrum
Area of the brain responsible for conscious thought processes and intellectual functions, memory storage and processing, and regulation of skeletal muscle contractions
sternoclavicular joint
Articulation between the clavicle and the sternum
ventricles of the brain
Aside form the spinal cord, where is CSF found?
L1-L2 (conus medullaris)
At what vertebra does the spinal cord end and what is it called?
Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL)
Attaches to anterior tibia Prevents forward sliding of tibia and stops hyperextension of knee
Posterior Cruciate Ligament (PCL)
Attaches to posterior tibia Prevents backward sliding of tibia and forward sliding of femur
causa equina
Below L1-L2, the vertebral canal occupied by a bundle of spinal nerve roots called the
blood-brain barrier
Blood vessels (capillaries) that selectively let certain substances enter the brain tissue and keep other substances out
breathe no more
C3, C4, C5: staying Alive Break C4: _____
olfactory nerve
CN I; Sensory Function: Smell Destination: Olfactory bulbs (on crista galli)
optic nerve
CN II; Sensory Function: vision destination: diencephalon, then occipital lobe - the only CN that desiccates (at the optic chiasm)
oculomotor nerve
CN III; Motor Function: controls most extrinsic eye muscles, intrinsic eye muscles, and raises eye lids destination: extra-ocular eye muscles
trochlear nerve
CN IV; Motor function: controls superior oblique muscle of eye destination: superior oblique muscle
trigeminal nerve
CN V; Both function: sensation of entire face including teeth, and control of mastication muscles.
arachnoid granulations
Extensions of the arachnoid mater that allow excess CSF to be absorbed by the dural sinuses.
choroid plexus, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and pineal gland
Four areas in the brain where the BBB is absent
inside
In the brain, is white matter found on the inside or outside?
outside
In the spinal cord, is white matter found on the inside or outside?
suture (fibrous joint)
Joint held together with very short, interconnecting fibers, and bone edges interlock. Found only in the skull.
greater trochanter of femur
Lateral large bump
ulnar tuberosity of ulna
Located below the coronoid process
Abduction
Movement away from the midline of the body
opposition
Movement of the thumb to touch the fingertips
Adduction
Movement toward the midline of the body
efferent neurons
Nerve cells that conduct impulses away from the central nervous system
somatic sensory neurons
Neurons that carry sensory information to the CNS
articular capsule
Outer fibrous envelope that encloses a synovial joint. connects the articulating bones together.
medulla oblongata
Part of the brainstem that controls vital life-sustaining functions such as heartbeat, breathing, blood pressure, and digestion. - Connects brain to spinal cord - relays sensory information to thalamus
cutaneous fields
Regions of skin supplied by a specific nerve arising from a plexus
Repolarization
Return of the cell to resting state, caused by reentry of potassium into the cell while sodium exits the cell.
synovial fluid
Secretion of synovial membranes that lubricates joints and nourishes articular cartilage
primary fissure
Seperates the Anterior and Posterior Lobe of the Cerebellum
pudendal nerve
Supplies sensation to external genitalia and perineum
True
T/F: ACL prevents the anterior movement of the tibia.
True
T/F: AP conduct much faster in myelinated axons
False
T/F: An example of adduction is making a T w/ the body by opening your arms
Integrative function
The ability of the nervous system to analyze and interpret sensory information to allow for proper decision making, which produces the appropriate response
L4-S4
The anterior rami of what spinal nerves form the sacral plexus?
Depolarization
The process during the action potential when sodium is rushing into the cell causing the interior to become more positive.
C5 and C6
The superior trunk originates from the branches of which cervical vertebra
True
True or False: each cerebral hemisphere controls the opposite side of the body.
False. (they dont connect. they are separated via septum pellucidum
True or False: the lateral ventricles connect via the interventricular foramen
inversion
Turning the sole of the foot inward (medially)
the ulna, metacarpals, metacarpals, and phalanges.
What are the only bones with a head that faces distally?
Roots, Trunks, Divisions, Cords, Branches Remember to Drink Cold Beer
What is the correct sequence of the subunits that form the brachial plexus?
pia mater, arachnoid mater, dura mater (PAD)
What is the order of the protective meningeal layers from inside to outside?
C5-T1
What nerve roots make up the brachial plexus?
Diarthrosis
What type of joints are freely moveable?
anterior
When the forearm is pronated, the radius is _______ to the ulna.
subarachnoid space
Where is CSF found in the spinal cord?
scapula and clavicle
Which bones make up the pectoral girdle?
olfactory nerve (CN I)
Which is the shortest SN?
phrenic
Which nerve innervates the diaphragm?
C1-C4 and half of C5
Which nerve roots make up the cervical plexus?
Femoral nerve, obturator nerve, and genitofemoral nerve
Which nerves arise form the lumbar plexus?
plexus
a group of anterior ramus nerve branches
Gomphosis (fibrous joint)
a joint that binds teeth in sockets via the periodontal ligament
Lateral Collateral Ligament (LCL)
a ligament that attaches to the femur and the fibula; maintains stability of the lateral aspect of the knee joint
Action Potential (AP)
a massive momentary reversal of a neuron's membrane potential from about -70 mV to about +50 mV
dorsal root ganglion
a nodule on a dorsal root that contains cell bodies of afferent (sensory) spinal nerve neurons
subarachnoid space
a space in the meninges beneath the arachnoid membrane and above the pia mater that contains the cerebrospinal fluid
hallux
anatomical name for big toe
pollex
anatomical name for the thumb
coronoid fossa of humerus
anterior depression that receives the coronoid process of the ulna when forearm is flexed.
radial fossa of humerus
anterior depression that receives the radial head with flexed forearm
tibial tuberosity of tibia
anterior, rough projection that serves as the attachment site for the patellar ligament
Diencephalon
area deep within the brain that contains the epithalamus, thalamus, and hypothalamus; the link between the cerebral hemispheres and the brainstem; responsible for directing sensory information to the cortex
gustatory cortex
area of the brain that receives and interprets tastes from the tongue
genitofemoral nerve
arises from L1-L2; innervates male and female genitalia plus male cremaster muscle, and skin of upper medial aspect of thigh
capitulum of humerus (lateral condyle)
articulates with head of radius
Purkinje cells
cells in cerebellar cortex responsible for coordinated movements
central canal of spinal cord
center of spinal cord which contains cerebrospinal fluid
Perineurium
coarse connective tissue that bundles nerve fibers into fascicles
nuclei
collection of neuronal cell bodies in the central nervous system
ganglion
collection of neuronal cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system
1. sensory receptor 2. sensory neuron 3. integration center (within spinal cord) 4. motor neuron 5. effector
components of a reflex arc
patellar ligament
connects patella to tibial tuberosity
anterior white commissure
connects the white matter of the right and left sides of the spinal cord
posterior gray horn
contains somatic and visceral sensory nuclei
anterior gray horn
contains somatic motor nuclei
common fibular nerve
controls muscles on the anterior and lateral leg (primarily dorsiflexors) and foot
musculocutaneous nerve
coracobrachialis, biceps brachii, brachialis (anterior arm) are innervated by
Some Say Money Matters But My Brother Says Big Brains Matter More
cranial nerve function mnemonic
transverse cerebral fissure
deep depression that separates cerebrum and cerebellum
longitudinal fissure
deep depression that separates left and right hemispheres of the brain
Endoneurium
delicate connective tissue around individual nerve fibers in nerve
crista galli
point of attachment in inferior anterior aspect of falx cerebri
spine of scapula
posterior ridge of scapula
subdural space
potential space between the dura mater and the arachnoid mater that contains interstitial fluid
radial notch of ulna
proximal lateral notch that articulates with the head of the radius to form proximal radioulnar joint.
deltoid tuberosity
raised area on lateral surface of humerus to which deltoid muscle attaches
elevation
raising a body part i.e., closing the mouth
ischial tuberosity of ischium
receives the weight of the body when sitting
gyrus (gyri)
rounded elevation on the surface of the cerebral hemispheres, serve to increase surface area
Ascending tracts (sensory tracts)
sensory info (as action potentials) is sent up the spinal cord in white matter (axons) via the
all dural venous sinuses
separation of the periosteal and meningeal layers form which structure?
median nerve
the anterior forearm is primarily innervated by the
sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric nervous systems
the autonomic nervous system can be divided into the
lateral
the capitulum is ___ to the trochlea
Circumduction
the circular movement at the far end of a limb
cauda equina
the collection of spinal nerves below the end of the spinal cord - aka "horses tail"
pia mater
the delicate, most flexible, innermost membrane enveloping the brain and spinal cord.
somatic nervous system
the division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body's skeletal muscles
denticulate ligaments
the following helps prevent lateral and inferior movement of the spinal cord
pons and cerebellum
the fourth ventricle is located between the ___ and ____.
ulnar nerve
the hands are primarily innervated by the
pituitary gland
the hypothalamus links the nervous system and endocrine system via the
sacroiliac joint
the joint between the sacrum and the ilium
glenohumeral joint
the joint formed between the head of the humerus and the glenoid fossa of the scapula
sciatic nerve
the largest nerve in the body; originates in the sacral plexus from L4-S3 and runs through the pelvis down the posterior thigh up to the knee
musculocutaneous and median nerves
the lateral cord gives rise to which nerves?
vagus nerve
the longest nerve that innervates the digestive system is the:
cervical
the nerve that innervates the diapghram arises from which plexus?
L2, L3, and L4. Which together form the femoral nerve.
the patellar reflex tests the integrity of which spinal nerves?
Plane (Gliding) Synovial Joint
- joint between 2 flat bone surfaces w/slight gliding motion - can be uniaxial, biaxial, or multiaxial - examples: intertarsal joints, intercarpal joints, sternoclavicular joint.
Autonomic sensory neurons
- neurons that carry information to the CNS that is not consciously perceived most of the time - The main input to the ANS comes from here
Mesencephalon (midbrain)
- part of the brain that processes visual and auditory data, and generates reflexive somatic motor responses
Hypothalamus
- structure lying below the thalamus and center of homeostasis. - it directs several maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body temperature), helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland - linked to emotion (limbic system) - connects to pituitary gland
Thalamus
- the brain's sensory switchboard - located on top of the brainstem - has left and right parts that surround the third ventricle and are connected by the inter-thalamic adhesion - receives 95% of sensory information which is then forwarded to the appropriate location - the largest mass of neuronal cell bodies found within the CNS. (nuclei)
glossopharyngeal nerve
CN IX; Both functions: sensory of posterior 1/3 of tongue, baroreceptors, chemoreceptors; motor: salivary gland, swallowing (pharyngeal muscles) destination: medulla and pharyngeal muscles
abducens nerve
CN VI; Motor function: lateral rectus muscle of the eye (abduction)
facial nerve
CN VII; Both function: sensory of anterior 2/3rds of tongue; motor: muscles of facial expression, lacrimal gland destination: pons and facial muscles
vestibulocochlear nerve
CN VIII; Sensory function: Hearing and equilibrium destination: pons and medulla
vagus nerve
CN X; Both function: sensory and motor functions of internal organs (respiratory, cardiovascular and digestive organs) destination: thoracic and abdominal cavities - longest of the 12 cranial nerves
accessory nerve
CN XI; motor - only nerve with cranial root and spinal root function: innervates palate, pharynx and larynx muscles, and superior back (sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles)
hypoglossal nerve
CN XII; motor function: tongue movement destination: tongue muscles
synarthrosis - immovable i.e., suture, gomphosis amphiarthrosis - slightly movable i.e., syndesmosis, symphysis, and synchondrosis diarthrosis - freely movable i.e., synovial joints
How are joints categorized based on movement?
1 (Humerus)
How many bones are in the arm?
8
How many cervical spinal nerves are there?
31
How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?
parasympathetic
If blood pressure is high, which division of the nervous system will be activated?
sympathetic
If blood pressure is low, which division of the nervous system will be activated?
articular cartilage
hyaline cartilage that covers ends of bones in synovial joints
scaphoid
Rachel fractured the proximal carpal bone under the thumb. which bone did she fracture?
lateral
deltoid tuberosity is on the ___ aspect of the humerus
sacral dermatomes
dermatome related to the back of legs and genitals
True
T/F: CN and spinal nerves are part of the PNS
False
T/F: Damage of the dorsal root ganglia would affect both sensory and motor function
true
T/F: Glial cells are part of the BBB
false
T/F: Hypoglossal nerve as both sensory and motor functions
True
T/F: The posterior gray horn is responsible for receiving both somatic and visceral sensory information.
false
T/F: dendrites take AP away from neuronal cell body
False
T/F: during the extension of the forearm, the coronoid process articulates with the coronoid fossa
False
T/F: ganglia are clusters of neuronal cell bodies outside the PNS
false. (arachnoid granulations are one way valves. CSF can enter the sinuses but blood cannot exit.)
T/F: if CSF pressure is lower than venous pressure of sagittal sinus, blood will flow into the ventricular system via the arachnoid granulations.
False
T/F: interneurons are classified as unipolar neurons
false
T/F: obturator nerve innervates leg muscles
False
T/F: sam is having difficulty tasting anything on posterior 1/3rd of tongue as a consequence of CN VII
False
T/F: the interosseous membrane is only found between the radius and ulna
False
T/F: the medial epicondyle of the femur does not serve as point of attachment
False
T/F: the spinal cord travels through the intervertebral foramen
False
T/F: the sternoclavicular joint is ellipsoid synovial
thoracic dermatomes
dermatomes related to body trunk and anterior aspect of upper limbs
lateral condyle of tibia
articulates with lateral condyle of femur
medial condyle of tibia
articulates with medial condyle of femur
head of femur
articulates with the acetabulum of the pelvis
coronoid process of ulna
articulates with the coronoid fossa of the humerus upon flexion
lateral condyle of femur
articulates with the lateral condyle of the tibia
sternal end of clavicle
articulates with the manubrium of the sternum
medial condyle of femur
articulates with the medial condyle of the tibia
olecranon process of ulna
articulates with the olecranon fossa of the humerus
trochlear notch of ulna
articulates with trochlea of humerus
lumbar dermatomes
dermatomes related to the inferior part of the back and anterior aspect of lower limbs
ulnar notch of radius
distal depression that articulates with the head of the ulna to form distal radioulnar joint
axillary nerve
deltoid and teres minor are innervated by the
medial malleolus of tibia
forms the medial bulge of the ankle
synovial joints
freely movable joints. the most common in our body
commissural fibers
horizontal fibers that connect gray matter of two hemispheres. includes corpus callosum and anterior commissure
4. two coxal bones, sacrum, and coccyx
how many bones are in the pelvis? name them
3 - patella, tibia, femur
how many bones make up the knee joint? and which ones?
1
how many coccygeal nerves?
5
how many lumbar spinal nerves?
5
how many sacral spinal nerves?
12
how many thoracic spinal nerves?
2 - synchondrosis and symphysis
how many types of cartilaginous joints are there? name them.
3 - suture, syndesmosis, and gomphosis
how many types of fibrous joints are there?
anterior (ventral) ramus
spinal nerve branch that supplies the muscles and skin of all four limbs, as well as the anterior and lateral parts of the body
vermis
structure that connects the two hemispheres of the cerebellum