Anatomy Exam 2

dorsal aspect of the lumbar spinal cord

If after a spinal injury, a person loses sensation on the anterior aspect of their leg, what is the likely location of the injury?

ball and socket joint (synovial)

- multiaxial joint - spherical head of bone articulates with socket in another bone - example: glenohumeral joint and hip joint

Pons

- relay station between the cerebellum and cerebrum - Assists medulla in regulating autonomic functions like breathing

interthalamic adhesion

A small, midline mass of gray matter that connects the right and left thalamic bodies

infundibulum

A stalk that attaches the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus.

corpus callosum

A thick band of axons that connects the two cerebral hemispheres and acts as a communication link between them.

superior sagittal sinus

A venous sinus located superiorly between the two cerebral hemispheres. receives blood from cerebral veins and CSF from subarachnoid space via granulations.

afferent neurons

Another term for sensory neurons, which carry info towards the CNS.

premotor cortex

Anterior to the Primary Motor Cortex, active during the planning of a movement

Epithalamus

Contains pineal gland. Involved in olfactory senses and sleep/wake cycle

dural venous sinuses

The jugular vein drains blood out of the brain from the

L1-L4

The lumbar plexus arises from the anterior rami of what spinal nerves?

Ulna

The olecranon is found on which bone?

C3, C4, and C5

The phrenic nerve originates from which spinal nerve roots?

visual cortex

The visual processing areas of cortex in the occipital lobe.

Diaphgragma sellae

___ is a dura mater fold located in a bone feature of the sphenoid bone

tentorium cerebelli

a dural fold separating the cerebrum from the cerebellum

trochlea of humerus (medial condyle)

articulates with trochlear notch of ulna

radial tuberosity of radius

below the head of the radius; site of attachment of the biceps brachii

Dorsiflexion

bending of the foot or the toes upward

plantar flexion

bends the foot downward at the ankle

pubic symphysis

cartilaginous joint at which two pubic bones fuse together

symphysis (cartilaginous joint)

cartilaginous joint made of fibrocartilage. examples are the pubic symphysis and intervertebral discs

synchondrosis (cartilaginous joint)

cartilaginous joint made of hyaline cartilage. - an example is the costal cartilage and epiphyseal plate

sulcus (sulci)

depression or groove in the surface of the cerebral cortex.

central sulcus

depression that separates frontal and parietal lobes

Parieto-Occipital Sulcus

depression that separates parietal and occipital lobes

lateral sulcus

depression that separates temporal lobe from parietal and frontal lobes

falx cerebelli

dural fold between the hemispheres of the cerebellum

diaphragma sellae

dural fold that lines the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone and encases the pituitary gland

anterior (ventral)

every plexus originates from the _________ ramus of each spinal nerve

filum terminale

fibrous extension of the pia mater that anchors the spinal cord from the conus medullaris to the coccyx

lateral malleolus of fibula

forms the lateral bulge of the ankle and articulates with the talus

fibrous joints

generally immovable joints made of dense irregular fibrous connective tissue

gluteal tuberosity of femur

gluteus maximus insertion

nucleus

group of cell bodies in the central nervous system

2 (tibia and fibula)

how many bones are in the leg?

which structure connects the hypothalamus and pituitary gland?

infundibulum

femoral nerve

innervates quadriceps and skin of anterior thigh and medial surface of leg

cartilaginous joints

joints that allow only slight movement and consist of bones connected entirely by cartilage

acromial end of clavicle

lateral end of the clavicle that articulates with the acromion of the scapula

depression

lowering a body part, i.e., opening the mouth

the vital centers for the control of visceral activities such as heart rate, breathing, and blood pressure are located in the:

medulla oblongata

Mesencephalon

most of the extrinsic eye muscles are innervated by nerves that originate from the

parietal lobe

most of the lateral ventricles is located within the

descending tract

motor commands (as action potentials) are sent down the spinal cord, in white matter, to muscles via the

median and lateral apertures

openings leading CSF from the fourth ventricle to the subarachnoid space.

cerebral cortex

outer region of the cerebrum, containing sheets of nerve cells; gray matter of the brain

prefrontal cortex

part of frontal lobe responsible for thinking, planning, language, attention, working memory, decision making, appropriate social behavior, and personality

somatosensory association area

part of parietal lobe that deals with integration and interpretation of somatic sensations; comparison of past to present sensations. textures.

posterior white column

part of white matter between the posterior gray horns and the posterior median sulcus

obturator nerve

passes through obturator foramen to innervate adductor muscles and skin in medial aspect of thighs

posterior median sulcus

shallow longitudinal groove on the dorsal surface of the spinal cord

epidural space

space between the dura mater and the wall of the vertebral wall. contains fat and connective tissue.

Dura venous sinuses

spaces formed between the layers of dura where the majority of blood from our brain drains into.

posterior (dorsal) ramus

spinal nerve branch that innervates the skin and deep muscles of the back or trunk

gray commissure of spinal cord

structure that connects left and right masses of gray matter, and encloses the central canal

sympathetic nervous system

the 'fight or flight' division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations

parasympathetic nervous system

the 'rest and digest' division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy

radial

the ___ notch of the ulna articulates with the radius

precentral gyrus

the strip of frontal cortex, just in front of the central sulcus, that is responsible for initiation of voluntary movement. Contains pyramidal cells. - AKA the primary motor cortex.

postcentral gyrus

the strip of parietal cortex, posterior to the central sulcus, that receives somatosensory information from the entire body. where we feel everything AKA somatosensory cortex.

dura mater

the thickest, toughest layer of the meninges

Diencephalon

the third ventricle is located within the _______ between the right and left thalamus bodies.

both flexion and extension

the trochlear notch of the ulna articulates with the trochlea of the humerus during

Eversion

turning the sole of the foot outward (laterally)

periosteal later and meningeal layer

two layers of dura mater from superficial to deep

LIT AF C lateral ventricles, interventricular foramen, third ventricle, aqueduct of midbrain, and fourth ventricle, central canal

ventricles of the brain

projection fibers

vertical fibers that connect hemispheres with lower brain or spinal cord

arachnoid mater

weblike middle layer of the three meninges

distal radioulnar notch

what joint is formed between the head of the ulna and the ulnar notch of the radius?

Myelin

what makes white matter, white?

both short and irregular

what type of bone is the calcaneus?

3, 4, 6 make your eyes do tricks

which cranial nerves are involved with eye movement?

cervical dermatomes

which dermatomes are related to the superior portion of the back and the posterior portion of the upper limbs

periosteal layer

which layer of the dura mater is found only in the brain and not around the spinal cord?

occipital lobe

which lobe of the brain do we say is related to vision?

parietal lobe

which lobe of the brain is most involved with sensations?

falx cerebri

which of the following is a fold of dura mater between the left and right cerebral hemispheres?

dorsal

which part of our spinal cord (dorsal or ventral) carries sensory information?

ventral root of spinal nerve

which root contains cell bodies of the somatic motor neurons, that innervate the skeletal muscles, and carries efferent information?

dorsal root of spinal nerve

which root contains the axons of the autonomic sensory neurons and carries afferent (sensory) information?

S4, S5, Co1

which spinal nerves form the coccygeal plexus?

arbor vitae

white matter of the cerebellum

anterior median fissure

wide, deep crease along the ventral surface of the spinal cord

will

if CSF pressure is greater than the venous pressure of the superior sagittal sinus, the CSF ______ (will or wont) be reabsorbed into the blood stream.

meningitis

inflammation of the meninges. can be caused by problem with reabsorption of CSF.

anterior white column

lies between the anterior gray horns and the anterior median fissure

synovial membrane

lines the articular capsule and produces synovial fluid.

temporal lobe

lobe of the cerebral cortex related to hearing and smell.

lateral gray horn

located primarily in thoracic and lumbar segments, contains visceral motor nuclei

lesser trochanter of femur

medial (same side as femoral head); smaller bump

styloid process of ulna

medial projection at the distal end of the ulna

Some Lovers Try Positions That They Can't Handle Scaphoid Lunate Triquetrum Pisiform Trapezium Trapezoid Capitate Hamate

mnemonic for carpal bones

MILC, No Thanks Cow Medial, Intermediate, and Lateral Cuneiforms, Navicular, Talus, Calcaneous

mnemonic for tarsals

rotation

movement around an axis

Hyperextension

movement of a body part beyond the midline and extended position

Flexion

movement that decreases the angle of a joint

extension

movement that increases the angle of a joint

pronation

movement that turns the palm down

Supination

movement that turns the palm up

retraction

moving a body part backward and parallel to the ground

protraction

moving a body part forward and parallel to the ground

suprascapular notch of scapula

notch on the anterior side

radial nerve

the posterior aspect of the arm and forearm are innervated by the

denticulate ligaments

thickenings of the pia mater that fuse with the arachnoid mater and anchor the spinal cord to the dura mater to limit the movement of the cord.

septum pellucidum

thin membrane that separates lateral ventricles

please help pivot condom sales back plane, hinge, pivot, condyloid, saddle, ball and socket

types of synovial joints. (and mnemonic)

obturator foramen

'hole' in hip bone shared between ischium and pubis

posterior lobe of cerebellum

(green) lobe of cerebellum involved in planning of voluntary activity

anterior lobe of cerebellum

(red) Lobe of cerebellum that regulates unconscious proprioception.

visual association area

interprets information acquired through the primary visual cortex

Syndesmosis (fibrous joint)

joint held together by a ligament. Fibrous tissue can vary in length but is longer than in sutures - an example is the interosseous membrane between the tibia and fibula

Olecranon fossa of humerus

large distal posterior depression that accommodates the olecranon process of the ulna

pyramidal cells

large neurons that allow conscious control of precise, skilled, skeletal muscle movements

acetabulum of os coxa

lateral depression of the os coxa which articulates with the head of the femur

acromion process of scapula

lateral end of spine of scapula; forms top of shoulder

lateral white column

lateral part of white matter

styloid process of radius

lateral projection at the distal end of the radius

mesencephalon (midbrain), pons, medulla oblongata

what 3 parts of the brain make up the brain stem?

cerebrum, diencephalon, cerebellum, mesencephalon (midbrain), pons, medulla oblongata.

what are the 6 major regions of adult brains?

T2-T12

what are the intercostal nerves?

femur, patella, tibia

what bones are part of the knee joint?

superior peduncle

what communicates the cerebellum with the mesencephalon, diencephalon, and cerebrum?

middle peduncle

what communicates the cerebellum with the pons?

inferior peduncle

what connects the cerebellum to the medulla oblongata?

female pelvis is wider and shallower

what is the difference between a male and female pelvis?

unipolar neuron

what type of neuron is found in the dorsal root ganglion?

unipolar

what type of neurons are afferent neurons?

multipolar

what type of neurons are motor neurons?

Spinal nerves

when a ventral root and dorsal root come together they form mixed nerves (both sensory and motor) called

decussate

when nerve fibers cross over each other, we say they:

ilium, ischium, pubis

which 3 bones fused to form the os coxa?

Accessory Nerve (XI)

which CN innervates the shoulder area?

os coxa (coxal bone)

which bone makes up the pelvic girdle?

Oligodendrocytes

which cells form myelin sheaths around axons in the CNS?

Schwann cells

which cells form myelin sheaths around axons in the PNS?

Dermatome

- Segment of skin supplied by single spinal nerve

hinge joint (synovial)

- Uniaxial joint. open and closing movement. - A joint where convex surface fits into concave surface of other bone - examples: Elbow joint, knee joint, joints between phalanges

condyloid or ellipsoid joint (synovial)

- a biaxial joint - a condyle articulates with an elliptical shallow socket - examples: radiocarpal joint, metacarpophalangeal joints, temporomandibular joint (TMJ).

saddle joint (synovial)

- biaxial joint - bones articulate in way that resembles a saddle - example: between carpal and metacarpal of the thumb

pivot joint (synovial)

- uniaxial joint - rotating bone turns around an axis of another joint. - example: atlantoaxial joint, and proximal radioulnar joint

Epineurium

-tough later of dense connective tissue that surrounds entire nerve including fascicles and blood vessels. - continuous with the dura mater -Gives the spinal nerves the tensile strength to resist all the movements we do.

1. Olfactory (Oh) 2. Optic (Oh) 3. Oculomotor (Oh) 4. Trochlear (To) 5. Trigeminal (Touch) 6. Abducens (And) 7. Facial (Feel) 8. Vestibulocochlear (Virgin) 9. Glossopharyngeal (Girls) 10. Vagus (Vagina) 11. Accessory (Ah) 12. Hypoglossal (heaven)

12 cranial nerve pairs in order

tibial nerve

A division of the sciatic nerve that passes behind the knee. It subdivides and supplies impulses to the knee, the muscles of the calf, the skin of the leg, and the sole, heel, and underside of the toes.

choroid plexus

A highly vascular portion of the lining of the ventricles that secretes cerebrospinal fluid. Contains ciliated cells that move the CSF down the ventricles.

Cerebellum

A large structure of the hindbrain involved in the coordination of complex skeletal muscle movements.

Cerebrum

Area of the brain responsible for conscious thought processes and intellectual functions, memory storage and processing, and regulation of skeletal muscle contractions

sternoclavicular joint

Articulation between the clavicle and the sternum

ventricles of the brain

Aside form the spinal cord, where is CSF found?

L1-L2 (conus medullaris)

At what vertebra does the spinal cord end and what is it called?

Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL)

Attaches to anterior tibia Prevents forward sliding of tibia and stops hyperextension of knee

Posterior Cruciate Ligament (PCL)

Attaches to posterior tibia Prevents backward sliding of tibia and forward sliding of femur

causa equina

Below L1-L2, the vertebral canal occupied by a bundle of spinal nerve roots called the

blood-brain barrier

Blood vessels (capillaries) that selectively let certain substances enter the brain tissue and keep other substances out

breathe no more

C3, C4, C5: staying Alive Break C4: _____

olfactory nerve

CN I; Sensory Function: Smell Destination: Olfactory bulbs (on crista galli)

optic nerve

CN II; Sensory Function: vision destination: diencephalon, then occipital lobe - the only CN that desiccates (at the optic chiasm)

oculomotor nerve

CN III; Motor Function: controls most extrinsic eye muscles, intrinsic eye muscles, and raises eye lids destination: extra-ocular eye muscles

trochlear nerve

CN IV; Motor function: controls superior oblique muscle of eye destination: superior oblique muscle

trigeminal nerve

CN V; Both function: sensation of entire face including teeth, and control of mastication muscles.

arachnoid granulations

Extensions of the arachnoid mater that allow excess CSF to be absorbed by the dural sinuses.

choroid plexus, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and pineal gland

Four areas in the brain where the BBB is absent

inside

In the brain, is white matter found on the inside or outside?

outside

In the spinal cord, is white matter found on the inside or outside?

suture (fibrous joint)

Joint held together with very short, interconnecting fibers, and bone edges interlock. Found only in the skull.

greater trochanter of femur

Lateral large bump

ulnar tuberosity of ulna

Located below the coronoid process

Abduction

Movement away from the midline of the body

opposition

Movement of the thumb to touch the fingertips

Adduction

Movement toward the midline of the body

efferent neurons

Nerve cells that conduct impulses away from the central nervous system

somatic sensory neurons

Neurons that carry sensory information to the CNS

articular capsule

Outer fibrous envelope that encloses a synovial joint. connects the articulating bones together.

medulla oblongata

Part of the brainstem that controls vital life-sustaining functions such as heartbeat, breathing, blood pressure, and digestion. - Connects brain to spinal cord - relays sensory information to thalamus

cutaneous fields

Regions of skin supplied by a specific nerve arising from a plexus

Repolarization

Return of the cell to resting state, caused by reentry of potassium into the cell while sodium exits the cell.

synovial fluid

Secretion of synovial membranes that lubricates joints and nourishes articular cartilage

primary fissure

Seperates the Anterior and Posterior Lobe of the Cerebellum

pudendal nerve

Supplies sensation to external genitalia and perineum

True

T/F: ACL prevents the anterior movement of the tibia.

True

T/F: AP conduct much faster in myelinated axons

False

T/F: An example of adduction is making a T w/ the body by opening your arms

Integrative function

The ability of the nervous system to analyze and interpret sensory information to allow for proper decision making, which produces the appropriate response

L4-S4

The anterior rami of what spinal nerves form the sacral plexus?

Depolarization

The process during the action potential when sodium is rushing into the cell causing the interior to become more positive.

C5 and C6

The superior trunk originates from the branches of which cervical vertebra

True

True or False: each cerebral hemisphere controls the opposite side of the body.

False. (they dont connect. they are separated via septum pellucidum

True or False: the lateral ventricles connect via the interventricular foramen

inversion

Turning the sole of the foot inward (medially)

the ulna, metacarpals, metacarpals, and phalanges.

What are the only bones with a head that faces distally?

Roots, Trunks, Divisions, Cords, Branches Remember to Drink Cold Beer

What is the correct sequence of the subunits that form the brachial plexus?

pia mater, arachnoid mater, dura mater (PAD)

What is the order of the protective meningeal layers from inside to outside?

C5-T1

What nerve roots make up the brachial plexus?

Diarthrosis

What type of joints are freely moveable?

anterior

When the forearm is pronated, the radius is _______ to the ulna.

subarachnoid space

Where is CSF found in the spinal cord?

scapula and clavicle

Which bones make up the pectoral girdle?

olfactory nerve (CN I)

Which is the shortest SN?

phrenic

Which nerve innervates the diaphragm?

C1-C4 and half of C5

Which nerve roots make up the cervical plexus?

Femoral nerve, obturator nerve, and genitofemoral nerve

Which nerves arise form the lumbar plexus?

plexus

a group of anterior ramus nerve branches

Gomphosis (fibrous joint)

a joint that binds teeth in sockets via the periodontal ligament

Lateral Collateral Ligament (LCL)

a ligament that attaches to the femur and the fibula; maintains stability of the lateral aspect of the knee joint

Action Potential (AP)

a massive momentary reversal of a neuron's membrane potential from about -70 mV to about +50 mV

dorsal root ganglion

a nodule on a dorsal root that contains cell bodies of afferent (sensory) spinal nerve neurons

subarachnoid space

a space in the meninges beneath the arachnoid membrane and above the pia mater that contains the cerebrospinal fluid

hallux

anatomical name for big toe

pollex

anatomical name for the thumb

coronoid fossa of humerus

anterior depression that receives the coronoid process of the ulna when forearm is flexed.

radial fossa of humerus

anterior depression that receives the radial head with flexed forearm

tibial tuberosity of tibia

anterior, rough projection that serves as the attachment site for the patellar ligament

Diencephalon

area deep within the brain that contains the epithalamus, thalamus, and hypothalamus; the link between the cerebral hemispheres and the brainstem; responsible for directing sensory information to the cortex

gustatory cortex

area of the brain that receives and interprets tastes from the tongue

genitofemoral nerve

arises from L1-L2; innervates male and female genitalia plus male cremaster muscle, and skin of upper medial aspect of thigh

capitulum of humerus (lateral condyle)

articulates with head of radius

Purkinje cells

cells in cerebellar cortex responsible for coordinated movements

central canal of spinal cord

center of spinal cord which contains cerebrospinal fluid

Perineurium

coarse connective tissue that bundles nerve fibers into fascicles

nuclei

collection of neuronal cell bodies in the central nervous system

ganglion

collection of neuronal cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system

1. sensory receptor 2. sensory neuron 3. integration center (within spinal cord) 4. motor neuron 5. effector

components of a reflex arc

patellar ligament

connects patella to tibial tuberosity

anterior white commissure

connects the white matter of the right and left sides of the spinal cord

posterior gray horn

contains somatic and visceral sensory nuclei

anterior gray horn

contains somatic motor nuclei

common fibular nerve

controls muscles on the anterior and lateral leg (primarily dorsiflexors) and foot

musculocutaneous nerve

coracobrachialis, biceps brachii, brachialis (anterior arm) are innervated by

Some Say Money Matters But My Brother Says Big Brains Matter More

cranial nerve function mnemonic

transverse cerebral fissure

deep depression that separates cerebrum and cerebellum

longitudinal fissure

deep depression that separates left and right hemispheres of the brain

Endoneurium

delicate connective tissue around individual nerve fibers in nerve

crista galli

point of attachment in inferior anterior aspect of falx cerebri

spine of scapula

posterior ridge of scapula

subdural space

potential space between the dura mater and the arachnoid mater that contains interstitial fluid

radial notch of ulna

proximal lateral notch that articulates with the head of the radius to form proximal radioulnar joint.

deltoid tuberosity

raised area on lateral surface of humerus to which deltoid muscle attaches

elevation

raising a body part i.e., closing the mouth

ischial tuberosity of ischium

receives the weight of the body when sitting

gyrus (gyri)

rounded elevation on the surface of the cerebral hemispheres, serve to increase surface area

Ascending tracts (sensory tracts)

sensory info (as action potentials) is sent up the spinal cord in white matter (axons) via the

all dural venous sinuses

separation of the periosteal and meningeal layers form which structure?

median nerve

the anterior forearm is primarily innervated by the

sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric nervous systems

the autonomic nervous system can be divided into the

lateral

the capitulum is ___ to the trochlea

Circumduction

the circular movement at the far end of a limb

cauda equina

the collection of spinal nerves below the end of the spinal cord - aka "horses tail"

pia mater

the delicate, most flexible, innermost membrane enveloping the brain and spinal cord.

somatic nervous system

the division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body's skeletal muscles

denticulate ligaments

the following helps prevent lateral and inferior movement of the spinal cord

pons and cerebellum

the fourth ventricle is located between the ___ and ____.

ulnar nerve

the hands are primarily innervated by the

pituitary gland

the hypothalamus links the nervous system and endocrine system via the

sacroiliac joint

the joint between the sacrum and the ilium

glenohumeral joint

the joint formed between the head of the humerus and the glenoid fossa of the scapula

sciatic nerve

the largest nerve in the body; originates in the sacral plexus from L4-S3 and runs through the pelvis down the posterior thigh up to the knee

musculocutaneous and median nerves

the lateral cord gives rise to which nerves?

vagus nerve

the longest nerve that innervates the digestive system is the:

cervical

the nerve that innervates the diapghram arises from which plexus?

L2, L3, and L4. Which together form the femoral nerve.

the patellar reflex tests the integrity of which spinal nerves?

Plane (Gliding) Synovial Joint

- joint between 2 flat bone surfaces w/slight gliding motion - can be uniaxial, biaxial, or multiaxial - examples: intertarsal joints, intercarpal joints, sternoclavicular joint.

Autonomic sensory neurons

- neurons that carry information to the CNS that is not consciously perceived most of the time - The main input to the ANS comes from here

Mesencephalon (midbrain)

- part of the brain that processes visual and auditory data, and generates reflexive somatic motor responses

Hypothalamus

- structure lying below the thalamus and center of homeostasis. - it directs several maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body temperature), helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland - linked to emotion (limbic system) - connects to pituitary gland

Thalamus

- the brain's sensory switchboard - located on top of the brainstem - has left and right parts that surround the third ventricle and are connected by the inter-thalamic adhesion - receives 95% of sensory information which is then forwarded to the appropriate location - the largest mass of neuronal cell bodies found within the CNS. (nuclei)

glossopharyngeal nerve

CN IX; Both functions: sensory of posterior 1/3 of tongue, baroreceptors, chemoreceptors; motor: salivary gland, swallowing (pharyngeal muscles) destination: medulla and pharyngeal muscles

abducens nerve

CN VI; Motor function: lateral rectus muscle of the eye (abduction)

facial nerve

CN VII; Both function: sensory of anterior 2/3rds of tongue; motor: muscles of facial expression, lacrimal gland destination: pons and facial muscles

vestibulocochlear nerve

CN VIII; Sensory function: Hearing and equilibrium destination: pons and medulla

vagus nerve

CN X; Both function: sensory and motor functions of internal organs (respiratory, cardiovascular and digestive organs) destination: thoracic and abdominal cavities - longest of the 12 cranial nerves

accessory nerve

CN XI; motor - only nerve with cranial root and spinal root function: innervates palate, pharynx and larynx muscles, and superior back (sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles)

hypoglossal nerve

CN XII; motor function: tongue movement destination: tongue muscles

synarthrosis - immovable i.e., suture, gomphosis amphiarthrosis - slightly movable i.e., syndesmosis, symphysis, and synchondrosis diarthrosis - freely movable i.e., synovial joints

How are joints categorized based on movement?

1 (Humerus)

How many bones are in the arm?

8

How many cervical spinal nerves are there?

31

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?

parasympathetic

If blood pressure is high, which division of the nervous system will be activated?

sympathetic

If blood pressure is low, which division of the nervous system will be activated?

articular cartilage

hyaline cartilage that covers ends of bones in synovial joints

scaphoid

Rachel fractured the proximal carpal bone under the thumb. which bone did she fracture?

lateral

deltoid tuberosity is on the ___ aspect of the humerus

sacral dermatomes

dermatome related to the back of legs and genitals

True

T/F: CN and spinal nerves are part of the PNS

False

T/F: Damage of the dorsal root ganglia would affect both sensory and motor function

true

T/F: Glial cells are part of the BBB

false

T/F: Hypoglossal nerve as both sensory and motor functions

True

T/F: The posterior gray horn is responsible for receiving both somatic and visceral sensory information.

false

T/F: dendrites take AP away from neuronal cell body

False

T/F: during the extension of the forearm, the coronoid process articulates with the coronoid fossa

False

T/F: ganglia are clusters of neuronal cell bodies outside the PNS

false. (arachnoid granulations are one way valves. CSF can enter the sinuses but blood cannot exit.)

T/F: if CSF pressure is lower than venous pressure of sagittal sinus, blood will flow into the ventricular system via the arachnoid granulations.

False

T/F: interneurons are classified as unipolar neurons

false

T/F: obturator nerve innervates leg muscles

False

T/F: sam is having difficulty tasting anything on posterior 1/3rd of tongue as a consequence of CN VII

False

T/F: the interosseous membrane is only found between the radius and ulna

False

T/F: the medial epicondyle of the femur does not serve as point of attachment

False

T/F: the spinal cord travels through the intervertebral foramen

False

T/F: the sternoclavicular joint is ellipsoid synovial

thoracic dermatomes

dermatomes related to body trunk and anterior aspect of upper limbs

lateral condyle of tibia

articulates with lateral condyle of femur

medial condyle of tibia

articulates with medial condyle of femur

head of femur

articulates with the acetabulum of the pelvis

coronoid process of ulna

articulates with the coronoid fossa of the humerus upon flexion

lateral condyle of femur

articulates with the lateral condyle of the tibia

sternal end of clavicle

articulates with the manubrium of the sternum

medial condyle of femur

articulates with the medial condyle of the tibia

olecranon process of ulna

articulates with the olecranon fossa of the humerus

trochlear notch of ulna

articulates with trochlea of humerus

lumbar dermatomes

dermatomes related to the inferior part of the back and anterior aspect of lower limbs

ulnar notch of radius

distal depression that articulates with the head of the ulna to form distal radioulnar joint

axillary nerve

deltoid and teres minor are innervated by the

medial malleolus of tibia

forms the medial bulge of the ankle

synovial joints

freely movable joints. the most common in our body

commissural fibers

horizontal fibers that connect gray matter of two hemispheres. includes corpus callosum and anterior commissure

4. two coxal bones, sacrum, and coccyx

how many bones are in the pelvis? name them

3 - patella, tibia, femur

how many bones make up the knee joint? and which ones?

1

how many coccygeal nerves?

5

how many lumbar spinal nerves?

5

how many sacral spinal nerves?

12

how many thoracic spinal nerves?

2 - synchondrosis and symphysis

how many types of cartilaginous joints are there? name them.

3 - suture, syndesmosis, and gomphosis

how many types of fibrous joints are there?

anterior (ventral) ramus

spinal nerve branch that supplies the muscles and skin of all four limbs, as well as the anterior and lateral parts of the body

vermis

structure that connects the two hemispheres of the cerebellum