Anatomy Exam 2
The femur can withstand ________ times the body's weight without breaking.
10 to 15
Bone is composed of ________ percent cells.
2
The epidermis in the thin skin contains ________ layer(s) and in the thick skin contains ________ layers.
4;5
Why would areolar tissue be considered the ideal type for connective tissue proper?
It has all cell types found in other forms of connective tissue.
Which of the following is not a characteristic of compact bone?
It is the site of hematopoiesis.
What properties are common to keratinized epithelia? (Module 4.5C)
Keratinized epithelia are both tough and water resistant.
What happens when an arrector pili muscle contracts? (Module 5.7B)
The hair follicle becomes erect, producing "goose bumps."
Explain the primary difference between endochondral ossification and intramembranous ossification. (Module 6.8C)
The primary difference is that in endochondral ossification, bone develops from a cartilage model, whereas in intramembranous ossification, bone develops from mesenchymal cells.
Why does the free edge of a nail appear white? (Module 5.9C)
There are no underlying blood vessels.
What is the functional significance of gap junctions? (Module 4.4B)
They permit chemical communication (diffusion of ions and small molecules) that coordinates the activities of adjacent cells.
A fracture at the ankle involving both lower leg bones is often called a ________ fracture.
pott's
All of the following are part of the inflammation response except
production of collagenous framework
All of the following are functions of accessory structures of integument except
production of skin pigments
What type of cells makes up almost half the volume of blood?
red blood cells
Motile cilia cover the free surface of
respiratory tract
The reduction of friction between the parietal and visceral surfaces of an internal cavity is the function of
serous membranes.
________ bone reduces the weight of the skeleton and reduces the load on muscles.
spongy
Skin can regenerate effectively even after considerable damage has occurred because
stem cells persist in both epithelial and connective-tissue components of the skin even after injury
The ducts of sweat glands and mammary glands are covered by ________ epithelium.
stratified cuboidal
The layer of dividing cells at the base of the epidermis is the
stratum basale
Insensible perspiration takes place in the
stratum corneum
Identify the five layers of the epidermis (from superficial to deep). (Module 5.2B)
stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum basale
The tough "horny" superficial layer of the epidermis is known as the
stratum corneum.
A splinter that penetrates to the third layer of epidermis of the palm is lodged in which layer? (Module 5.2D)
stratum granulosum
Functions of epithelia include all of the following except
supporting muscle cells
Each of the following is a function of the integumentary system except
synthesis of vitamin C.
Which of the following is not a function of the skeletal system?
temperature regulation
________ attach skeletal muscles to bones, and ________ connect one bone to another.
tendon; ligaments
Which of the following are not components of the skeletal system?
tendons
The three kinds of formed elements in blood are
white cells, red cells, and platelets
Why does exposure to sunlight or sunlamps darken skin? (Module 5.3B)
UV radiation stimulates melanocytes to produce more melanin.
Epithelium is connected to underlying connective tissue by
a basal lamina
Each of the following is an example of dense connective tissue except
areolar connective tissue
________ prevents damaging bone-to-bone contact within movable joints.
articular cartilage
In appositional growth, successive layers of what structure are added to the outer surface of the bone?
circumferential lamellae
________ fractures are completely internal; they do not break through the skin.
closed or simple
________ are stronger than steel when stretched.
collagen fibers
A transverse fracture of the wrist that may be comminuted is called a ________ fracture.
colles
An open, or ________, fracture projects through the skin
compound
Which type of tissue fills internal spaces of the body?
connective
During intramembranous ossification, bone replaces which type of tissue? (Module 6.8B)
embryonic, or fibrous connective tissue
Glands that secrete hormones into the interstitial fluid are ________ glands.
endocrine
What structure allows a bone to grow in length?
epiphyseal cartilages
The type of cartilage found in the intervertebral discs is ________ cartilage.
fibrous
A ________ is a rounded passageway for passage of blood vessels and/or nerves.
foramen
Simple cuboidal epithelium is found
forming the kidney tubules
Damage to a bone because of extreme load, sudden impact, or stresses applied from an unusual direction is called a
fracture
Fat is stored within the
medullary cavity
Which method(s) of secretion is/are involved in milk production in the mammary glands?
merocrine and apocrine
Perspiration is produced by ________ glands.
merocrine sweat
Which of the following membranes line cavities that communicate with the exterior of the body?
mucous
Tissue that is specialized for contraction is ________ tissue.
muscle
________ free calcium from bone to maintain blood calcium levels.
osteoclasts
________ are stem cells that develop into osteoblasts.
osteogenic cells
The structural units of mature compact bone are called
osteons
Cartilage is separated from surrounding tissues by a fibrous
perichondrium
The watery fluid component of blood is called
plasma
The most dangerous type of skin cancer is termed
malignant melanoma
Vitamin ________ is formed in the skin when it is exposed to sunlight.
D
Describe a typical strand of hair. (Module 5.7A)
A keratinous strand produced by basal cells within a hair follicle.
Why can inflammation occur in any organ in the body? (Module 4.18C)
All organs have connective tissues
Describe the two primary types of glands. (Module 4.8A)
Endocrine glands release their substances into the interstitial fluid; exocrine glands release their secretions into ducts that open onto an epithelial surface.
________ sweat glands are widely distributed across the body surface, ________ glands are located wherever hair follicles exist, and ________ sweat glands are found only in a few areas.
Merocrine; sebaceous; apocrine
What is a tissue? (Module 4.1B)
a group of similar cells and their cell products
thickened area of scar tissue that is covered by a shiny, smooth epidermal surface is called
a keloid
A fibrin clot that is formed over a skin wound is called
a scab
Rickets can be prevented by
adequate sunlight and dietary intake of cholecalciferol.
What is the most common type of cells in the subcutaneous layer?
adipocytes
Through the action of osteoclasts,
bony matrix is dissolved
Which of the following is formed by intramembranous ossification?
both the roof of the skull and the clavicle
The most abundant mineral in the human body is
calcium
________ accounts for almost two-thirds of the weight of bone.
calcium phosphate
Name the two pigments contained in the epidermis. (Module 5.3A)
carotene and melanin
Endochondral ossification begins with the formation of a(n)
cartilage model
The three types of connective tissue include
connective tissue proper, fluid connective, and supporting connective.
All of the following are true of epidermal ridges except that they
contain increased numbers of free nerve endings.
The two components of the integumentary system are the
cutaneous membrane and accessory structures.
What is the composition of the nail body?
dead cells
The tissue that always has a "top" and a "bottom" is ________ tissue.
epithelial
Which type of tissue covers exposed surfaces of the body?
epithelial
After a fracture of the diaphysis has healed, the thickened region that results is called the
external callus
In a penetrating wound, ________ divide to produce mobile cells that repair the dermis.
fibroblasts
In a ________ fracture, one side of the shaft is split and the other side is bent.
greenstick
All of the following regarding the hair growth cycle and hair shedding are true EXCEPT that __________.
hairs are shed from the scalp when the follicle regresses
Which sensory receptor is found in the deep layer of the dermis?
lamellated (Pacinian) corpuscle
Scar tissue is the result of
large numbers of collagen fibers and relatively few blood vessels in the injured area.
Bone is ________ tissue.
living connective
When the epiphyseal plate is replaced by bone,
long bones have reached their adult length
Reticular tissue is an example of __________.
loose connective tissue proper
Wrinkles in elderly individuals are the result of
loss of elastic filaments in the reticular layer of the dermis.
The body's most delicate type of epithelium is the ________ epithelium.
simple squamous
_______ epithelium is found inside the eyes.
simple squamous
Gap junctions can be found in all of the following tissues except
skeletal muscle
Of the following tissues, which has the least ability to regenerate after injury?
skeletal muscle
Which three organ systems coordinate to maintain normal blood calcium level? (Module 6.10B)
skeletal, digestive urinary
The substance called sebum is commonly known as
skin oil
Accessory structures of the skin include all of the following except
the epidermis
Secondary ossification centers occur in
the epiphyses
The large proximal projection on the femur is termed the
trochanter
A small rough bump on bone where a tendon attaches is called a
tuberosity