Anatomy Exam 2

The femur can withstand ________ times the body's weight without breaking.

10 to 15

Bone is composed of ________ percent cells.

2

The epidermis in the thin skin contains ________ layer(s) and in the thick skin contains ________ layers.

4;5

Why would areolar tissue be considered the ideal type for connective tissue proper?

It has all cell types found in other forms of connective tissue.

Which of the following is not a characteristic of compact bone?

It is the site of hematopoiesis.

What properties are common to keratinized epithelia? (Module 4.5C)

Keratinized epithelia are both tough and water resistant.

What happens when an arrector pili muscle contracts? (Module 5.7B)

The hair follicle becomes erect, producing "goose bumps."

Explain the primary difference between endochondral ossification and intramembranous ossification. (Module 6.8C)

The primary difference is that in endochondral ossification, bone develops from a cartilage model, whereas in intramembranous ossification, bone develops from mesenchymal cells.

Why does the free edge of a nail appear white? (Module 5.9C)

There are no underlying blood vessels.

What is the functional significance of gap junctions? (Module 4.4B)

They permit chemical communication (diffusion of ions and small molecules) that coordinates the activities of adjacent cells.

A fracture at the ankle involving both lower leg bones is often called a ________ fracture.

pott's

All of the following are part of the inflammation response except

production of collagenous framework

All of the following are functions of accessory structures of integument except

production of skin pigments

What type of cells makes up almost half the volume of blood?

red blood cells

Motile cilia cover the free surface of

respiratory tract

The reduction of friction between the parietal and visceral surfaces of an internal cavity is the function of

serous membranes.

________ bone reduces the weight of the skeleton and reduces the load on muscles.

spongy

Skin can regenerate effectively even after considerable damage has occurred because

stem cells persist in both epithelial and connective-tissue components of the skin even after injury

The ducts of sweat glands and mammary glands are covered by ________ epithelium.

stratified cuboidal

The layer of dividing cells at the base of the epidermis is the

stratum basale

Insensible perspiration takes place in the

stratum corneum

Identify the five layers of the epidermis (from superficial to deep). (Module 5.2B)

stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum basale

The tough "horny" superficial layer of the epidermis is known as the

stratum corneum.

A splinter that penetrates to the third layer of epidermis of the palm is lodged in which layer? (Module 5.2D)

stratum granulosum

Functions of epithelia include all of the following except

supporting muscle cells

Each of the following is a function of the integumentary system except

synthesis of vitamin C.

Which of the following is not a function of the skeletal system?

temperature regulation

________ attach skeletal muscles to bones, and ________ connect one bone to another.

tendon; ligaments

Which of the following are not components of the skeletal system?

tendons

The three kinds of formed elements in blood are

white cells, red cells, and platelets

Why does exposure to sunlight or sunlamps darken skin? (Module 5.3B)

UV radiation stimulates melanocytes to produce more melanin.

Epithelium is connected to underlying connective tissue by

a basal lamina

Each of the following is an example of dense connective tissue except

areolar connective tissue

________ prevents damaging bone-to-bone contact within movable joints.

articular cartilage

In appositional growth, successive layers of what structure are added to the outer surface of the bone?

circumferential lamellae

________ fractures are completely internal; they do not break through the skin.

closed or simple

________ are stronger than steel when stretched.

collagen fibers

A transverse fracture of the wrist that may be comminuted is called a ________ fracture.

colles

An open, or ________, fracture projects through the skin

compound

Which type of tissue fills internal spaces of the body?

connective

During intramembranous ossification, bone replaces which type of tissue? (Module 6.8B)

embryonic, or fibrous connective tissue

Glands that secrete hormones into the interstitial fluid are ________ glands.

endocrine

What structure allows a bone to grow in length?

epiphyseal cartilages

The type of cartilage found in the intervertebral discs is ________ cartilage.

fibrous

A ________ is a rounded passageway for passage of blood vessels and/or nerves.

foramen

Simple cuboidal epithelium is found

forming the kidney tubules

Damage to a bone because of extreme load, sudden impact, or stresses applied from an unusual direction is called a

fracture

Fat is stored within the

medullary cavity

Which method(s) of secretion is/are involved in milk production in the mammary glands?

merocrine and apocrine

Perspiration is produced by ________ glands.

merocrine sweat

Which of the following membranes line cavities that communicate with the exterior of the body?

mucous

Tissue that is specialized for contraction is ________ tissue.

muscle

________ free calcium from bone to maintain blood calcium levels.

osteoclasts

________ are stem cells that develop into osteoblasts.

osteogenic cells

The structural units of mature compact bone are called

osteons

Cartilage is separated from surrounding tissues by a fibrous

perichondrium

The watery fluid component of blood is called

plasma

The most dangerous type of skin cancer is termed

malignant melanoma

Vitamin ________ is formed in the skin when it is exposed to sunlight.

D

Describe a typical strand of hair. (Module 5.7A)

A keratinous strand produced by basal cells within a hair follicle.

Why can inflammation occur in any organ in the body? (Module 4.18C)

All organs have connective tissues

Describe the two primary types of glands. (Module 4.8A)

Endocrine glands release their substances into the interstitial fluid; exocrine glands release their secretions into ducts that open onto an epithelial surface.

________ sweat glands are widely distributed across the body surface, ________ glands are located wherever hair follicles exist, and ________ sweat glands are found only in a few areas.

Merocrine; sebaceous; apocrine

What is a tissue? (Module 4.1B)

a group of similar cells and their cell products

thickened area of scar tissue that is covered by a shiny, smooth epidermal surface is called

a keloid

A fibrin clot that is formed over a skin wound is called

a scab

Rickets can be prevented by

adequate sunlight and dietary intake of cholecalciferol.

What is the most common type of cells in the subcutaneous layer?

adipocytes

Through the action of osteoclasts,

bony matrix is dissolved

Which of the following is formed by intramembranous ossification?

both the roof of the skull and the clavicle

The most abundant mineral in the human body is

calcium

________ accounts for almost two-thirds of the weight of bone.

calcium phosphate

Name the two pigments contained in the epidermis. (Module 5.3A)

carotene and melanin

Endochondral ossification begins with the formation of a(n)

cartilage model

The three types of connective tissue include

connective tissue proper, fluid connective, and supporting connective.

All of the following are true of epidermal ridges except that they

contain increased numbers of free nerve endings.

The two components of the integumentary system are the

cutaneous membrane and accessory structures.

What is the composition of the nail body?

dead cells

The tissue that always has a "top" and a "bottom" is ________ tissue.

epithelial

Which type of tissue covers exposed surfaces of the body?

epithelial

After a fracture of the diaphysis has healed, the thickened region that results is called the

external callus

In a penetrating wound, ________ divide to produce mobile cells that repair the dermis.

fibroblasts

In a ________ fracture, one side of the shaft is split and the other side is bent.

greenstick

All of the following regarding the hair growth cycle and hair shedding are true EXCEPT that __________.

hairs are shed from the scalp when the follicle regresses

Which sensory receptor is found in the deep layer of the dermis?

lamellated (Pacinian) corpuscle

Scar tissue is the result of

large numbers of collagen fibers and relatively few blood vessels in the injured area.

Bone is ________ tissue.

living connective

When the epiphyseal plate is replaced by bone,

long bones have reached their adult length

Reticular tissue is an example of __________.

loose connective tissue proper

Wrinkles in elderly individuals are the result of

loss of elastic filaments in the reticular layer of the dermis.

The body's most delicate type of epithelium is the ________ epithelium.

simple squamous

_______ epithelium is found inside the eyes.

simple squamous

Gap junctions can be found in all of the following tissues except

skeletal muscle

Of the following tissues, which has the least ability to regenerate after injury?

skeletal muscle

Which three organ systems coordinate to maintain normal blood calcium level? (Module 6.10B)

skeletal, digestive urinary

The substance called sebum is commonly known as

skin oil

Accessory structures of the skin include all of the following except

the epidermis

Secondary ossification centers occur in

the epiphyses

The large proximal projection on the femur is termed the

trochanter

A small rough bump on bone where a tendon attaches is called a

tuberosity