Anatomy Exam 2 Study Guide
10 step of muscle stimulation, contraction, and relaxation
1.) ACh released and binds to receptors 2.) actional potential reaches t-tubule 3.) sarcoplasmic reticulum releases calcium 4.) active site exposure, cross bridge binding 5.) contraction begins (relaxation) 6.) ACh removed by AChE 7.) sarcoplasmic reticulum recaptures calcium 8.) active sites covered, no cross-bridge 9.) contraction ends 10.) relaxation occurs, passive return to resting lengths
Which vertebrae is the axis and which is the atlas?
1.) C2 2.) C1
How many thoracic vertebrae are there?
12
ex of saddle joint:
1ST CMC joint
What digit of the hand and foot have no middle phalange?
1st digit
How many coccygeal vertebrae are there?
4
How many lumbar vertebrae are there?
5
How many sacral vertebrae are there?
5
How many cervical vertebrae are there?
7
Components necessary for muscle contraction:
ATP, neural stimulation, calcium, sarcoplasmic reticulum, and t-tubules
dorsiflexion
Backward flexion, as in bending backward either a hand or foot
Actions of the sternocleidomastoid (SCM)
Bilateral: flexes the neck or bend chin downward and unilateral: turns the head to left or right
Action of Zygomaticus major:
Elevates corner of the mouth ("smile" muscle)
Muscle group that straightens or extends the vertebral column:
Erector Spinae
hyperextension
Excessive straightening of a body part
Actions of semimembranosus:
Extends the hip
Actions of Biceps Brachii:
Flexes and supinates forearm
What is the function of fontanels?
Fontanels allow the fetal skull to change shape during childbirth.
joint between two adjacent carpal bones
Intercarpal
joint between processes of the vertebrae called articular process
Intervertebral Joints
Muscle that supports organs of the pelvic cavity:
Levator Ani (Pelvic Diaphragm)
What muscles belong to the group hamstrings:
Semitendinosus, Semimembranosus, and Biceps femoris
extension
Straightening of a joint
What bones are included in the appendicular skeleton?
UE: scapula, humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges
Actions of abductor digiti minimi:
abducts 5th digit
Actions of gluteus minimus and maximus:
abducts hip
Actions of abductor pollicis brevis:
abducts thumb
joint between acetabulum and the head of the femur
acetabulofemoral
head of the femur articulates with what bone(s)?
acetabulum
circumduction
adduction, abduction, flexion, and extension
Actions of Adductor longus and Mangus, adductor brevis, and gracilis:
adducts the hip
ex of pivot joint:
alantoaxial joint
describe anterior compartment syndrome:
all muscles of the leg are separated into compartments; each compartment has their own blood and nerve supply and can sometimes cause compression on nerves causing the muscle to die
Describe the extensor expansion and the flexor tendon sheaths:
allows tendons to pass through and holds tendons down close to the bone; improves the efficacy of flexion and extension of digits
Anatomical structures of Anterior compartment syndrome:
anterior, superficial posterior, lateral, and deep posterior
What does the scapula articulate with:
articulates with the clavicle and the head of the humerus
Clinical significance of the piriformis muscle:
below the muscle is the sciatic nerve. The muscle is used to indicate where an injection should be injected (above the piriformis to avoid hitting the nerve and paralyzing the individual)
flexion
bending a joint
Where are intervertebral discs located?
between vertebral bodies
Distal humerus articulates with what:
capitulum articulates with prox. radius (head) and the trochlea articulates with prox. ulna (trochlear notch of ulna)
What muscles are involuntary?
cardiac and smooth
3 types of muscle
cardiac, smooth, and skeletal
Distal ulna DOES NOT articulate with?
carpal bones
Joint of the distal row of carpal bones and the prox. end of metacarpals
carpal metacarpal
sarcolemma
cell membrane
What vertebral curvature develops as an infant begins to raise its head?
cervical
describe saddle joints:
circumduction and opposition
What bones form the pectoral girdle?
clavicle and scapula
Action of obicularis oculi:
closes eye
Action of orbicularis oris:
closes lips
What bones form the pelvic girdle?
coxal and saccrum
What is a unique characteristic of the axis?
dens and articulates superiorly with C1 and allows rotational movement of the neck
What is the galea apneurotica?
dense fibrous tissue of the occipitofrontal muscles that elevates the eyebrows
Action of depressor anguli oris:
depresses angle of mouth
Action of Superior Oblique:
depresses eye and turns it laterally
Action of the depressor labii:
depresses lower lip
Main muscle for breathing:
diaphragm
What bone(s) articulate with the patella?
distal femur
What bone(s) articulate with the proximal tibia?
distal femur
talus articulates with what bone(s)?
distal tibia
Actions of tibialis anterior:
dorsiflexion and inversion
Foot joint movement:
dorsiflexion and plantar flexion
Distal radius and ulna articulate with:
each other!!!
Prox. radius and ulna articulate with:
each other!!!
Actions of triceps brachii:
elbow extension
Actions of Brachialis:
elbow flexion
Action of masseter:
elevate and close the mandible
Action of temporalis:
elevates and closes mandible
Action of Inferior Oblique:
elevates eye and turns it laterally
Action of medial pterygoid:
elevates or closes the jaw
Actions of the Levator scapulae:
elevates scapula
Actions of the trapezius:
elevates scapula, depresses scapula, and adduction (retraction) of the scapula to the spinous processes.
Action of levator labii
elevates upper lip
Mouth joint movement:
elevation and depression
ankle joint movement:
eversion and inversion
Actions of extensor digitorium:
extends digits 2-5
Actions of extensor hallucis longus:
extends hallux and dorsiflexes ankle
Actions of gluteus maximus:
extends hip
Actions of rectus femoris, vastus lateralis and medialis and vastus intermedius:
extends the knee
Actions of extensor digitorum longus:
extends the other four digits and flexes ankle
Actions of extensor carpi radialis longus AND brevis :
extends wrist and radial deviation
Actions of Latissimus dorsi:
extends, adducts, and medially rotates humerus
The three actions of the deltoid:
extension, flexion, and abducts
Action of Inferior rectus:
eye looks down
Action of superior rectus:
eye looks up
True or false: Supination moves the palm of the head down
false: pronation
True or false: amphiarthroses are highly moveable joints
false:slightly moveable
sarco
flesh
Function of the anterior abdominal wall muscles:
flex the vertebral column and help compress the abdominal context
Actions of flexor digiti minimi:
flexes 5th digit
Actions of sartorius:
flexes hip and knee
The two actions of the pectoralis major:
flexes shoulder joint and pulls humerus forward
Actions of biceps femoris:
flexes the knee
Actions of semitendinous:
flexes the knee and extends the hip
Actions of flexor pollicis brevis:
flexes thumb
Muscle function of the perineum:
forms a base to anchor the external genitalia
Name the 4 paranasal sinuses:
frontal, maxillary, ethmoidal, and sphenoidal
Name the 7 bones the orbit:
frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, lacrimal, maxilla, zygomatic, and palatine
Name the 6 unilateral bones of the skull:
frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, vomer, mandible, and occipital
Muscle that forms the tongue:
genioglossus
shoulder joint (between the glenoid process and humerus)
glenohumeral
ex of ball and socket joint:
glenohumeral and acetabular femoral joint
name the six types of joints based on movement:
gliding, hidge, pivot, ellipsoidal, saddle, and ball and socket
Diarthrosis and ex:
highly moveable and all synovial joints
joint that produces pronation and supination
humeroradial
joint that articulates trochlea with distal humerus
humeroulna
ex of hidge joint:
humeroulnar joint of elbow and the knee
What bone of the axial skeleton does not articulate with any other bone?
hyphoid bone
Muscles that form the iliopsoas:
iliacus and psoas major
three muscles that extend the vertebral column:
iliocostalis, longissimus, spinalis
What bones form the coxal bone?
ilium, ischium, and pubis
Muscles that belong to the group erector spinae:
illocatalis, longissiumus and spinalis
Synarthrosis joints and ex:
immovable and sutural
Muscle group that depresses the hyoid:
infrahyoid
ex of gliding joint:
intercarpal joints between adjacent carpal bones
endomysium and function
internal and surrounds muscle fibers
joint in toes between the adjacent phalanges
interpharangeal
joint between adjacent tarsal bones
intertarsal
Muscles of the pernieum:
ishciocavernous, bulbospongious, and superficial transverse perin
Characteristics of synovial joints:
joint capsule, articular cartilages, joint cavity, synovial fluid, synovial membrane, and accessory structures (ligaments, tendons, bursae)
Where are synovial joints found?
knee and sternoclavicular
What is an abnormal or exaggerated curvature that often develops due to osteoporosis?
kyphosis
Neck joint movement:
lateral flection
What does the clavicle articulate with:
laterally with the acromial end of the scapula and medially with the manubrium of the sternum
What is abnormal or exaggerated lumbar vertebral curvature?
lordosis
What type of vertebrae have oval bodies and triangular vertebral foramen?
lumbar
What vertebral curvature develops as a toddler learns to walk?
lumbar
Name the only bone of the skull that is moveable:
mandible
Name the 3 parts of the sternum from superior to inferior:
manubrium, body of sternum, and xiphoid process
t-tubules
microscopic skeletal structure throughout the cell
perimysium and function
middle and surrounds muscle fasicles
Describe ball and socket joints:
most highly moveable joints
abduction
movement away from the midline
adduction
movement toward the midline
Action of Lateral rectus:
moves eye laterally
Action of medial rectus:
moves eye medially
myo
muscle
sarcomere
muscle cell
Whole muscles consist of:
muscle fascicles
muscle fascicles consist of:
muscle fibers
muscle fibers consist of:
myofibrils
Sarcomeres consists of:
myofilaments
myofilaments include:
myosin and actin
What bone(s) articulate with the talus?
navicular, distal tibia, and distal fibula
NJM
neurovascular joint
describe motor unit :
number of muscle fibers supplied by one neuron
epimysium and function
on top of and surrounds whole muscle
describe pivot joints:
one bone pivoting on another
Describe hidge joints:
only produces flexion and extension
Action of lateral pterygoid:
opens the jaw or depresses the mandible
Thumb joint movement:
opposition
Function of Paranasal Sinuses:
pairs of space in bone, lined with mucous producing epithelium, decreases the weight of the skull, and resonates the voice
pronation
palm down
opposition
palmar surface of one digit against the palmer surface of the pollex
Where are auditory ossicles located?
petrous part of the temporal bone
Actions Soleus:
plantar flexion
Actions of gastrocnemius:
plantar flexion, knee flexion
plantar flexion
pointing toes
Actions of Pronator teres:
pronates and flexes forearm
Actions of pronator quadratus:
pronates the hand
prox. and distal tibia articulate with what bone(s)?
prox. and distal fibula
What bone(s) articulate with the glenoid fossa?
prox. humerus
Capitulum articulates with:
prox. radius (head)
distal femur articulates with what bone(s)?
prox. tibia and patella
Trochlea articulates with:
prox. ulna (trochlear notch of ulna)
Distal carpals articulate with:
proximal ends of metacarpals
What bone(s) articulates with the distal humerus?
proximal radius and proximal ulna
Retraction (jaw/scapula)
pulling backward
Action of Mentalis:
pulls lower lip down
protraction
pushing forward
muscle group that extends the knee:
quadriceps
joint between distal radius and the two carpal bones (scaphoid and lunate)
radiacarpal
ex of ellipsoidal joint:
radiocarpal joint
Action of frontalis:
raises eyebrows
Action of levator palpebrae:
raises eyelid
Four muscles of the anterior abdominal wall:
rectus abdominus, external and internal abdominal oblique, and tranverse abdominius
Actions of Rhombodieus:
retract or abduct the scapula
Jaw and scapula joint movement:
retraction and protraction
lateral rotation of shoulder
rotating away from the midline
medial rotation of shoulder
rotating toward the midline
What bone is composed of 5 fused vertebrae?
sacrum
myofibrils consist of :
sarcomeres
Distal radius articulates with:
scaphoid and lunate (forms the wrist)
What bone(s) articulate with the distal radius?
scaphoid, lunate, and distal ulna
What is abnormal lateral vertebral curvature?
scoliosis
describe ellipsoidal joints:
several different types of movements
sarcoplasmic reticulum
similar to reticulat reticulum in other cells
What muscles are voluntary?
skeletal
What are the functions of skeletal muscle?
skeletal movement, maintains posture and body position, support soft tissue, regulate entering and exiting of materials and thermoregulation
Describe protein arrangements in skeletal muscle:
skeletal muscles, muscle fascicles, muscle fibers, myofibrils, sarcomeres, myofilaments, and actin and myosin
Amphiarthrosis joints and ex:
slightly moveable and pubic symphysis
What kind of tissue is muscle?
specialized
joint where the UE attaches to the truck of the body
sternoclavicular
Joints between the sternum and the cartilage of the ribs
sternocostal
Rigor Mortis
stiffness of death due to lack of myosin
Actions of Supinator:
supinates forearm
elbow joint movement:
supination and pronation
Muscle group that elevates the hyoid:
suprahyoid
What are the articulations between most bones of the skull called?
sutures
distal tibia and fibula articulate with what bone(s)?
talus of the foot
joint between tarsals and prox. metatarsals
tarsometatarsal
Name the 8 bilateral bones of the skull:
temporal, zygomatic, parietal, maxillary, palatine, nasal, inferior nasal concha, and lacrimal
Joint of the temporal bone and coronoid process
temporomandibular Joint (TMJ)
fine motor unit
ten muscle fibers
Aponeurosis
tendon is a broad, flat sheet
Endomysium, perimysium and epimysium form:
tendons
Muscles that belong to the group rotator cuff:
teres minor, suprasinatous, infraspinantous, and subscapularis
Why are the eyes so well-protected by bones?
the eyes are particularly important as sensory objects
Prox. Humerus articulates with what:
the glenoid fossa of the scapula
what is the relationship of the sciatic nerve and the piriformis muscle:
the sciatic nerve emerges below the piriformis muscle and injections must be distributed above the piriformis to avoid hitting this nerve
extensor and flexor retinacula:
thickening of fascia, and keeps extensor and flexor tendons in the correct position
Ribs articulate with what type of vertebrae?
thoracic
What type of vertebrate have heart shaped bodies?
thoracic
What vertebral curvatures develop before birth?
thoracic and sacral
gross motor unit
thousands of muscle fibers
Anterior Cruciate ligament
tibiofermal
What bone(s) articulate with the Proximal 1st metacarpal?
trapezium
True or false: Adduction is movement toward the midline of the body
true
True or false: the humeroulnar joint is a hinge joint
true
True or false: the knee is a hinge joint
true
What is a unique characteristic of the atlas?
tubercle and articulates superiorly with the occipital bone
What muscle belong to the group quadriceps:
vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, rectus femoris, and vastus intermedius
Actions of extensor carpi ulnaris:
wrist extension, ulnar deviation
Actions of Palmaris longus:
wrist flexion
Actions of flexor carpi radialis:
wrist flexion, radial deviation
Actions of Flexor carpi ulnaris:
wrist flexion, ulnar deviation
Joint between distal metatarsals and prox. phalanages
Metatarsophalangeal
Sliding filament theory
Myosin heads are detached from Actin myofilaments, myosin heads attach to Actin forming cross bridges, myofilaments slide closer together and then they detach again
What is NMJ?
Neuromuscular Joint
supination
Palm up
Muscles of the lateral leg that evert the ankle:
Peroneal (fibular) muscles: peroneus longus and peroneus brevis
Muscles that form the throat:
Pharyngeal constrictors: middle, superior, inferior