Anatomy exam 3

Which of the following is true regarding a person who has been diagnosed with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)? MULTIPLE ANSWERS

ALS AFFECTS UPPER MOTOR NEURONS ALS AFFECTS LOWER MOTOR NEURONS als is an autosomal dominate disorder als is an autosomal recessive disorder ALS RESULTS IN MUSCLE ATROPHY

Which of the following characteristics is a specialization of the left side of the cerebrum in most individuals? MULTIPLE ANSWERS

EXPRESSION OF LANGUAGE LOGIC ANALYTICAL REASONING spatial perception creativity

Which statement most accurately described event "C"?

It represents an excitatory graded potentials which increases the likelihood that the neuron will reach threshold

During an initial interview, a patient tells you that he is having intense bizarre nightmares and awakens spontaneously. What phase of sleep would you tell the physician the patient has described to you?

REM sleep

The resulting membrane potential of -70 mV is furthest away from the equilibrium potential of which of the following ions?

SODIUM (Na+) potassium (K+) chloride (Cl-) calcium (Ca++)

A mom brings her child to the pediatrician and describes to the doctor what she thinks are night terrors. Which of the following is true regarding night terrors?

THEY CAN OCCUR IN STAGES 4 OF SWS they can occur in REM sleep they can occur in stage 1 of SWS they happen in the same stage of sleep as dreaming night terrors and dreaming are the same thing

Which of the following structures is involved in reabsorbing cerebral spinal fluid?

arachnoid villi

A child is in the kitchen with his father, who is cooking dinner, and he touches the stove and burns himself. A few days later the child is back in the kitchen but this time with his mother and he avoids the hot stove. This type of learned response is termed...

associative

Which of the following neurological cells are part of the blood brain barrier?

astrocytes

Which of the neurons are involved in relaying information from one region of the right hemisphere to another area in the right hemisphere?

astrofibers projection fibres ASSOCIATION FIBERS commissural fibers peripheral fibers

A patient falls and hits his head on the table. His wife takes him to the ER where they do a brain scan and they notice epidural hematoma. Where is the blood accumulating?

between the skull and dura matter

How can action potentials relay information about the intensity of a stimulus, such as distinguishing between a loud and soft sound?

by the frequency of action potentials generated

Damage to which of the following area of the brain will result in uncoordinated and poorly directed movements

cerebellum

You're interviewing a patient who has recently had a stroke. You ask her to state her name and house address. He has no response. You write down your question and ask him to read it and still no response. You suspect that the patient has global aphasia, which areas of the brain are affected. MULTIPLE ANSWERS

cerebellum WERNICKE'S hypothalamus basal nucleus BROCA's

If the soma of a neuron became more permeable to the chloride, which statement below best describes the grades potential that would be generated in the soma?

chloride is an anion, it will enter the cell causing the membrane to hyperpolarize

The nerve fibers that connect the cortical regions on one side of the brain to the other side of the brain are called _____ and they pass through the _____

commisural fibers : corpus callosum

A transient neurological impairment caused by mechanical force to the brain that can lead to loss of consciousness within a 24 hour recovery period is termed a...

concussion

You are in your car and a song comes on the radio that you first heard 10 years ago and you start singing along. The ability to recall the words to the song means the information is stored in long term memory. The process by which information is placed into long term memory occurs is termed...

consolidation

Shining a light in a person's eye is used to detect brain activity because the pupal of the eye is innervated by...

cranial nerves

You are sitting in class taking an exam and you are trying to remember the answer to a fill in the blank question. Which type of memory involves the conscious effort for recall facts?

declarative

A change in a cell's membrane potential, such that the inside of the cell becomes more positive, is referred to as a ______ whereas if it becomes more negative it is referred to as _____.

depolarization : hyperpolarization

The area of skin that is supplied by afferent nerve fibers from a single spinal nerve is termed a...

dermatome

During which of the following states are all the voltage-gated sodium channels in the inactive state and incapable of opening?

during the absolute refractory period

The motor protein in neurons that move synaptic vessels retrograde is called

dynein

In response to stepping on a nail, the crossed-extensor reflex causes

extension of the leg opposite the side of receptor activation

The _____ lobe contains the primary motor cortex, which initiates ____ movement.

frontal lobe : voluntary

Which cranial nerve controls the motor controls of swallowing and salivary glands and taste?

glossopharyngeal

You are studying for your exam and your next door neighbor is moving his lawn and it is pretty noisy. However, you decide to stay at home and continue studying because you learned in your human physiology about ______, which is a decreased response to a repeated stimulus, such as the noises coming from the lawn mower.

habitation

A friend of yours is in a car accident and loses the function of his right arm and lower limb. The term that is used to describe his paralysis is...

hemiplegia

Which of the following area of the brain are involved in controlling the following functions: body temperature, thirst, blood pressure, heart rate, anger and aggression

hypothalamus

Oxycotin is an extremely addictive substance and as you know there is an oxycotin/heroin epidemic in many communities. It is pleasure that drives addiction. Which of the following is true regarding addiction and pleasure? MULTIPLE ANSWERS

in involves the ascending reticular activating system IT INVOLVED THE RELEASE OF DOPAMINE WITHIN THE CNS IT INVOLVED THE LIMMIC SYSTEM it involves the release epinephrine within the CNS IT INVOLVES THE BASAL GANGLIA

You are with a friend at a street fair and he develops a seizure and loses consciousness. Which of the following is true about your friend's seizure?

it involves both hemispheres of his brains

A patient suffers in ischemic stroke, which of the following is true regarding an ischemic stroke?

it is caused by a blood clot that completely blocks blood flow to a region of the brain

Which of the following BEST describes the term sensation?

it represents the spontaneous activity of efferent neurons sensation does not apply to the skin IT IS THE CONSCIOUS OR SUBCONSCIOUS AWARENESS OF EXTERNAL OR INTERNAL STIMULI it represents a decrease in the number of action potential generated by motor neurons they do NOT include special senses like smell, taste and vision

A newborn baby is suffering from spina bifida in which both the meninges and spinal cord have herniated through the neural tube defect. Which of the following types of spina bifida is the child suffering from?

myelomeningocele

Which statement best describes why nicotine should be avoided before going to bed?

nicotine mimics acetylcholine, which is associated with the ascending reticular activating system

In myelinated axons, sodium and potassium channels would concentrated in what are?

nodes of ranvier

What type of hydrocephalies is caused by blocking the flow of cerebral spinal fluid?

noncommuicating

Which of the following are common symptoms of peripheral neuropathy?

numbness, tingling sensation, or pain in the hands and feet

What type of cell enhances the velocity of electrical transmission of an action potential along an axon in the central nervous system?

oligodendrocyte

The depolarization phase of the action potential is generated by a rapid...

opening of voltage gated sodium channels

In order to generate an action potential, the magnitude of the inward sodium current must be large enough to overcome which of the following?

outward potassium current

A child has suffered a stroke in which has has lost the ability to walk and talk. Though intensive physical therapy the child regains these abilities. The childs ability to regain these lost functions is because of _____ of the central nervous system

plasticity

Which of the following represents the pathway taken by a sensory neuron starting from its receptor?

receptor -> afferent neuron -> dorsal root ganglia -> dorsal root -> dorsal horn

The night before your exam you find yourself unable to fall asleep. What region of your brain is keeping you awake?

reticular formation

The movement of synaptic vesicles from the synaptic terminal back to the soma (cell body) involves what type of transport?

retrograde

A mixed nerve contains ______ and _____neurons

sensory : motor

Which of the following represents the correct order of how things move though different parts of the brain when responding to a question you are asked

starts in the primary auditory complex-> wernicke's area -> broca's area -> primary motor cortex

DIAGRAM that shows membrane potential: S2 + S3 represents ___summination

temporal

Which cerebral lobe contains the auditory complex?

temporal

Which cerebral lobe contains the auditory cortex?

temporal

Which of the following best describes the electrochemical forces acting on sodium and potassium ions at the resting membrane potential of -70mV?

the force on sodium ions is to move into the cell, and the force of potassium ions is to move out of the cell

The directional change of a graded potential in response to a stimulus is dependent upon...

the ion channels that opens

Why does the distribution of sodium and potassium ions across the plasma membrane of neurons not change much, even following hundreds of action potentials?

the movement of sodium and potassium ions that occurs during an action potential is countered by the active transport of these ions by the Na+/K+ pump

DIAGRAM that shows membrane potential: Which statement best describes the events responsible for the phase represented by the letter "B" in...

the opening of potassium channels

A patient has a partially severed spinal cord due to his motorcycle accident. To test for sensation in the patient's leg, the doctor sticks the patient's leg with a needle. The patient is unable to feel the needle stick but is able to move his leg normally, which of the following is true?

the patient has damage to his ascending but not his descending spinal tract

As an action potential is propagated away from the axon hillock, why does propagation continue in only one direction?

the region just behind the action potential is in the absolute refractory period

What determines the strength/magnitude of a graded potential?

the size of the stimulus

Which of the following does both Huntington's Chorea and Parkinson's disease have in common?

they both involve damage to basal ganglia

Which of the following are responsible for the resting membrane? MULTIPLE ANSWERS

voltage-gated channels calcium channels LEAK Na CHANNELS LEAK K CHANNELS Na/K PUMP