Anatomy Final

Disorders involving the vagus nerve might cause

food to remain in your stomach longer.

Regions of the CNS where neuron cell bodies dominate constitute the ________ matter.

gray

Preganglionic fibers from the sacral segments of the spinal cord form the ________ nerve(s).

pelvic

The most abundant intracellular cation is __________, while the most abundant extracellular anion is

potassium, chloride

The statement "It controls the diameter of the pupil" is

true for both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems.

The equilibrium potential of sodium is

+66mV

The sodium-potassium exchange pump stabilizes resting potential of the neuron membrane at about

-70 mV

The equilibrium potential of potassium is

-90mV

At the normal resting membrane potential of a typical neuron, its sodium-potassium exchange pump transports

3 intracellular sodium ions for 2 extracellular potassium ions.

Which of the following is an inherited disease characterized by destruction of ACh-secreting and GABA-secreting neurons in the basal nuclei causing difficulty controlling movements?

Huntington's disease

Special sensory inputs arrive by which cranial nerves?

II and VIII

How does blocking retrograde axoplasmic transport in an axon affect the activity of a neuron?

The soma becomes unable to respond to changes in the distal end of the axon

Deteriorating changes in the distal segment of an axon as a result of a break between it and the soma is called ________ degeneration.

Wallerian

Damage to the glossopharyngeal nerve would likely cause

a reduction in saliva.

If the receptor on the postsynaptic membrane binds to norepinephrine, the synapse is called

adrenergic

Muscarinic receptors

are normally activated by acetylcholine.

The largest and most numerous of the glial cells in the central nervous system are the

astrocytes

When a person has a stroke, blood leaks into the brain tissue. Which type of neuroglia cells would make structural repairs to the damage?

astrocytes

The plasma membrane of an axon is called the

axolemma.

The adrenal medullae secrete

both epinephrine and norepinephrine.

Dual innervation refers to an organ receiving

both sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation

Typical CNS neurons are amitotic due to the absence of what structure?

centrioles

If acetylcholine (ACh) causes inhibition of a postsynaptic neuron, to what type of membrane channel did the ACh bind?

chemically-regulated potassium channel

A shift of the resting transmembrane potential toward 0 mV is called

depolarization

The sum of the electrical and chemical forces acting on an ion is known as its

electrochemical gradient.

Voltage-gated channels are present

in the membrane that covers axons.

Voltage-gated sodium channels have both an activation gate and a(n) ________ gate.

inactivation

Graded potentials

may be either a depolarization or a hyperpolarization

Small, wandering cells that engulf cell debris and pathogens in the CNS are called

microglia.

Based on stimulation studies, the "headquarters" of the reticular activating system appears to be based in the

midbrain

The sodium-potassium ion exchange pump

moves sodium and potassium opposite to the direction of their electrochemical gradients.

Most CNS neurons fall into which structural category?

multipolar

The tiny gaps between adjacent Schwann cells are called

nodes of Ranvier

Nicotinic receptors

open chemically-gated sodium ion channels

Which of the following is a type of glial cell found in the peripheral nervous system?

satellite cells

Postganglionic fibers that innervate targets in the body wall or thoracic cavity originate on neurons within

sympathetic chain ganglia

Sensory neurons of the PNS are

unipolar