psych exam 4 chap 11,12,13,14

Bart complied with his friends' request to join them in smashing decorative pumpkins early one Halloween evening. Later that night he was surprised by his own failure to resist their pressures to throw eggs at passing police cars. Bart's experience best illustrates a) cognitive dissonance. b) the foot-in-the-door phenomenon. c) the fundamental attribution error. d) central route persuasion.

b

Briana believes that she is competent and capable to achieve her goals. She likely has high a) competence b) self- efficacy c) self- concept d) self- esteem

b

Cesear's attitude toward his client is caring and accepting. He does not judge his client even though his client says very disturbing things during therapy sessions. Cesear demonstrates: a) unconscious motives b) unconditional positive regard c) self- actualization d) reciprocal determinism

b

Emma is strongly opposed to the death penalty. However, after being required to give an in-class presentation on the positives of the death penalty, Emma feels somewhat more favorably toward the death penalty. Which theory best explains why? a) attribution theory b) cognitive dissonance theory c) role- playing theory d) attitude theory

b

A therapist helps Rebecca overcome her fear of water by getting her to swim in the family's backyard pool three times a day for two consecutive weeks. The therapist's approach to helping Rebecca best illustrates a) dialectical behavior therapy. b) aversive conditioning. c) exposure therapy. d) client-centered therapy.

c

Abraham Maslow suggested that individuals who are open, spontaneous, and not paralyzed by others' opinions illustrate a) extraversion. b) unconditional positive regard. c) self-actualization. d) conscientiousness.

c

Andrea experiences extreme anxiety when approaching any lake. Her therapist suggests that her fear results from a traumatic boat accident she experienced as a child. The therapist's suggestion reflects a ________ perspective. a) psychoanalytic b) biological c) conditioning d) epigenetic

c

Carl Jung emphasized the importance of ________ in personality functioning. a) inferiority feelings b) psychosexual stages c) the collective unconscious d) defense mechanisms

c

Cognitive therapy is most likely to a) focus special attention on clients' positive and negative feelings about their therapists. b) employ personality tests to accurately diagnose clients' difficulties. c) emphasize the importance of clients' personal interpretations of life events. d) systematically associate clients' undesirable behaviors with unpleasant experiences.

c

Elaine feels that her life is empty, has lost all interest in her career and hobbies, and wonders if she would be better off dead. She is most likely suffering from a) a dissociative disorder. b) disruptive mood dysregulation disorder. c) major depressive disorder. d) agoraphobia.

c

In a home for troubled youth, adolescents receive large colored buttons when they hang up their clothes, make their beds, and come to meals on time. The adolescents return the buttons to staff members to receive bedtime snacks or watch TV. This best illustrates a) rTMS. b) systematic desensitization. c) a token economy. d) virtual reality exposure therapy.

c

Joanna is very serious about her work as a teacher. She rarely misses work, attends every meeting prepared to make a contribution, and is never behind in grading her students' work. Which Big Five trait is Joanna illustrating? a) neuroticism b) extraversion c) conscientiousness d) agreeableness

c

Marshall, who is not a college athlete, thinks that all college athletes behave the same and have the same attitudes toward nonathletes. Marshall's thinking illustrates a) discrimination. b) ingroup bias. c) outgroup homogeneity. d) the just-world phenomenon.

c

Melissa uses laxatives in an attempt to lose some of the weight she gained from binge eating. Melissa most clearly demonstrates symptoms of a) anorexia nervosa. b) social anxiety disorder. c) bulimia nervosa. d) panic disorder.

c

Michelle, who is a very fast keyboard typist, types faster when others are watching her work. This best illustrates a) automatic mimicry. b) the foot-in-the-door phenomenon. c) social facilitation. d) cognitive dissonance.

c

Most college students perceive themselves as above average compared with their classmates. This best illustrates a) defensive self-esteem. b) the spotlight effect. c) self-serving bias. d) narcissism.

c

Avery believes that the majority of poor people are poor because of irresponsible life choices and lazy behavior. This explaination of poverty is an example of a) the bystander effect b) the foot-in-the-door phenomon c) a situational attribution d) a dispositional attribution

d

Blaine is always in a state of tension. He is often apprehensive about everyday tasks, and experiences a constant level of heightened physiological arousal. He likely suffers from: a) social anxiety disorder b) panic attacks c) OCD d) generalized anxiety disorder

d

Brian often interrupts his teacher while she is speaking and frequently forgets to complete his homework assignments. He also has difficulty waiting to take turns in playground games with his classmates. Brian most clearly exhibits symptoms of a) generalized anxiety disorder. b) posttraumatic stress disorder. c) autism spectrum disorder. d) attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

d

Evidence-based practice involves making therapeutic care decisions based on integrating the best available research with clinical expertise and a) unconditional positive regard. b) cost management requirements. c) resilience. d) patient preferences and characteristics.

d

Freud indicated that defense mechanisms a) increase anxiety by consciously distorting reality. b) reduce anxiety by consciously distorting reality. c) increase anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality. d) reduce anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality.

d

Hermann Rorschach introduced what has become the most widely used ________ test. a) epigenetic b) self-esteem c) regression d) projective

d

Lenore is unexplainably and continually tense and is plagued by muscle tension, sleeplessness, and an inability to concentrate. Lenore most likely suffers from a) a phobia. b) panic disorder. c) obsessive-compulsive disorder. d) generalized anxiety disorder.

d

Marilyn believes that her professor's strict class attendance policy indicates that he has an overcontrolling personality rather than that it is necessary because of the limited number of class sessions in a course that meets only once a week. Her belief best illustrates a) cognitive dissonance. b) a situational disposition. c) peripheral route persuasion. d) the fundamental attribution error.

d

Preventive mental health attempts to reduce the likelihood of psychological disorders by a) enabling more people to see professional psychotherapists. b) encouraging depressed people to take more personal responsibility for their own problems. c) establishing programs to reduce poverty and other demoralizing social conditions. d) emphasizing the importance of using a biomedical approach to therapy.

d

The ________ on personality focuses on the many ways our individual traits and thoughts interact with our social world as we move from one situation to another. a) psychoanalytic perspective b) trait perspective c) humanistic perspective d) social-cognitive perspective

d

Thirty-year-old Jeremy has extreme, recurring mood swings in which he experiences severe bouts of depression and then becomes extremely agitated and euphoric for no apparent reason. Jeremy is most clearly suffering from a) obsessive-compulsive disorder. b) a substance use disorder. c) posttraumatic stress disorder. d) bipolar disorder.

d

Using positive reinforcement to encourage autistic children to make eye contact or interact with someone socially is an example of which type of behavior? a) psychodynamic b) cognitive c) preventative d) behavioral

d

After she noticed that girls in her sorority wear their sorority pins every day, Mia began wearing her pin daily. Mia's behavior is an example of a) conformity. b) social facilitation. c) social loafing. d) group polarization.

a

Internet trolls commonly write negative or verbally insulting comments online under virtual anonymity. This anonymity creates a loss of self- awareness and self restraint called: a) deindividuation b) social scripts c) the just world phenomonon d) social facilitation

a

Jared actively engages in excessive aggressive behavior but privately is very sensitive emotionally. According to Freud, Jared's defense mechanism is intended to: a) reduce unconscious anxiety b) increase unconscious anxiety c) reduce conscious anxiety d) increase conscious anxiety

a

Keimone and Kendrick are identical twins raised apart. Keimones's childhood was stressful and involved trauma. He developed PTSD. Kendrick experienced no trauma as a child and did not develop PTSD. This illustrates the importance of a) epigenetic effects b) free- floating anxiety c) operant conditioning d) stimulus generalization

a

Long term use of drugs that block dopamine receptors can lead to ______ in people with schizophrenia. a) tardive dyskinesia b) Parkinson's disease c) hallucinations d) Huntington's disease

a

The ________ perspective emphasizes that personality involves a dynamic interaction between conscious and unconscious mental processes. a) psychodynamic b) social cognitive c) humanistic d) trait

a

Therapists who exhibit genuiness, acceptance, and empathy toward their clients use a ______ therapeutic approach pioneered by ________ a) humanistic; Rogers b) psychodynamic; Freud c) behavioral; Skinner d) cognitive; Beck

a

To make herself appear more desirable romantically, Eva frequently posts on social media about how proud she is of her appearance and exaggerates about how often she rejects potential romantic interests. Her behavior illustrates: a) narcissism b) the spotlight effect c) self- serving bias d) self efficancy

a

Tonya, who recently discovered her husband was having an affair, disappeared for several days and was found by the police sleeping under a bridge. She claimed that her name was Mary and that she had no clear memory of her life or identity. Her symptoms best illustrate a) a dissociative disorder. b) anorexia nervosa. c) agoraphobia. d) social anxiety disorder.

a

Marcus sees a comment on Twitter about his college basketball team, and he immediately writes very negative and verbally insulting comments to the author. This in turn causes others to send nasty messages to him and the author. The virtual anonymity provided by Twitter creates a loss of self-awareness and self-restraint called a) cognitive dissonance. b) deindividuation. c) social loafing. d) social facilitation.

b

Mark and Jessica have a caring, accepting, nonjudgmental attitude toward each other and approach every discussion with this attitude. Mark and Jessica are demonstrating a) unconscious motives. b) unconditional positive regard. c) self-actualization. d) reciprocal determinism.

b

Matthew spends each morning counting every book in his personal library, as well as every kitchen utensil and dish before he will leave for work. He repeats the process when he comes home. He recognizes that this is irrational, but he becomes extremely agitated when he tries to stop. Matthew's behaviors are most likely symptoms of a) a behavior addiction. b) obsessive-compulsive disorder. c) generalized anxiety disorder. d) agoraphobia.

b

Sheldon's therapist uses free association, resistances, dream analysis, and transference in an effort to get Sheldon to gain insight into the unconscious causes of his depression. Sheldon's therapist is applying a) person-centered therapy. b) psychoanalysis. c) cognitive therapy. d) behavior therapy.

b

The hostilities between two racial subgroups of a riverfront community were dramatically reduced when the threat of the river flooding its banks required that they work together to save their town. This best illustrates the impact of a) social exchange theory. b) superordinate goals. c) diffusion of responsibility. d) the bystander effect.

b

When shopping for a new cell phone, many shoppers prefer certain products simply because they have familiar brand names. This preference best illustrates the importance of a) social scripts. b) the mere exposure effect. c) mirror-image perceptions. d) the reciprocity norm

b

Which of the following is an example of dysfunctional emotion, cognition, or behavior? a) counting the number of ums in a public speech b) not going to school in fear of being called upon in class c) belief that there is a circulating life force that flows through the body and nature d) feeling unsafe after hearing about a mass shooting

b

Zuri asks his patients to openly discuss whatever comes to mind, he analyzes his patients dreams, and tries to get his clients to gain insight to the unconscious. Zuri is applying a) person- centered therapy b) psychoanalysis c) cognitive therapy d) behavior therapy

b

Mr. Hughes heard what sounded like cries for help from a swimmer located 30 yards from the ocean shoreline. He continued walking along the beach, however, because he figured that one of the many swimmers in the vicinity would provide help if it was needed. His reaction best illustrates the dynamics involved in a) social exchange theory. b) the reciprocity norm. c) the bystander effect. d) the mere exposure effect.

c

Nancy's therapist encourages her to think about her strengths rather than her weaknesses and to develop a habit of thanking others when they compliment her or provide emotional support. The therapist's approach best illustrates a) psychoanalysis. b) client-centered therapy. c) cognitive-behavioral therapy. d) virtual reality exposure therapy.

c

Rebecca needs a new car. When she sees her favorite movie star in a car commercial, she decides to purchase the car advertised in the commercial. Rebecca's decision making illustrates a) cognitive dissonance. b) central route persuasion. c) peripheral route persuasion. d) a situational attribution.

c

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation is administered to patients who ________, and it produces ________ memory loss than ECT. a) first receive a general anesthetic; less b) first receive a general anesthetic; more c) are wide awake; less d) are wide awake; more

c

SSRIs were originally created to treat a) obsessive-compulsive disorder. b) posttraumatic stress disorder. c) depression. d) schizophrenia.

c

The most convincing evidence for the effectiveness of psychotherapy comes from a) studies of client satisfaction with the treatment received. b) reports from therapists concerning their perceptions of client improvement. c) research using randomized clinical trials. d) the reactions of family and friends to those who have recently undergone psychotherapy.

c

Trait perspective of personality emphasizes that personality is evident in: a) proper conditions needed to meet fundamental needs b) anxiety caused by non-conscious, internal conflict c) patterns of descriptors that can be empirically measured in particular groups d) conditioning and imitating the behavior of others

c

Which of the following best illustrates a negative symptom of schizophrenia? a) hallucinations b) delusions c) social withdrawal d) inappropriate rage

c

Which theory is more interested in identifying traits than in describing them? a) humanistic theory b) social-cognitive theory c) trait theory d) psychodynamic theory

c

Years after he barely survived a terrorist attack that killed his wife and two children, Mr. Puskari suffers recurring flashbacks and frequent nightmares of the event that render him incapable of holding a steady job. Mr. Puskari is most clearly showing signs of a) obsessive-compulsive disorder. b) generalized anxiety disorder. c) posttraumatic stress disorder. d) dissociative identity disorder.

c