Anatomy II Quiz 6 review

Which of the following is an accessory organ of the digestive tract?

Liver

Which of the following is NOT a function of the small intestine?

Mastication of food

What is the purpose of segmental contractions of the small intestine?

Mixing of intestinal contents

Which layer of the digestive tract is in direct contact with ingested food?

Mucosa

Which layer of the small intestine wall contains cells with microvilli?

Mucosa

Which of the following is correctly matched?

Muscularis - responsible for peristalsis

Which part of the pharynx is NOT involved with food transport?

Nasopharynx

George has to have his gallbladder removed. His friend told him he can no longer eat fats because he will no longer produce bile. Is this an accurate description of George's future diet?

No; the gallbladder only stores the bile that is produced by the liver.

What are the two major neurotransmitters of the enteric nervous system?

Norepinephrine and acetylcholine

Which is the correct order of the regions of the digestive tract from superior to inferior?

Oral cavity, stomach, small intestine, large intestine

What muscle forms the lips?

Orbicularis oris muscle

What is the function of interstitial cells of the myenteric plexus?

Pacemaker cells that promote rhythmic contractions of the smooth muscle

Which of the following structures has both endocrine and exocrine tissue?

Pancreas

Which of the following is associated with the tongue?

Papillae and taste buds

Which of the following cell types of the stomach is correctly matched with its function?

Parietal cells - produce hydrochloric acid

Oliver received a blow to the left side of his head, just anterior to his ear. Which of the following digestive structures was likely affected?

Parotid salivary gland

Which of the following enzymes digests protein?

Pepsin

Which of the following enzymes functions at the lowest pH?

Pepsin

Which of the following are secreted by the stomach?

Pepsinogen and intrinsic factor

What moves the bolus during the esophageal phase of deglutition?

Peristalsis

Which of the following statements applies to the ileocecal sphincter?

Peristaltic contractions reaching this sphincter cause it to relax.

Which of the following events occurs because of the low pH of the stomach?

Proper environment for functioning of pepsin

_________ is the movement of food through the digestive tract.

Propulsion

Which of the following pairs describing structures of teeth is mismatched?

Pulp cavity - cementum

Which of the following regions of the stomach is correctly matched with its description?

Pylorus - the most inferior portion of the stomach

Which of the following might happen if a person begins laughing while swallowing a liquid?

Relaxation of the soft palate allows liquid to enter the nasal cavity.

Which of the following is not associated with the large absorptive surface of the small intestine?

Rugae

Which of the following components of saliva is mismatched with its function?

Salivary amylase - begins protein digestion

Which of the following statements concerning digestion in the stomach is not true?

Salivary amylase will eventually be inactivated in the stomach, halting carbohydrate digestion.

Which of the following is NOT a type of propulsion in the digestive tract?

Segmental contraction

Which of the following is NOT a function of the stomach?

Segmental contractions

Which of the following is located closest to the rectum?

Sigmoid colon

Which of the following is NOT a necessary function of the tongue?

Speech

What is the role of serotonin in the digestive tract?

Stimulate motility

Which of the following organs is part of the digestive tract?

Stomach

What is the function of the gallbladder?

Store and concentrate bile

Which of the following is mismatched?

Sympathetic nerve fibers - increase intestinal motility

Which of the following is a function of the hepatocytes?

Synthesize bile

What is ascites?

The excess accumulation of fluid in the abdomen

Why does the superior part of the esophagus contain skeletal muscle instead of smooth muscle?

The first phase of swallowing is under voluntary control.

Which of the following statements regarding the pancreas is true?

The pancreatic acinar cells secrete digestive enzymes.

Why doesn't the stomach digest itself?

The stomach wall is protected by large amounts of mucus.

How does the muscularis layer of the esophagus differ from the rest of the digestive tract?

The superior part is skeletal muscle.

Which of the following enzymes is found in inactive form in pancreatic juice?

Trypsin

Which of the following is the correct order for the phases of deglutition?

Voluntary, pharyngeal, esophageal

The movement of molecules out of the digestive tract into circulation or the lymphatic system is_________.

absorption

Diffusion and active transport are likely to be important in

absorption of food.

The formation of HCl in the stomach involves the

active transport of H+ from parietal cells into the lumen of the stomach.

Enzymes that digest carbohydrates include_________.

amylase, maltase, and sucrase

Teeth in adults

are distributed so that there is one canine tooth in each half jaw.

The pancreatic islets_________.

are endocrine glands

Lipid-soluble drugs placed under the tongue

are quickly dissolved and absorbed.

Chylomicrons

are synthesized in intestinal epithelial cells.

Contact digestion takes place in/at the_________.

brush border of the small intestine

Gastrocolic reflexes are reflexes that

cause mass movements of the colon when food is present in the stomach.

Anticipation of eating food causes an increase in secretion of gastric juice. This phase of gastric secretion is called the_________ phase.

cephalic

Fatty acids and certain lipids in the duodenum initiate the release of_________.

cholecystokinin (CCK)

The gallbladder contracts in response to the hormone_________.

cholecystokinin (CCK)

Blockage of the ileocecal valve would prevent

chyme from entering the large intestine.

A proteolytic enzyme secreted by the pancreas is_________.

chymotrypsin

Trypsin can activate

chymotrypsinogen.

The hepatopancreatic ampulla is formed by the union of the

common bile duct and pancreatic duct.

The muscularis layer in the wall of the digestive tract is

composed of a layer of circular smooth muscle fibers and a layer of longitudinal smooth muscle fibers.

The enteric plexus

controls movement and secretion of the digestive tract.

Enzymes secreted by the small intestine include_________.

disaccharidases

The enterogastric reflex can be triggered by

distention of the duodenal wall.

Bile

emulsifies fats in the small intestine.

Salivary gland secretion is primarily controlled by the

facial and glossopharyngeal nerves.

Intrinsic factor

facilitates the absorption of vitamin B12.

Inability of the pyloric sphincter to open would prevent

food from entering the small intestine.

The distention of the stomach by food is the primary stimulus to begin the_________ phase of gastric secretion.

gastric

Inflammation of the stomach mucosa in the area superior to the pyloric sphincter is most appropriately referred to as_________.

gastric ulcer

Inflammation of the gums is called_________.

gingivitis

Insulin increases the rate of_________ transport into cells.

glucose

A large amount of adipose tissue accumulates in the_________.

greater omentum

The oral cavity

has boundaries that include the lips, palate, and cheeks.

The esophagus

has upper and lower sphincters to regulate movement of food.

The hepatic sinusoids

have phagocytic cells in their lining.

A blockage in the colon where the ascending colon turns to become the transverse colon would occur at the_________.

hepatic flexure

Nutrient-rich blood from the digestive tract comes to the liver by way of the_________.

hepatic portal vein

A cell needs a receptor in order to absorb LDLs. A disease that interferes with the functioning of these LDL receptors would

increase serum cholesterol levels.

The villi, microvilli, and plicae circularis function to

increase surface area for absorption.

Emulsification

increases surface area for lipid digestion.

The enterogastric reflex serves to_________.

inhibit gastric motility when there is chyme in the small intestine

Duodenal gland secretion prevents

irritation of the duodenal mucosa by acidic chyme and digestive enzymes.

The intestinal phase of gastric secretion

is controlled by the entrance of acidic chyme into the duodenum.

Pepsinogen

is packaged in zymogen granules.

The defecation reflex

is stimulated by distention of the rectum.

The gastric phase of gastric secretion

leads to the greatest volume of gastric secretion.

In comparison to a low-density lipoprotein (LDL), a high density lipoprotein (HDL) contains_________.

less lipid

Damage to the liver would hamper digestion of_________.

lipids

An organ is described as follows: cords of cells radiating outward from a central vein with sinusoids between the cords of cells. The organ having this histological structure is the_________.

liver

The_________ synthesizes bile acids by metabolizing_________.

liver; cholesterol

Strong peristaltic contractions in the large intestine are called_________.

mass movements

Defecation following a meal is usually the result of

mass movements stimulated by the gastrocolic and duodenocolic reflexes moving feces towards the rectum.

The lips, cheek, and tongue all aid in_________.

mastication, speech, and swallowing

The digestive functions performed by saliva and salivary amylase respectively are_________.

moistening and starch digestion

Saliva

moistens food and begins starch digestion in the mouth.

The pyloric pump

moves chyme through a partially closed pyloric opening.

Beginning at the lumen, the sequence of layers of the digestive tract wall is

mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa.

The major secretion of the large intestine is_________.

mucus

The myenteric plexus is found in the_________ of the digestive tract wall.

muscularis

The major types of enteric neurons include all of the following, except

neurons that suppress epithelial secretions.

The portion of the digestive tract that receives food directly from the oral cavity is the_________.

oropharynx

The abdominal cavity is lined with_________.

parietal peritoneum

The salivary glands located just anterior to the ear are the_________ glands.

parotid

The enzyme(s) called_________ break(s) down the substrate called_________.

peptidases; proteins

Bile secretion is

performed continuously by the liver.

The_________ helps hold a tooth in its socket.

periodontal ligament

The epiglottis covers the opening into the larynx during the_________ phase of swallowing.

pharyngeal

The tongue

plays a major role in swallowing.

The liver

produces secretions that help neutralize stomach acids and emulsify fats.

LDLs are taken into a cell by the process of_________.

receptor mediated endocytosis

Abdominal organs that lie against the body wall and have no mesenteries are said to be_________.

retroperitoneal

When chyme enters the duodenum,_________ is released and stimulates the pancreas to secrete bicarbonates.

secretin

A mixing contraction in the small intestine is called_________.

segmental contraction

In order to remove a tumor in the muscular tunic of the stomach, a surgeon must cut through the_________.

serosa

Cholecystokinin is produced by endocrine cells of the_________.

small intestine

Enzymes for the digestion of disaccharides are produced in the_________.

small intestine

Amino acids and monosaccharides are absorbed in the_________, and fatty acids are absorbed in the_________.

small intestine; small intestine

Food is prevented from entering the nasal cavity during swallowing by the_________.

soft palate

The role of acetylcholine in the digestive tract is to_________, while the role of norepinephrine is to_________.

stimulate; inhibit

The gallbladder_________.

stores bile

The salivary glands that open into the oral cavity beside the frenulum of the tongue are the_________ glands.

submandibular

The enteric plexus is composed of the_________ and the_________.

submucosal plexus; myenteric plexus

The longitudinal layer of smooth muscle in the large intestinal wall forms three bands called the_________.

teniae coli

When intestinal chyme is highly concentrated,

water moves by osmosis into the lumen of the small intestine.

How much saliva is generally produced each day?

1 - 1½ L

Assume we could alter the conditions in the duodenum. Which of the following would be consistent with inserting a large volume of highly acidic chyme which contained a large amount of fat? (1) Decreased gastric acid secretion (2) Increased bile production (3) Increased pancreatic bicarbonate production and pancreatic enzyme secretion (4) Increased secretin and cholecystokinin

1, 2, 3, 4

Arrange the following structures in order from the small intestine to the rectum. (1) Ascending colon (2) Descending colon (3) Sigmoid colon (4) Transverse colon

1, 4, 2, 3

A man had a gunshot wound in his abdomen. The bullet passed through his anterior body and lodged inside the transverse colon. Which layers did the bullet pass through to arrive at the location? (1) Parietal peritoneum (2) Visceral peritoneum

1,2,2,2

Arrange the following in order from largest to smallest. (1) Dipeptide (2) Protein (3) Amino acid (4) Polypeptide

2, 4, 1, 3

Arrange the following events involving lipids in the correct order. (1) Absorption of lipids (2) Emulsification (3) Micelle formation (4) Digestion of lipids

2, 4, 3, 1

Arrange the following in proper sequence as they occur first in the body. (1) Digestion (2) Elimination (3) Ingestion (4) Absorption

3, 1, 4, 2

Arrange the ducts in the order that bile would pass through them when moving from the bile canaliculi to the small intestine without being stored in the gallbladder. (1) Common bile duct (2) Common hepatic duct (3) Cystic duct (4) Left and right hepatic ducts

4,2,1

The hepatic lobule is a_________ -sided structure with a/an_________ triad at each corner and a central vein located in the center of each lobule.

6; portal

Which of the following cell types is correctly matched with its function?

Absorptive cells - produce digestive enzymes

How are ions such as sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and phosphate transported from the intestinal lumen?

Active Transport

Feces consist of_________.

All of the answers are correct

Functions of the liver include_________.

All of the choices are correct

Hepatocytes

All of the choices are correct.

Which of the following apply to the small intestine?

All of the choices are correct.

Which of the following are effects of aging on the digestive system?

All of the choices are correct.

Which of the following organs is retroperitoneal?

All of the choices are correct.

Which of the following is an end product of protein digestion?

Amino acids

What is found in an intestinal villus?

Blood capillaries and a lacteal

What is the function of enteric sensory neurons?

Both "Detect changes in chemical composition of digestive tract contents" and "Detect stretch of the digestive tract wall" are correct.

What muscle forms the cheek?

Buccinator

Which of the following is NOT a muscle of mastication?

Buccinator

Which of the following does NOT illustrate digestion?

CO2 and H2O → carbohydrates

Which of the following is NOT part of a portal triad?

Central vein

What is the function of the intrinsic muscles of the tongue?

Changing the tongue shape during swallowing

What is the main stimulus for bile secretion from the gallbladder?

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

Which of the following would inhibit both gastric secretion and gastric motility?

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

Which of the following statements concerning cholecystokinin is correct?

Cholecystokinin stimulates the pancreas to release an enzyme-rich solution.

A gallstone has completely blocked flow of bile into the small intestine. Where is the stone most likely lodged?

Common bile duct

One of the major functions of the large intestine is to

Convert Chyme to Feces

What connects the gallbladder to the common bile duct?

Cystic duct

Celiac disease causes degeneration of the villi of the small intestine. What is a likely effect of this degeneration?

Decrease in absorption due to reduced surface area

A swollen uvula might interfere with which of the following?

Deglutition and breathing

Sammy is a 67-year-old man that has the following digestive issues: GERD, peptic ulcers, and diarrhea. Which of the following is least likely to be a consequence of Sammy's age?

Diarrhea

Which of the following will stimulate intestinal motility?

Distension of the intestinal wall

Which of the following is a function of the digestive system?

Elimination of undigested food

Nancy has several dental caries on the visible surface of one of her molars. The caries have eroded through to the pulp cavity. Which of the following accurately lists the layers affected by the caries?

Enamel, dentin

What prevents the bolus from entering the larynx during deglutition?

Epiglottis

Which of the following is NOT an accessory organ of the digestive tract?

Esophagus

Which structure moves food from the pharynx to the stomach?

Esophagus

Which of the following attaches the liver to the anterior abdominal wall?

Falciform ligament

If gases are released as digestion of food begins in the stomach, where is it most likely to accumulate?

Fundus

Which of the following would stimulate gastric secretion?

Gastrin

Gastritis, peptic ulcers, and gastric cancer can all be caused by

Helicobacter pylori, a bacterium.

Where does bile enter the duodenum?

Hepatopancreatic ampulla

Which disease is caused by the absence of enteric neurons in the distal large intestine?

Hirschsprung disease

Which of the following is not a substance found in saliva?

Hydrochloric acid

Which portion of the small intestine is most distal from the pylorus of the stomach?

Ileum

Which of the following statements regarding swallowing is true?

In the pharyngeal phase, food is moved through the pharynx.

Which of the following statements concerning proteins is true?

Intestinal epithelial cells absorb more dipeptides and tripeptides than single amino acids.

Harrison loves to entertain his classmates with his strange talents. His newest "trick" is to roll his tongue into a tube shape. Which muscles are important for Harrison to perform this trick?

Intrinsic muscles of the tongue

What is the function of bicarbonate when it is secreted by the large intestine?

It increases the pH of the feces, which are acidic because of bacterial secretions.

Which digestive activity is NOT correctly matched to its location?

Killing microorganisms with lysozyme - stomach

Which of the following lipoproteins contains the highest percentage of cholesterol?

LDL

Which of the following would inhibit normal movements of the tongue?

Lingual frenulum extending to tip of tongue

If the thoracic duct were tied off, which of the following classes of nutrients would not enter the circulatory system at their normal rate?

Lipids