Anatomy Lab Final

glial cell that is located in the CNS; its function is, epithelial cells that line the ventricles (fluid filled spaces) of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord. unlike other epithelial, the DO NOT have a basement membrane

ependymal cells

this wall layer is composed of a serous membrane with an underlying layer of elastic fibers and adipose connective tissue

epicardium

an entire peripheral nerve that is bundled by connective tissue

epinerium

cranial nerve number VI, the name is _______, and the foramen exit is the ______ orbital fissure

1. abducens 2. superior

cranial nerve number XI, the name is ____, and the foramen exit is the _______ foramen (accessory division) and _____ magnum (spinal division)

1. accessory 2. jugular 3. foramen

what are the three meninges that cover the brain and spinal cord?

1. dura mater 2. arachnoid mater 3. pia mater

cranial nerve number is III, the name is ________, and the foramen of exit is the _______ orbital fissure

1. oculomotor 2. superior

what are the three parts of the brain stem?

1. pons 2. medulla 3. midbrain

these cells produce the hormone glucagon

alpha cells

somatic motor neurons innervate _________ muscle tissue

skeletal

is part of the PNS that is responsible for carrying motor and sensory information both to and from the CNS, voluntary muscle

somatic nervous system

a shallow groove on the surface of the brain separating adjacent convolutions

sulcus

where is an anterior horn cell found?

the anterior ventral horn

where is a purkinje cell located?

the cerebellum

where us a pyramidal cell found?

the cerebrum

an example of a special sensory organ is

the eye or ear

the posterior leg has the ______ nerve

tibial

a bundle of nerve fibers having a common origin, function, and termination

tract

a collection of myelinated axons in the CNS is

tract

the cervical region of the spinal cord has the predominant tissue of _______ matter

white

the thoracic region of the spinal cord has the predominant tissue of _______ matter

white

these cells in the adrenal cortex produces hormones called glucocorticoids: cortisol

zona fasciculata

glial cell that is located in the CNS; its function is, general supporting cells in the CNS. transfer nutrients to neurons from the blood. reinforce the blood brain barrier. maintain the extracellular environment around the neurons,

astrocytes

involuntary nervous system, a division of the PNS that functions as a control system (breathing, heart rate)

autonomic nervous system

a single large process of a neuron that conducts information away from the cell body of a neuron

axon

a light staining region where the axon leaves the cell body of a neuron; devoid of chromatophilic substance; the location where action potentials are generated by a neuron

axon hillock

the part of a neuron distinguished by its notable absence of chromatophilic substance is called the

axon hillock

thought to be the precursor cells to the olfactory receptor cells and supporting cells

basal cells

ependymal cells re unique as epithelia in that they do not have a

basement membrane

these cells produce the hormone insulin

beta cells

where is chromatophilic substance found

cell body

the part of the neuron that contains the nucleus and cellular organelles

cell body (soma)

the __________ separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe of the brain

central sulcus

the medulla oblongata is associated with which ventricular structure?

cerebro medullary sistern

a parathyroid gland that produces a hormone called parathyroid hormone (parathormone)

chief (principal) cells

these cells in the adrenal medulla produces hormones called catecholamines: epinephrine & norepinephrine

chromaffin cells

apical ends are the site of interaction between dissolved odiferous substances and the olfactory receptor cells

cilia

the __________ is a fiber tract that connects the left cerebral hemisphere to the right cerebral hemisphere

corpus callosum

these cells produce the hormone pancreatic polypeptide

F cells

cerebrospinal fluid circulates between the _______ mater and the _________ mater

1. arachnoid 2. pia

a patient with an astrocytoma has a tumor that is derived from ______. this tumor would be located in what part of the nervous system?

1. astrocytes 2. CNS

visceral motor neurons innervate ______ or ________ muscle tissue, or _______

1. cardiac 2. smooth 3. glands

a multipolar neuron has many _____ and a single ______

1. dendrites 2. axon

cranial nerve number VII, the name is _______, and the foramen exit is the ________ acoustic meatus (exits via the stylomastoid foramen)

1. facial 2. internal

cranial nerve number IX, the name is _______, and the foramen exit is the ________ foramen

1. glossopharyngeal 2. jugular

cranial nerve number XII, the name is ______, and the foramen exit is the _____ canal

1. hypoglossal 2. hypoglossal

cranial nerve number is I; the name is ________, and the foramen of exit is the ________ foramina in the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone

1. olfactory 2. olfactory

cranial nerve number is II, the name is _______, and the foramen of exit is the ________ canal.

1. optic 2. optic

Blood that enters the heart through the superior vena cava (SVC) and the inferior vena cava (IVC) enters the ______ atrium (chamber). It then flows past the ______ AV valve and enters the ____ ventricle (chamber). Next blood is pumped past the ___________ valve and enters the ________ trunk (vessel), which carries it to the ____. Blood returns to the heart through the ________ veins (vessels), and enters the _____ atrium (chamber). For here it flows past the ______ AV valve and enters the ______ ventricle (chamber). The blood is then pumped past the __________ valve into the ____ (vessel), where it travels through the systemic circulation and sends oxygenated blood to the body's tissues.

1. right 2. right 3. right 4. pulmonary semilunar 5. pulmonary trunk 6. lungs 7. pulmonary veins 8. left 9. left 10. left 11. aortic semilunar 12. aorta

List three functions of astrocytes

1. transfer nutrients to neurons from the blood 2. reinforce the blood barrier 3. maintain the extracellular environment around the neurons

cranial nerve number is V, the name is _______, and the foramen of exit is the ______ orbital fissure for (V1 ______), foramen _______ for (V2 ______), and foramen ______ for (V3 ______)

1. trigeminal 2. superior a. opthalmic 3. rotundum a. maxillary 4. ovale a. mandibular

cranial nerve number is IV, the name is ________, and the foramen of exit is the ________ orbital fissure

1. trochlear 2. superior

cranial nerve number X, the name is _______, and the foramen exit is the ________ foramen

1. vagus 2. jugular

dural venous sinuses carry ________ and ________

1. venous blood 2. cerebrospinal fluid

cranial nerve number VIII, the name is ______, and the foramen exit is the _____ acoustic meauts

1. vestibulochlear 2. internal

the pons is associated with which ventricular structure?

4th ventricle

the counterpart of a neurolemmocyte (schwann cell) in the CNS is

an oligodendrocyte

cells that help reinforce the blood brain barrier

astrocytes

this leukocyte releases histamine and heparin, and are involved in the inflammatory reponse

basophils

a cranial nerve is a nerve that originates from the

brain

dark staining material found within the soma of a neuron, but absent in the axon hillock region; rough endoplasmic reticulum that functions in the production of membrane associated proteins

chromatophilic (nissil) substance

allow for the passage of axons of the olfactory receptor cells form the olfactory epithelium to the olfactory bulb, where they will synapse with other nuerons

cribriform foramina

forms the roof of the nasal cavity

cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone

the anterior leg has the _______ nerve

deep fibular

these cells produce the hormone somatostain

delta cells

multiple branching processes of a neuron that brings information into the cell body

dendrite

the dura mater is composed of ___________ connective tissue

dense irregular

this wall layer has endothelial cells plus some connective tissue and smooth muscle

endocardium

surrounds an individual axon

endonerium

the connective tissue covering that surrounds the individual axon

endonerium

this leukocyte fights parasitic infections and mediate (neutralize) the effects of histamines. phagocytize antigen-antibody complexes and allergens

eosinophils

cells that line the ventricles of the brain

ependymal cells

surrounds the entire nerve

epinerium

these transport oxygen and carbon dioxide, and participate in regulation of the pH of blood

erythrocytes (red blood cells, RBCs)

a dural septum that lies between the two cerebral hemispheres is the

false cerebri

within an entire nerve, the axons that are grouped into bundles

fascicles

the anterior thigh has the _____ nerve

femoral

a thyroid gland that produces a hormone called thyroid hormones

follicular cells

receptor that is located in the dermis, ending in glands and hair follicles, with some extending into the epidermis

free nerve ending

a collection of neuron cell bodies in the PNS is

ganglion

a small bump above a tendon or in the capsule that encloses a joint, a synovial hernia

ganglion

is it more common for brain tumors to arise from neurons or from glial cells?

glial cells, because they are more abundant than neurons and retain the capacity for cell division

the lumbar region of the spinal cord has the predominant tissue of ______ matter

gray

the sacral region of the spinal cord has the predominant tissue of ______ matter

gray

a convoluted ridge between anatomical grooves of folded brain tissue

gyrus

what does the difference in size between superior and inferior colliculi tell you about the influence this region of the brain has on the overall functioning of a sheep vs. a human.

inferior colliculi shape is oval projections because that is for auditory reflexes. superior colliculi are rounded for projections for your eyes,

controls auditory reflexes such as the sudden turning of the head toward the source of a very loud sound

inferior colliculus

all dural venous sinuses eventually drain into the ________ vein

internal jugular

what would be the effect of severing tge corpus callosum?

it would be like a split brain, there wold not be a form of communication, the hemispheres would work alone.

receptor that is located deep within the reticular layer of the dermis

lamellated (pacinian) corpuscle

the ventricles of the brain that are located within the cerebral hemispheres are the

lateral ventricles

these protect the body from pathogens, fight infections, and remove dead or damaged tissues

leukocytes (white blood cells, WBCs)

brain structures such as the mammillary bodies, which are involved with the sucking reflex and emotions, are part of the _________ system.

limbic

this leukocyte is responsible for the specific immune response to infection. each type of has a specific function in fighting pathogens

lymphocytes

cells that become phagocytes in response to tissue injury

microglia

glial cell that is located in the CNS; its function is, microglia are derived from blood monocytes, and they are the resident macrophages in the CNS. they are normally very small (hence the name), but transform into very large, phagocytic cells (macrophages) when tissues are injured. as macrophages they engulf dead tissue and/or pathogens and remove from the CNS.

microglia

glial cells in the CNS derived from circulating monocytes are

microglia

this leukocyte circulate cells. when they migrate out of the bloodstream, they become large, phagocytic cells called macrophages. they have little to no function in circulating blood

monocytes

a muscle nerve or center that effects or produces motion (efferent)

motor

this wall layer is composed of layers of cardiac muscle in addition to elastic fibers and loose connective tissue between the layers

myocardium

a collection of myelinated axons in the PNS is

nerves

a bare region on a myelinated axon where there is an absence of myelin and where action potentials are generated

neurofibril node (node of ranvier)

cells that myelinate axons in the peripheral nervous system

neurolemmocytes (schwann cells)

glial cell that is located in the PNS; its function is, to myelinate axons in the peripheral nervous system each cell can myelinate only one axon.

neurolemmocytes (schwann cells)

this leukocyte is important in fighting bacterial infections. they migrate out of the blood toward the site of infection, where they phagocytize bacteria and damaged tissues

neutrophils

a collection of neuron cell bodies in the CNS is

nucleus

the medial thigh has the _______ nerve

obturator

the _______ lobe of the brain is involved with the sense of vision

occipital

the location where axons from olfactory receptor cells synapse with other neurons that will carry the information to the brain via the olfactory tract

olfactory bulb

bipolar neurons that function as sensory receptors for olfaction (smell)

olfactory receptor cells

consists of myelinated axons of neurons that originate in the olfactory bulb and carry olfactory information to the brain

olfactory tract

cells that myelinate axons in the central nervous system

oligodendrocytes

glial cell that is located in the CNS; its function is, to myelinate axons in the central nervous system. can myelinate multiple axons.

oligodendrocytes

a parathyroid gland that produces an unknown hormone

oxyphil cells

a thyroid gland that produces a hormone called calcitonin

parafollicular cells

a fascicle of axons is surrounded by a connective tissue sheath called the

perinerium

surrounds a fascicle of axons

perinerium

the connective tissue covering that surrounds each fascicle

perinerium

these play a role in hemostasis (blood clotting). when activated the surfaces become spiny instead of smooth and they become very "sticky" forming a platelet plug that helps stop bleeding from the blood vessel wall

platelets

what is chromatophilc substance?

rough ER that stains darkly

glial cell that is located in the PNS; its function is, to sit right outside the cell bodies of somatic sensory neurons, hence the appearance of "satellites" around those neurons. they provide general support for the neurons and are analagous in function to astrocytes in the CNS

satellite cells

glial cells found in peripheral nervous system

satellite cells

the posterior thigh has the _____ nerve

sciatic (tibial division)

transmitting impulses from sense organs to nerve centers (afferent)

sensory

the lateral leg has the _______ nerve

superficial fibular

controls visual reflexes, such as the sudden turning of the head toward the source of a flashing light

superior colliculus

surround and support the specialized olfactory receptor cells

supporting (sustentacular) cells

swelling ont the ends of an axon that forms synapses with effector organs such as glands and muscle fibers

synaptic knobs

receptor that is located within the dermal papillae

tactile (meissner) corpuscle

receptor that is located at the junction between the dermis and the epidermis

tactile disc (merkle disc)

branches at the end of an axon, which each process containing a synaptic knob at its end

teloendria (axon terminals)

the _________ separates the cerebral hemispheres of the brain from the cerebellar hemispheres of the brain

transverse fissure

these cells in the adrenal cortex produces hormones called mineralcorticoids: aldosterone

zona glomerulosa

these cells in the adrenal cortex produces hormones called glucorticoids & gonadcorticoids: androgens

zona reticularis