Anatomy Lab Final
glial cell that is located in the CNS; its function is, epithelial cells that line the ventricles (fluid filled spaces) of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord. unlike other epithelial, the DO NOT have a basement membrane
ependymal cells
this wall layer is composed of a serous membrane with an underlying layer of elastic fibers and adipose connective tissue
epicardium
an entire peripheral nerve that is bundled by connective tissue
epinerium
cranial nerve number VI, the name is _______, and the foramen exit is the ______ orbital fissure
1. abducens 2. superior
cranial nerve number XI, the name is ____, and the foramen exit is the _______ foramen (accessory division) and _____ magnum (spinal division)
1. accessory 2. jugular 3. foramen
what are the three meninges that cover the brain and spinal cord?
1. dura mater 2. arachnoid mater 3. pia mater
cranial nerve number is III, the name is ________, and the foramen of exit is the _______ orbital fissure
1. oculomotor 2. superior
what are the three parts of the brain stem?
1. pons 2. medulla 3. midbrain
these cells produce the hormone glucagon
alpha cells
somatic motor neurons innervate _________ muscle tissue
skeletal
is part of the PNS that is responsible for carrying motor and sensory information both to and from the CNS, voluntary muscle
somatic nervous system
a shallow groove on the surface of the brain separating adjacent convolutions
sulcus
where is an anterior horn cell found?
the anterior ventral horn
where is a purkinje cell located?
the cerebellum
where us a pyramidal cell found?
the cerebrum
an example of a special sensory organ is
the eye or ear
the posterior leg has the ______ nerve
tibial
a bundle of nerve fibers having a common origin, function, and termination
tract
a collection of myelinated axons in the CNS is
tract
the cervical region of the spinal cord has the predominant tissue of _______ matter
white
the thoracic region of the spinal cord has the predominant tissue of _______ matter
white
these cells in the adrenal cortex produces hormones called glucocorticoids: cortisol
zona fasciculata
glial cell that is located in the CNS; its function is, general supporting cells in the CNS. transfer nutrients to neurons from the blood. reinforce the blood brain barrier. maintain the extracellular environment around the neurons,
astrocytes
involuntary nervous system, a division of the PNS that functions as a control system (breathing, heart rate)
autonomic nervous system
a single large process of a neuron that conducts information away from the cell body of a neuron
axon
a light staining region where the axon leaves the cell body of a neuron; devoid of chromatophilic substance; the location where action potentials are generated by a neuron
axon hillock
the part of a neuron distinguished by its notable absence of chromatophilic substance is called the
axon hillock
thought to be the precursor cells to the olfactory receptor cells and supporting cells
basal cells
ependymal cells re unique as epithelia in that they do not have a
basement membrane
these cells produce the hormone insulin
beta cells
where is chromatophilic substance found
cell body
the part of the neuron that contains the nucleus and cellular organelles
cell body (soma)
the __________ separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe of the brain
central sulcus
the medulla oblongata is associated with which ventricular structure?
cerebro medullary sistern
a parathyroid gland that produces a hormone called parathyroid hormone (parathormone)
chief (principal) cells
these cells in the adrenal medulla produces hormones called catecholamines: epinephrine & norepinephrine
chromaffin cells
apical ends are the site of interaction between dissolved odiferous substances and the olfactory receptor cells
cilia
the __________ is a fiber tract that connects the left cerebral hemisphere to the right cerebral hemisphere
corpus callosum
these cells produce the hormone pancreatic polypeptide
F cells
cerebrospinal fluid circulates between the _______ mater and the _________ mater
1. arachnoid 2. pia
a patient with an astrocytoma has a tumor that is derived from ______. this tumor would be located in what part of the nervous system?
1. astrocytes 2. CNS
visceral motor neurons innervate ______ or ________ muscle tissue, or _______
1. cardiac 2. smooth 3. glands
a multipolar neuron has many _____ and a single ______
1. dendrites 2. axon
cranial nerve number VII, the name is _______, and the foramen exit is the ________ acoustic meatus (exits via the stylomastoid foramen)
1. facial 2. internal
cranial nerve number IX, the name is _______, and the foramen exit is the ________ foramen
1. glossopharyngeal 2. jugular
cranial nerve number XII, the name is ______, and the foramen exit is the _____ canal
1. hypoglossal 2. hypoglossal
cranial nerve number is I; the name is ________, and the foramen of exit is the ________ foramina in the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone
1. olfactory 2. olfactory
cranial nerve number is II, the name is _______, and the foramen of exit is the ________ canal.
1. optic 2. optic
Blood that enters the heart through the superior vena cava (SVC) and the inferior vena cava (IVC) enters the ______ atrium (chamber). It then flows past the ______ AV valve and enters the ____ ventricle (chamber). Next blood is pumped past the ___________ valve and enters the ________ trunk (vessel), which carries it to the ____. Blood returns to the heart through the ________ veins (vessels), and enters the _____ atrium (chamber). For here it flows past the ______ AV valve and enters the ______ ventricle (chamber). The blood is then pumped past the __________ valve into the ____ (vessel), where it travels through the systemic circulation and sends oxygenated blood to the body's tissues.
1. right 2. right 3. right 4. pulmonary semilunar 5. pulmonary trunk 6. lungs 7. pulmonary veins 8. left 9. left 10. left 11. aortic semilunar 12. aorta
List three functions of astrocytes
1. transfer nutrients to neurons from the blood 2. reinforce the blood barrier 3. maintain the extracellular environment around the neurons
cranial nerve number is V, the name is _______, and the foramen of exit is the ______ orbital fissure for (V1 ______), foramen _______ for (V2 ______), and foramen ______ for (V3 ______)
1. trigeminal 2. superior a. opthalmic 3. rotundum a. maxillary 4. ovale a. mandibular
cranial nerve number is IV, the name is ________, and the foramen of exit is the ________ orbital fissure
1. trochlear 2. superior
cranial nerve number X, the name is _______, and the foramen exit is the ________ foramen
1. vagus 2. jugular
dural venous sinuses carry ________ and ________
1. venous blood 2. cerebrospinal fluid
cranial nerve number VIII, the name is ______, and the foramen exit is the _____ acoustic meauts
1. vestibulochlear 2. internal
the pons is associated with which ventricular structure?
4th ventricle
the counterpart of a neurolemmocyte (schwann cell) in the CNS is
an oligodendrocyte
cells that help reinforce the blood brain barrier
astrocytes
this leukocyte releases histamine and heparin, and are involved in the inflammatory reponse
basophils
a cranial nerve is a nerve that originates from the
brain
dark staining material found within the soma of a neuron, but absent in the axon hillock region; rough endoplasmic reticulum that functions in the production of membrane associated proteins
chromatophilic (nissil) substance
allow for the passage of axons of the olfactory receptor cells form the olfactory epithelium to the olfactory bulb, where they will synapse with other nuerons
cribriform foramina
forms the roof of the nasal cavity
cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone
the anterior leg has the _______ nerve
deep fibular
these cells produce the hormone somatostain
delta cells
multiple branching processes of a neuron that brings information into the cell body
dendrite
the dura mater is composed of ___________ connective tissue
dense irregular
this wall layer has endothelial cells plus some connective tissue and smooth muscle
endocardium
surrounds an individual axon
endonerium
the connective tissue covering that surrounds the individual axon
endonerium
this leukocyte fights parasitic infections and mediate (neutralize) the effects of histamines. phagocytize antigen-antibody complexes and allergens
eosinophils
cells that line the ventricles of the brain
ependymal cells
surrounds the entire nerve
epinerium
these transport oxygen and carbon dioxide, and participate in regulation of the pH of blood
erythrocytes (red blood cells, RBCs)
a dural septum that lies between the two cerebral hemispheres is the
false cerebri
within an entire nerve, the axons that are grouped into bundles
fascicles
the anterior thigh has the _____ nerve
femoral
a thyroid gland that produces a hormone called thyroid hormones
follicular cells
receptor that is located in the dermis, ending in glands and hair follicles, with some extending into the epidermis
free nerve ending
a collection of neuron cell bodies in the PNS is
ganglion
a small bump above a tendon or in the capsule that encloses a joint, a synovial hernia
ganglion
is it more common for brain tumors to arise from neurons or from glial cells?
glial cells, because they are more abundant than neurons and retain the capacity for cell division
the lumbar region of the spinal cord has the predominant tissue of ______ matter
gray
the sacral region of the spinal cord has the predominant tissue of ______ matter
gray
a convoluted ridge between anatomical grooves of folded brain tissue
gyrus
what does the difference in size between superior and inferior colliculi tell you about the influence this region of the brain has on the overall functioning of a sheep vs. a human.
inferior colliculi shape is oval projections because that is for auditory reflexes. superior colliculi are rounded for projections for your eyes,
controls auditory reflexes such as the sudden turning of the head toward the source of a very loud sound
inferior colliculus
all dural venous sinuses eventually drain into the ________ vein
internal jugular
what would be the effect of severing tge corpus callosum?
it would be like a split brain, there wold not be a form of communication, the hemispheres would work alone.
receptor that is located deep within the reticular layer of the dermis
lamellated (pacinian) corpuscle
the ventricles of the brain that are located within the cerebral hemispheres are the
lateral ventricles
these protect the body from pathogens, fight infections, and remove dead or damaged tissues
leukocytes (white blood cells, WBCs)
brain structures such as the mammillary bodies, which are involved with the sucking reflex and emotions, are part of the _________ system.
limbic
this leukocyte is responsible for the specific immune response to infection. each type of has a specific function in fighting pathogens
lymphocytes
cells that become phagocytes in response to tissue injury
microglia
glial cell that is located in the CNS; its function is, microglia are derived from blood monocytes, and they are the resident macrophages in the CNS. they are normally very small (hence the name), but transform into very large, phagocytic cells (macrophages) when tissues are injured. as macrophages they engulf dead tissue and/or pathogens and remove from the CNS.
microglia
glial cells in the CNS derived from circulating monocytes are
microglia
this leukocyte circulate cells. when they migrate out of the bloodstream, they become large, phagocytic cells called macrophages. they have little to no function in circulating blood
monocytes
a muscle nerve or center that effects or produces motion (efferent)
motor
this wall layer is composed of layers of cardiac muscle in addition to elastic fibers and loose connective tissue between the layers
myocardium
a collection of myelinated axons in the PNS is
nerves
a bare region on a myelinated axon where there is an absence of myelin and where action potentials are generated
neurofibril node (node of ranvier)
cells that myelinate axons in the peripheral nervous system
neurolemmocytes (schwann cells)
glial cell that is located in the PNS; its function is, to myelinate axons in the peripheral nervous system each cell can myelinate only one axon.
neurolemmocytes (schwann cells)
this leukocyte is important in fighting bacterial infections. they migrate out of the blood toward the site of infection, where they phagocytize bacteria and damaged tissues
neutrophils
a collection of neuron cell bodies in the CNS is
nucleus
the medial thigh has the _______ nerve
obturator
the _______ lobe of the brain is involved with the sense of vision
occipital
the location where axons from olfactory receptor cells synapse with other neurons that will carry the information to the brain via the olfactory tract
olfactory bulb
bipolar neurons that function as sensory receptors for olfaction (smell)
olfactory receptor cells
consists of myelinated axons of neurons that originate in the olfactory bulb and carry olfactory information to the brain
olfactory tract
cells that myelinate axons in the central nervous system
oligodendrocytes
glial cell that is located in the CNS; its function is, to myelinate axons in the central nervous system. can myelinate multiple axons.
oligodendrocytes
a parathyroid gland that produces an unknown hormone
oxyphil cells
a thyroid gland that produces a hormone called calcitonin
parafollicular cells
a fascicle of axons is surrounded by a connective tissue sheath called the
perinerium
surrounds a fascicle of axons
perinerium
the connective tissue covering that surrounds each fascicle
perinerium
these play a role in hemostasis (blood clotting). when activated the surfaces become spiny instead of smooth and they become very "sticky" forming a platelet plug that helps stop bleeding from the blood vessel wall
platelets
what is chromatophilc substance?
rough ER that stains darkly
glial cell that is located in the PNS; its function is, to sit right outside the cell bodies of somatic sensory neurons, hence the appearance of "satellites" around those neurons. they provide general support for the neurons and are analagous in function to astrocytes in the CNS
satellite cells
glial cells found in peripheral nervous system
satellite cells
the posterior thigh has the _____ nerve
sciatic (tibial division)
transmitting impulses from sense organs to nerve centers (afferent)
sensory
the lateral leg has the _______ nerve
superficial fibular
controls visual reflexes, such as the sudden turning of the head toward the source of a flashing light
superior colliculus
surround and support the specialized olfactory receptor cells
supporting (sustentacular) cells
swelling ont the ends of an axon that forms synapses with effector organs such as glands and muscle fibers
synaptic knobs
receptor that is located within the dermal papillae
tactile (meissner) corpuscle
receptor that is located at the junction between the dermis and the epidermis
tactile disc (merkle disc)
branches at the end of an axon, which each process containing a synaptic knob at its end
teloendria (axon terminals)
the _________ separates the cerebral hemispheres of the brain from the cerebellar hemispheres of the brain
transverse fissure
these cells in the adrenal cortex produces hormones called mineralcorticoids: aldosterone
zona glomerulosa
these cells in the adrenal cortex produces hormones called glucorticoids & gonadcorticoids: androgens
zona reticularis