Anatomy- MMC
True regarding the areas of narrowing in the esophagus, except: - Most proximal narrowing is at the level of cricopharyngeus muscle - The cervical constriction is the most common area where foreign body are dislodged - The middle most narrowing is where the right main stem bronchus and aortic arch cross - Distal end is where the esophagus enters the hiatus of the diaphragm at the level of T10
The cervical constriction is the most common area where foreign body are dislodged. Four esophageal constriction: 1. Pharyngoesophageal junction- narrowest and common area for foreign body dislodgment (C5/6; 6 inches) 2. Arch of aorta (T4; 9 inches) 3. Left main bronchus (T5; 11 inches) 4. Diaphragmatic (T10/11; 15 inches)
Blood supply of vagina
UTERINE ARTERY: supplies SUPERIOR part of vagina MIDDLE RECTAL ARTERY: supplies MIDDLE part of vagina VAGINAL ARTERY & INTERNAL PUDENDAL ARTERY: supplies INFERIOR part of vagina
Structures contained within the spermatic cord
Vas deferens Testicular artery Pampiniform plexus Genitofemoral nerve *Ilioinguinal nerve lies SUPERFICIAL to the EXTERNAL spermatic cord, NOT within the spermatic cord
Zones of the liver acinus
Zone 1 (Periportal Zone) - Surrounds terminal branches of portal vein and hepatic artery -Highest oxygen and nutrient content - MOST METABOLICALLY ACTIVE - Affected first in VIRAL HEPATITIS and toxic substance ingestion - Involved in the pathology of PREECLAMPSIA Zone 2 (Intermediate Zone) - Affected in YELLOW FEVER Zone 3 (Pericentral/Centrilobular Zone) - Borders central vein - Least amount of oxygen and nutrient - Affected first in ISCHEMIA and ALCOHOLIC HEPATITIS - MOST SENSITIVE to metabolic toxins
Which of the following incorrectly describes the hypopharynx? - Located between the superior border of the epiglottis and inferior border of the cricoid cartilage (C6) - Continuous inferiorly with the esophagus - The pharyngeal constrictor muscles are innervated only by the vagus nerve - The stylopharyngeus muscle is the only muscle innervated by the glossopharyngeal nerve
The pharyngeal constrictor muscles are innervated only by the vagus nerve. Pharyngeal constrictor muscles: - superior - middle - inferior Innervation: - the pharyngeal plexus with fibers from CN IX-XI, innervates ALL the muscles of pharynx EXCEPT for stylopharyngeus (which is innervated directly by CN IX)
True about pharynx except: - The pharynx is a muscular tube located superiorly to the nasal cavity and inferior to the oral cavities - The nasopharynx contains the opening of the eustachian tubes that connect the pharynx to the middle ear - The oropharynx include soft palate, tonsils, and base of the tongue - The laryngopharynx refers to the portion of the pharynx where the cavity diverges anteriorly into the larynx and posteriorly into the esophagus
The pharynx is a muscular tube located superiorly to the nasal cavity and inferior to the oral cavities.
Boundaries of inguinal canal
"MALT" Superior/Roof: - Internal oblique MUSCLE - Transverse abdominis MUSCLE Anterior: - APONEUROSIS of external oblique - APONEUROSIS of internal oblique Inferior/Floor: - Inguinal LIGAMENT - Lacunar LIGAMENT Posterior: - TRANSVERSALIS fascia - conjoint TENDON
Nerves that arises from the posterior cord of the brachial plexus
"Rugby Team Don't Cover Bruises" - Root - Trunk - Division - Cord - Branches "ULTRA" competitive: posterior cord: - Upper subscapular nerve - Lower subscapular nerve - Thoracodorsal nerve - Radial nerve - Axillary nerve "Long Legged Movers": lateral cord - Lateral pectoral nerve - Lateral root of median nerve - Musculocutaneous nerve "Makes Many Movements Using Muscles": medial cord - Medial branch cutaneous nerve - Medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve - Medial pectoral nerve - Ulnar nerve - Medial root of median nerve
Structures within the retroperitoneal space
"SAD PUCKER" S- suprarenal/adrenal glands A- aorta/IVC D- duodenum except the proximal 2 cm P- pancreas except the tail U- ureters C- colon (ascending and descending) K- kidneys E- esophagus R- rectum, middle third NOT covered by visceral peritoneum
Structures that pass through the greater sciatic foramen
"SNIP NIP" - Sciatic nerve - Nerve to the obturator internus - Internal pudendal artery - Pudendal nerve - Nerve to quadratus femoris - Inferior gluteal vessels - Posterior cutaneous nerve of thigh
Common fibular nerve
- "COMMON PERONEAL NERVE" - L4-S2 - Posterior division of SCIATIC NERVE - Innervates the LATERAL and ANTERIOR leg - Begins at the apex of the popliteal fossa and terminates at the neck of the fibula - Courses at the MEDIAL border of the BICEPS FEMORIS muscle - SUPERFICIAL fibular nerve innervates the LATERAL leg - DEEP fibular nerve innervates the ANTERIOR leg - "FOOT DROP" deformity if deep fibular nerve is injured
internal thoracic artery
- Branch of SUBCLAVIA ARTERY - Gives off SUPERIOR EPIGASTRIC and MUSCULOPHRENIC arteries at the 6TH or 7TH intercoastal space - Supplies costal and sternum - Courses at the posterior and lateral margin of the sternum
Recurrent laryngeal nerve
- Branch of the VAGUS nerve -Innervates intrinsic muscles of the larynx EXCEPT the cricothyroid - Not recurrent in 0.5% of patients - LEFT RLN loops around the ARCH OF AORTA - RIGHT RLN loops around the RIGHT SUBCLAVIAN ARTERY - During surgery, the RIGHT RLN is more susceptible to damage because it's closer to the bifurcation of the right inferior thyroid artery
Brunner's glands
- Characteristic finding of the DUODENUM - Located in the SUBMUCOSA - Produce mucous secrete containing BICARBONATE that neutralizes the gastric acid Other structures found in related to Brunner's glands: - Crypts of Lieberkuhn - Paneth cells
Thyroidea ima
- Comes from BRACHIOCEPHALIC TRUNK - An accessory artery in which only a small portion (<10%) of population have - Also supplies the trachea, parathyroid gland, and thymus gland
Foramen of Winslow
- Communication between greater and lesser sacs - The hepatoduodenal ligament is located just anterior to it - Potential space for internal bowel herniation
Whipple procedure
- Also known as a pancreaticoduodenectomy - Pancreatic head, duodenum, gall bladder, and distal gastrectomy - Final outcome is gastrojejunostomy and pancreaticojejunostomy
Superficial muscles of posterior arm
Brachioradialis Extensor carpi radialis longus Anconeus Extensor carpi radialis brevi Extensor digitorum communis Extensor digiti minimi Extensor carpi ulnaris
Which of the following muscles wraps around the vagina and tightens it during a vigorous manual stimulation?
Bulbospongiousus
From which cranial nerves (2) will the muscles of the soft palate (velum) receive?
CN V (trigeminal) and CN X (vagus) Soft Palate Muscles: - Tensor veli palatini (CN V3) - Levator veli palatini (CN X) - Palatopharyngeus (CN X) - Palatoglossus (CN X) - Uvula muscle (CN X)
fascia of perineum
Dartos Fascia- superficial fascia of penis and scrotum Buck's Fascia- deep fascia of penis Colles' Fascia- superficial perineal fascia Gallaudet's Fascia- deep investing fascia equivalent
"Winged" appearance of scapula
Due to injury of the LONG THORACIC NERVE which innervates the SERRATUS ANTERIOR muscle
Layers of the heart wall
Epicardium- simple squamous membrane Myocardium Endocardium- simple squamous membrane
Male:female reproductive organs counterpart
Epididymis : Gartner's duct Prostate : Skene's glands Cowper's/Bulbourethral gland : Bartholin's gland Processus vaginalis : Canal of Nuck Gubernaculum testis : round ligament of uterus
Greater vs lesser pelvis
GREATER PELVIS - Lies superior to the linea terminalis and pelvic inlet - Bounded by the abdominal wall anteriorly, ala of ilium laterally, and L5 and S1 posteriorly - Location of ABDOMINAL viscera such as the sigmoid colon and some ileum LESSER PELVIS - Between the pelvic inlet and pelvic outlet - Bounded by the pelvic surfaces of the hip bone, sacrum, and coccyx - Location of PELVIC viscera such as urinary bladder, uterus, and ovaries - Obstetric significance
Through and through injury to proximal duodenum will damage which artery?
Gastroduodenal artery
Innervation of cremasteric reflex
Genitofemoral nerve
Types of pelvis
Gynecoid Android Anthropoid Platypelloid (rarest)
Where is blood pressure highest?
HIGHEST in the ARTERIES LOWEST in the CAPILLARIES
The cremaster muscle is a continuation of which muscle
Internal oblique muscle
Landmark in doing pudendal block anesthesia through a transvaginal approach
Ischial spine
Structures in the superficial perineal space
Ischiocavernous Bulbospongiousus Superficial transverse perineal muscle Crus penis Crus of clitoris Perineal body Prostatic urethra Membranous urethra *Spongy urethra is located in the DEEP perineal space
left vs right lung
Left: 2 lobes Right: 3 lobes
Calcitonin is essential in what disease process of the thyroid gland?
Medullary thyroid cancer - Calcitonin is produced by PARAFOLLICULAR CELLS - Less common than papillary thyroid cancer
What is the embryonic origin of the adrenal cortex?
Mesoderm
Muscle constrictor of lip
Orbicularis oris
Muscles that receive innervation from the femoral nerve
Psoas major Iliacus Rectus femoris Vastus lateralis Vactus medialis Sartorius Pectineus
Levator ani muscle group
Puborectalis Pubococcygeus Iliococcygeus
Branch of this nerve serves as a sensory component upon penile and clitoral stimulation
Pudendal nerve
Venous drainage of the liver segments
Right hepatic vein: V VI VII VIII Middle hepatic vein: IV V VIII Left hepatic vein: II III IV Dual venous drainage from RIGHT and MIDDLE vein: V VIII
Blood supply of the three divisions of rectum
Upper third- superior rectal artery from inferior mesenteric artery Middle third- middle rectal artery from internal iliac artery Lower third- inferior rectal artery from internal pudendal artery
Anatomic snuffbox
- Contains the RADIAL artery - Medially: extensor pollicis longus - Laterally: extensor pollicis brevis and abductor pollicis longus - Floor is made up of scaphoid and trapezium
Adductor's Canal ("Hunter's Canal")
- Contains the SAPHENOUS NERVE which is the largest cutaneous branch of the femoral nerve - Serves as a passageway for structures moving between the ANTERIOR THIGH and POSTERIOR LEG - As the ARTERY exits the canal, it terminates to become the POSTERIOR TIBIAL ARTERY
Anatomy of thymus
- Derived from the 3rd pharyngeal pouch starting at 6th week AOG - By 8th week AOG, it assumes its final position - Located at the superior and anterior part of inferior mediastinum - Between the inferior thyroid gland and 4th costal cartilage - Parallel to the left and right gland is the phrenic nerve - Cortical portion contains precursor T lymphocytes - Medullary portion is largely composed Hassall's corpuscles - Thymic capillaries are non-fenestrated and have thick basement membrane making it impermeable to proteins Stages of thymocytes: 1. Positive selection 2. Negative selection (autoreactives ones are removed) 3. Differentiation into T helper and T killer cells Blood supply: - Internal thoracic artery - Superior and inferior thyroid artery Drainage: - Innominate vein - Superior and inferior thyroid veins Innervation: - Vagus nerve - Sympathetic trunk Di George Syndrome (22q deletion) - Aplasia of thymus - Detrimental effect on T-cell development causing immunodeficiency
Small saphenous vein
- Drains into POPLITERAL vein - superficial drainage of lateral foot and leg - The deep veins (posterior tibial, anterior tibial, fibular, popliteal, femoral) are separated from the superficial veins by a series of valves. These valves ensure blood flows from the superficial system to the deep system and prevent backflow. Incompetence of these valves results in tortuous veins, called VARICOSE VEINS
Tributaries of coronary sinus
- Drains into the RIGHT ATRIUM - Great cardiac vein courses along with the LEFT CIRCUMFLEX CORONARY ARTERY FIVE TRIBUTARIES: 1. Great cardiac vein - anterior interventricular artery 2. Middle cardiac vein - posterior interventricular artery 3. Small cardiac vein - marginal artery 4. Oblique vein of left atrium of Marshal 5. Posterior vein of the left ventricle
Enlargement of the left atrium can cause?
- Dysphagia due to compression of the esophagus - Hoarseness due to compression of the left recurrent laryngeal nerve (a branch of the vagus)
Quadrangular membrane
- Extends from the lateral aspects of arytenoid and epiglottic cartilage - The aryepiglottic ligament forms the free superior margin - The vestibular ligament forms the free inferior margin
Frey's syndrome
- Injury to AUROCILOTEMPORAL NERVE of CN V in parotid region - Haphazard regeneration leads to redness and hyperhidrosis of ipsilateral cheek while eating sour fruits
adrenal glands
- Left gland is semilunar in shape - Anterior surface is covered by parietal peritoneum - Both are retroperitoneal in location - Periphrenic fascia encloses the adrenal glands and kidneys
Stomach
- Lesser curvature receives its blood supply from the left and right gastric artery - Lymph drainage from the gastroesophageal junction passes to the celiac lymph nodes - Lesser sac lies behind the stomach - Splenic artery runs along the upper border of the pancreas and lies behind the stomach
Thyroid gland
- Located in the anterior neck spanning between C5 and T1 - Bounded within the pretracheal fascia - The most posterior extension of the medial thyroid lobes are called the LIGAMENTS OF BERRY connecting the thyroid gland to the trachea - Blood supply to the thyroid gland is achieved by the main arteries: the SUPERIOR and INFERIOR thyroid arteries
Position of Rectum
- Only middle third is located retroperitoneal - Only upper third is covered with peritoneum at its interior and lateral surface
Sublingual salivary gland
- Produce mainly MUCUS - Secretions drain into the oral cavity by minor sublingual ducts of RIVINUS - Blood supply: external carotid artery - Venous drainage: internal jugular vein
Parotid gland
- Produces SEROUS saliva - Drained by the RETROMANDIBULAR VEIN, formed by the union of SUPERFICIAL TEMPORAL and MAXILLARY veins - Blood supply is from the POSTERIOR AURICULAR ARTERY and SUPERFICIAL TEMPORAL ARTERY - The FACIAL NERVE divides the gland into superficial and deep lobes
Thoracic duct
- Receives lymph from the left side of the head, neck, chest, abdomen, left arm, and lower extremities - Empties into the junction of the LEFT SUBCLAVIAN VEIN and LEFT INTERNAL JUGULAR VEIN - Larger than the right lymphatic duct (Which drains the right head up to right upper extremity and thorax at T12) - Drains into the ANGLE OF PIROGOFF
Superior vena cava syndrome
- Seen in lung cancer that obstructs the SVC - Causes distended head and neck veins with edema, cyanosis, and shortness of breath
Mallory-Weiss syndrome
- Tear of distal esophagus from retching in alcoholic, bulimic, or hiatial hernia - Upper GI bleeding - Bleeding vessel is the LEFT GASTRIC ARTERY
Cardiac anatomy
- The tricuspid valve and mitral valve make up the atrioventricular valve - There are FIVE papillary muscles in total (two on the left, three on the right) - EPICARDIUM is the outermost layer of the heart formed by the VISCERAL layer of the pericardium
Anatomy of the diaphragm
- Unpaired muscle - Anterior: xiphoid process - Lateral: 11th to 12th ribs - Posterior: lumbar vertebrae - RIGHT DOME is higher because of the liver - The longer right crus and shorter left crus make up the esophageal hiatus at T10 - Motor function is supplied by the phrenic nerve (C3-C5) Blood supply: - Subcostal arteries - Last 5 pairs of intercostal arteries, - Superior & inferior phrenic artery Three openings: 1. caval hiatus (IVC; T8) 2. esophageal hiatus (esophagus, right vagus nerve; T10) 3. aortic hiatus (aorta, azygous vein, thoracic duct; T12)
Fascia of the abdomen
1. Superficial fascia is divided into: - Superficial fatty layer: CAMPER'S FASCIA - Deep membranous layer: SCARPA'S FASCIA 2. Deep fascia is the rectus sheath (continuous with BUCK'S FASCIA over the penis)
Mediastinum contents
ANTERIOR: - Inferior portion of thymus - Mediastinal branches of internal thoracic vessels - Sternopericardial ligaments MIDDLE: - Pericardial sac - Heart - Pulmonary trunk - Ascending aorta - Pulmonary veins - Superior vena cava - Inferior vena cava - Tracheal bifurcation POSTERIOR: - Descending thoracic aorta - Azygous and hemiazygous vein - Thoracic duct and cisterna chyli - Esophagus - Vagus nerve - Thoracic splanchnic nerve - Lymphatics
Ligaments of uterus
BROAD LIGAMENT- uterus and ovaries 1. Mesometrium 2. Mesovarium (does not cover the ovaries itself) 3. Mesosalpinx LIGAMENTS ASSOCIATED WITH THE OVARIES: 1. Ovarian ligament- lies within the broad ligament and joins the ovaries to the uterus 2. Suspensory/Infundibulopelvic ligament- contains the ovarian vessels and consists of a fold of the peritoneum LIGAMENTS ASSOCIATED WITH THE UTERUS: 1. Round ligament- remnant of the EMBRYONIC GUBERNACULUM. It originates at the UTERINE HORNS (the points at which the fallopian tubes enter the uterus) and can be a source of pain during pregnancy, due to the increased force placed on the ligament by the expanding uterus. 2. Cardinal/Lateral/Transverse/Mackenrodt's ligament- houses the uterine artery and vein. When a hysterectomy is being performed due to a malignancy, the cardinal ligaments are often removed as they are common reservoir of cancerous cells. 3. Pubocervical ligaments- support the uterus within the pelvic cavity 4. Uterosacral ligament- attach the cervix to the sacrum
Triangle of Calot during cholecystectomy
Cystic duct Common hepatic duct Inferior border of the liver
Most common cause of diverticulitis
Descending colon Diverticulosis is a medical condition in which multiple sac-like protrusions called diverticula develop along the colon. Their highest frequency is within the sigmoid part. Diverticulosis has numerous risk factors, such as low fiber diet, physical inactivity, obesity and constipation. Diverticulosis is generally asymptomatic until the diverticula become inflamed (diverticulitis). This condition manifests with abdominal pain in the left iliac fossa, nausea, vomiting and low-grade fever. Uncomplicated diverticulitis is usually treated with oral antibiotics.
Extrinsic muscles of the larynx
Elevators: - suprahyoid - digastric - stylohyoid - mylohyoid - geniohyoid - stylopharyngeus - salpingopharyngeus - palatopharyngeus Depressors: - infrahyoid - sternohyoid - sternothyroid - omohyoid Intrinsic Muscles: - Cricothyroid - Thyroarytenoids - Cricoarytenoids (lateral, posterior, and transverse. Transverse in the only one unpaired)
A 30 y.o primigravid underwent spontaneous vaginal delivery with a midline episiotomy resulting in a full tear of theperineal body. The perineal body provides attachment to what structure?
External anal sphincter
The superior thyroid artery is a branch of what artery?
External carotid artery
Muscles of the chest wall
External intercostal Internal intercostal Subcostals Transversus thoracis
Embryologic origin of gut
Foregut: - Pharynx to proximal duodenum - Celiac artery Midgut: - Proximal duodenum to proximal 2/3 of transverse colon - Superior mesenteric artery Hindgut: - Distal 1/3 transverse colon to anus - Inferior mesenteric artery Ligament of Treitz - Delineates the duodenum from the jejunom - NOT the foregut from the midgut
Valve of Heister Valve of Houston Valve of Kohlrausch Valve of Bauhin
Heister- spiral folds in the endoluminal surface of the cystic duct Houston- superior, middle, and inferior semi-lunar transverse folds in the rectum Kohlrausch- the middle rectal valve and is the strongest Bauhin- ileocecal valve separating the small intestine from the large intestine
A 65 y.o underwent Hernioplasty for an indirect inguinal hernia on the right. He now complains of occasional right groinpains. Inadvertent injury to this nerve would likely explain his symptom:
Ilioinguinal nerve
When an emergency opening into the airway is required, the cricothyroid membrane should be pierced immediately where?
Inferior to the thyroid cartilage
Rotator cuff muscle that is a lateral rotator of the shoulder and is supplied by a trunk of the brachial plexus
Infraspinatus "SITS" - Supraspinatus: abduction - Infraspinatus: external rotation - Teres minor: external rotation - Supraspinatus: internal rotation
Muscle layers of stomach from inside to outside
Inner OBLIQUE Middle CIRCULAR Outer LONGITUDINAL
jejunum vs ileum
Jejunum: - Appears redder - Has PLICAE CIRCULARIS - Thicker wall - Longer vasa recta - Fewer arterial arcades Ileum: - Longer - Prominent PEYER'S PATCHES (small aggregates of lymphatic tissues) - Shorter vasa recta - Many arterial arcades - More fatty mesentery
Blood supply anastomosis in lesser and greater curvature of stomach
Lesser curvature- left and right gastric artery Greater curvature- gastroduodenal and splenic artery
Effect of ligation of main vagal trunk that innervates the anterior and posterior surfaces of the stomach
Loss of motor innervation of the pylorus
True about false vocal cords: - has significant role in voice production - covered by stratified, squamous epithelium - made up of vestibular folds - all of the above
Made up of vestibular folds - it is the TRUE vocal cords that have significant role in voice production - FALSE vocal cords serve as a secondary sphincter to constrict the larynx - FALSE VC: respiratory epithelium - TRUE VC: stratified squamous epithelium
Cells in the stomach
Mucous neck cells- mucous layer Parietal cells- hydrochloric acid Chief cells- pepsinogen, an inactive precursor that will transform into active pepsin during low pH
True regarding cricoid cartilage? - Made up of elastic cartilage - Superiorly located to the thyroid cartilage - Only complete ring of cartilage around the trachea - Inferior border is attached to the first tracheal ring via the cricothyroid ligament
Only complete ring of cartilage around the trachea - Made up of HYALINE cartilage - INFERIORLY located to the thyroid cartilage - Inferior border is attached to the first tracheal ring via the CRICOTRACHEAL ligament Emergency cricothyrotomy - in the CRICOTHYROID membrane - BELOW the thyroid cartilage and ABOVE the cricothyroid cartilage
Part of the Waldeyer's ring that is not paired
PHARYNGEAL tonsil (adenoid) and LINGUAL tonsil Paired: - tubal (Gerlach's) tonsils - palatine tonsil
Muscle that divides the axillary artery into three parts
Pectoralis minor
Arteries that originate from the popliteal artery
Popliteal Artery - continuation of FEMORAL artery - Gives off to ANTERIOR and POSTERIOR TIBIAL ARTERIES Popliteal artery entrapment syndrome (PAES) The popliteal artery runs between the two heads of the gastrocnemius muscle of the leg. Any variations that occur here can lead to intermittent claudication (pain due to insufficient blood supply) during muscle contraction. This leads to repetitive trauma to the popliteal artery which in turn may result in arterial thrombosis and thromboembolism or formation of aneurysms. The popliteal artery entrapment syndrome can be classified based on what caused the popliteal artery to become compressed. Types 1 and 4 are due to abnormalities in the course of the popliteal artery, while types 2 and 3 are due to an abnormal insertion of the medial head of the gastrocnemius muscle. Type 5 is entrapment of both the popliteal artery and popliteal vein whereas type 6 is compression of the popliteal artery during leg movements but in the absence of any anatomic abnormality. Treatment involves surgically releasing the popliteal artery by myotomy (removal of muscle) of either the medial or lateral head of the gastrocnemius.
Part of the male urethra that receives the ejaculatory ducts?
Prostatic urethra
Lymph drainage of esophagus
Proximal third- deep cervical lymph node Middle third- superior and posterior mediastinal nodes Distal third- left gastric and celiac nodes
Vessel that is directly connected to the right ventricle and transports blood towards the lungs
Pulmonary artery
A patient has improperly fitting axillary crutch and now suffers from an injury to the branch of the brachial plexus resulting to?
Radial nerve palsy- weakness in extension of fingers, thumb, and wrist; wrist drop Median nerve injury: - "ape hand deformity" inability to move thumb away from the rest of the hand - "hand of benediction" inability to flex the 3rd and 4th digit - paralysis of thenar muscles Ulnar nerve injury - "claw hand" inability to extend the 4th and 5th digit resulting to permanent flexion - wasting of hypothenar eminence and intrinsic muscles of hand
Gallbladder can be localized in its fossa between which 2 anatomical lobes?
Right and quadrate lobes
Cancer of the esophagus presents with early metastasis due to the absence of which layer?
Serosa
Blood supply of fundus to stomach
Short gastric artery
Through and through injury to the body of the stomach will damage which artery?
Splenic artery
Which part of the colon is most susceptible to ischemia?
Splenic flexure
Dartos fascia in male scrotum is derived from what abdominal wall layer?
Subcutaneous tissue
Branch of the sacral plexus that runs above the piriformis?
Superior gluteal nerve
Arcuate line of rectus sheath
Superior to the line: - The anterior layer is derived from the external oblique aponeurosis and the anterior lamina of the internal oblique aponeurosis - The posterior layer is made up of the posterior lamina of the internal oblique aponeurosis and the tranverse abdominal aponeurosis Inferior to the line: - Anterior rectus sheath is formed by the external oblique aponeurosis + laminae of internal oblique aponeurosis + transversus abdominis aponeurosis
Borders of the femoral triangle/Scarpa's triangle
Superiorly: inguinal ligament Medially: medial adductor longus Laterally: medial sartorius Medial floor: pectineus & adductor longus Lateral floor: iliopsoas
Deep muscles of the posterior forearm
Supinator Abductor pollicis longus Extensor pollicis brevis Extensor pollicis longus Extensor indicis