Anatomy- MMC

True regarding the areas of narrowing in the esophagus, except: - Most proximal narrowing is at the level of cricopharyngeus muscle - The cervical constriction is the most common area where foreign body are dislodged - The middle most narrowing is where the right main stem bronchus and aortic arch cross - Distal end is where the esophagus enters the hiatus of the diaphragm at the level of T10

The cervical constriction is the most common area where foreign body are dislodged. Four esophageal constriction: 1. Pharyngoesophageal junction- narrowest and common area for foreign body dislodgment (C5/6; 6 inches) 2. Arch of aorta (T4; 9 inches) 3. Left main bronchus (T5; 11 inches) 4. Diaphragmatic (T10/11; 15 inches)

Blood supply of vagina

UTERINE ARTERY: supplies SUPERIOR part of vagina MIDDLE RECTAL ARTERY: supplies MIDDLE part of vagina VAGINAL ARTERY & INTERNAL PUDENDAL ARTERY: supplies INFERIOR part of vagina

Structures contained within the spermatic cord

Vas deferens Testicular artery Pampiniform plexus Genitofemoral nerve *Ilioinguinal nerve lies SUPERFICIAL to the EXTERNAL spermatic cord, NOT within the spermatic cord

Zones of the liver acinus

Zone 1 (Periportal Zone) - Surrounds terminal branches of portal vein and hepatic artery -Highest oxygen and nutrient content - MOST METABOLICALLY ACTIVE - Affected first in VIRAL HEPATITIS and toxic substance ingestion - Involved in the pathology of PREECLAMPSIA Zone 2 (Intermediate Zone) - Affected in YELLOW FEVER Zone 3 (Pericentral/Centrilobular Zone) - Borders central vein - Least amount of oxygen and nutrient - Affected first in ISCHEMIA and ALCOHOLIC HEPATITIS - MOST SENSITIVE to metabolic toxins

Which of the following incorrectly describes the hypopharynx? - Located between the superior border of the epiglottis and inferior border of the cricoid cartilage (C6) - Continuous inferiorly with the esophagus - The pharyngeal constrictor muscles are innervated only by the vagus nerve - The stylopharyngeus muscle is the only muscle innervated by the glossopharyngeal nerve

The pharyngeal constrictor muscles are innervated only by the vagus nerve. Pharyngeal constrictor muscles: - superior - middle - inferior Innervation: - the pharyngeal plexus with fibers from CN IX-XI, innervates ALL the muscles of pharynx EXCEPT for stylopharyngeus (which is innervated directly by CN IX)

True about pharynx except: - The pharynx is a muscular tube located superiorly to the nasal cavity and inferior to the oral cavities - The nasopharynx contains the opening of the eustachian tubes that connect the pharynx to the middle ear - The oropharynx include soft palate, tonsils, and base of the tongue - The laryngopharynx refers to the portion of the pharynx where the cavity diverges anteriorly into the larynx and posteriorly into the esophagus

The pharynx is a muscular tube located superiorly to the nasal cavity and inferior to the oral cavities.

Boundaries of inguinal canal

"MALT" Superior/Roof: - Internal oblique MUSCLE - Transverse abdominis MUSCLE Anterior: - APONEUROSIS of external oblique - APONEUROSIS of internal oblique Inferior/Floor: - Inguinal LIGAMENT - Lacunar LIGAMENT Posterior: - TRANSVERSALIS fascia - conjoint TENDON

Nerves that arises from the posterior cord of the brachial plexus

"Rugby Team Don't Cover Bruises" - Root - Trunk - Division - Cord - Branches "ULTRA" competitive: posterior cord: - Upper subscapular nerve - Lower subscapular nerve - Thoracodorsal nerve - Radial nerve - Axillary nerve "Long Legged Movers": lateral cord - Lateral pectoral nerve - Lateral root of median nerve - Musculocutaneous nerve "Makes Many Movements Using Muscles": medial cord - Medial branch cutaneous nerve - Medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve - Medial pectoral nerve - Ulnar nerve - Medial root of median nerve

Structures within the retroperitoneal space

"SAD PUCKER" S- suprarenal/adrenal glands A- aorta/IVC D- duodenum except the proximal 2 cm P- pancreas except the tail U- ureters C- colon (ascending and descending) K- kidneys E- esophagus R- rectum, middle third NOT covered by visceral peritoneum

Structures that pass through the greater sciatic foramen

"SNIP NIP" - Sciatic nerve - Nerve to the obturator internus - Internal pudendal artery - Pudendal nerve - Nerve to quadratus femoris - Inferior gluteal vessels - Posterior cutaneous nerve of thigh

Common fibular nerve

- "COMMON PERONEAL NERVE" - L4-S2 - Posterior division of SCIATIC NERVE - Innervates the LATERAL and ANTERIOR leg - Begins at the apex of the popliteal fossa and terminates at the neck of the fibula - Courses at the MEDIAL border of the BICEPS FEMORIS muscle - SUPERFICIAL fibular nerve innervates the LATERAL leg - DEEP fibular nerve innervates the ANTERIOR leg - "FOOT DROP" deformity if deep fibular nerve is injured

internal thoracic artery

- Branch of SUBCLAVIA ARTERY - Gives off SUPERIOR EPIGASTRIC and MUSCULOPHRENIC arteries at the 6TH or 7TH intercoastal space - Supplies costal and sternum - Courses at the posterior and lateral margin of the sternum

Recurrent laryngeal nerve

- Branch of the VAGUS nerve -Innervates intrinsic muscles of the larynx EXCEPT the cricothyroid - Not recurrent in 0.5% of patients - LEFT RLN loops around the ARCH OF AORTA - RIGHT RLN loops around the RIGHT SUBCLAVIAN ARTERY - During surgery, the RIGHT RLN is more susceptible to damage because it's closer to the bifurcation of the right inferior thyroid artery

Brunner's glands

- Characteristic finding of the DUODENUM - Located in the SUBMUCOSA - Produce mucous secrete containing BICARBONATE that neutralizes the gastric acid Other structures found in related to Brunner's glands: - Crypts of Lieberkuhn - Paneth cells

Thyroidea ima

- Comes from BRACHIOCEPHALIC TRUNK - An accessory artery in which only a small portion (<10%) of population have - Also supplies the trachea, parathyroid gland, and thymus gland

Foramen of Winslow

- Communication between greater and lesser sacs - The hepatoduodenal ligament is located just anterior to it - Potential space for internal bowel herniation

Whipple procedure

- Also known as a pancreaticoduodenectomy - Pancreatic head, duodenum, gall bladder, and distal gastrectomy - Final outcome is gastrojejunostomy and pancreaticojejunostomy

Superficial muscles of posterior arm

Brachioradialis Extensor carpi radialis longus Anconeus Extensor carpi radialis brevi Extensor digitorum communis Extensor digiti minimi Extensor carpi ulnaris

Which of the following muscles wraps around the vagina and tightens it during a vigorous manual stimulation?

Bulbospongiousus

From which cranial nerves (2) will the muscles of the soft palate (velum) receive?

CN V (trigeminal) and CN X (vagus) Soft Palate Muscles: - Tensor veli palatini (CN V3) - Levator veli palatini (CN X) - Palatopharyngeus (CN X) - Palatoglossus (CN X) - Uvula muscle (CN X)

fascia of perineum

Dartos Fascia- superficial fascia of penis and scrotum Buck's Fascia- deep fascia of penis Colles' Fascia- superficial perineal fascia Gallaudet's Fascia- deep investing fascia equivalent

"Winged" appearance of scapula

Due to injury of the LONG THORACIC NERVE which innervates the SERRATUS ANTERIOR muscle

Layers of the heart wall

Epicardium- simple squamous membrane Myocardium Endocardium- simple squamous membrane

Male:female reproductive organs counterpart

Epididymis : Gartner's duct Prostate : Skene's glands Cowper's/Bulbourethral gland : Bartholin's gland Processus vaginalis : Canal of Nuck Gubernaculum testis : round ligament of uterus

Greater vs lesser pelvis

GREATER PELVIS - Lies superior to the linea terminalis and pelvic inlet - Bounded by the abdominal wall anteriorly, ala of ilium laterally, and L5 and S1 posteriorly - Location of ABDOMINAL viscera such as the sigmoid colon and some ileum LESSER PELVIS - Between the pelvic inlet and pelvic outlet - Bounded by the pelvic surfaces of the hip bone, sacrum, and coccyx - Location of PELVIC viscera such as urinary bladder, uterus, and ovaries - Obstetric significance

Through and through injury to proximal duodenum will damage which artery?

Gastroduodenal artery

Innervation of cremasteric reflex

Genitofemoral nerve

Types of pelvis

Gynecoid Android Anthropoid Platypelloid (rarest)

Where is blood pressure highest?

HIGHEST in the ARTERIES LOWEST in the CAPILLARIES

The cremaster muscle is a continuation of which muscle

Internal oblique muscle

Landmark in doing pudendal block anesthesia through a transvaginal approach

Ischial spine

Structures in the superficial perineal space

Ischiocavernous Bulbospongiousus Superficial transverse perineal muscle Crus penis Crus of clitoris Perineal body Prostatic urethra Membranous urethra *Spongy urethra is located in the DEEP perineal space

left vs right lung

Left: 2 lobes Right: 3 lobes

Calcitonin is essential in what disease process of the thyroid gland?

Medullary thyroid cancer - Calcitonin is produced by PARAFOLLICULAR CELLS - Less common than papillary thyroid cancer

What is the embryonic origin of the adrenal cortex?

Mesoderm

Muscle constrictor of lip

Orbicularis oris

Muscles that receive innervation from the femoral nerve

Psoas major Iliacus Rectus femoris Vastus lateralis Vactus medialis Sartorius Pectineus

Levator ani muscle group

Puborectalis Pubococcygeus Iliococcygeus

Branch of this nerve serves as a sensory component upon penile and clitoral stimulation

Pudendal nerve

Venous drainage of the liver segments

Right hepatic vein: V VI VII VIII Middle hepatic vein: IV V VIII Left hepatic vein: II III IV Dual venous drainage from RIGHT and MIDDLE vein: V VIII

Blood supply of the three divisions of rectum

Upper third- superior rectal artery from inferior mesenteric artery Middle third- middle rectal artery from internal iliac artery Lower third- inferior rectal artery from internal pudendal artery

Anatomic snuffbox

- Contains the RADIAL artery - Medially: extensor pollicis longus - Laterally: extensor pollicis brevis and abductor pollicis longus - Floor is made up of scaphoid and trapezium

Adductor's Canal ("Hunter's Canal")

- Contains the SAPHENOUS NERVE which is the largest cutaneous branch of the femoral nerve - Serves as a passageway for structures moving between the ANTERIOR THIGH and POSTERIOR LEG - As the ARTERY exits the canal, it terminates to become the POSTERIOR TIBIAL ARTERY

Anatomy of thymus

- Derived from the 3rd pharyngeal pouch starting at 6th week AOG - By 8th week AOG, it assumes its final position - Located at the superior and anterior part of inferior mediastinum - Between the inferior thyroid gland and 4th costal cartilage - Parallel to the left and right gland is the phrenic nerve - Cortical portion contains precursor T lymphocytes - Medullary portion is largely composed Hassall's corpuscles - Thymic capillaries are non-fenestrated and have thick basement membrane making it impermeable to proteins Stages of thymocytes: 1. Positive selection 2. Negative selection (autoreactives ones are removed) 3. Differentiation into T helper and T killer cells Blood supply: - Internal thoracic artery - Superior and inferior thyroid artery Drainage: - Innominate vein - Superior and inferior thyroid veins Innervation: - Vagus nerve - Sympathetic trunk Di George Syndrome (22q deletion) - Aplasia of thymus - Detrimental effect on T-cell development causing immunodeficiency

Small saphenous vein

- Drains into POPLITERAL vein - superficial drainage of lateral foot and leg - The deep veins (posterior tibial, anterior tibial, fibular, popliteal, femoral) are separated from the superficial veins by a series of valves. These valves ensure blood flows from the superficial system to the deep system and prevent backflow. Incompetence of these valves results in tortuous veins, called VARICOSE VEINS

Tributaries of coronary sinus

- Drains into the RIGHT ATRIUM - Great cardiac vein courses along with the LEFT CIRCUMFLEX CORONARY ARTERY FIVE TRIBUTARIES: 1. Great cardiac vein - anterior interventricular artery 2. Middle cardiac vein - posterior interventricular artery 3. Small cardiac vein - marginal artery 4. Oblique vein of left atrium of Marshal 5. Posterior vein of the left ventricle

Enlargement of the left atrium can cause?

- Dysphagia due to compression of the esophagus - Hoarseness due to compression of the left recurrent laryngeal nerve (a branch of the vagus)

Quadrangular membrane

- Extends from the lateral aspects of arytenoid and epiglottic cartilage - The aryepiglottic ligament forms the free superior margin - The vestibular ligament forms the free inferior margin

Frey's syndrome

- Injury to AUROCILOTEMPORAL NERVE of CN V in parotid region - Haphazard regeneration leads to redness and hyperhidrosis of ipsilateral cheek while eating sour fruits

adrenal glands

- Left gland is semilunar in shape - Anterior surface is covered by parietal peritoneum - Both are retroperitoneal in location - Periphrenic fascia encloses the adrenal glands and kidneys

Stomach

- Lesser curvature receives its blood supply from the left and right gastric artery - Lymph drainage from the gastroesophageal junction passes to the celiac lymph nodes - Lesser sac lies behind the stomach - Splenic artery runs along the upper border of the pancreas and lies behind the stomach

Thyroid gland

- Located in the anterior neck spanning between C5 and T1 - Bounded within the pretracheal fascia - The most posterior extension of the medial thyroid lobes are called the LIGAMENTS OF BERRY connecting the thyroid gland to the trachea - Blood supply to the thyroid gland is achieved by the main arteries: the SUPERIOR and INFERIOR thyroid arteries

Position of Rectum

- Only middle third is located retroperitoneal - Only upper third is covered with peritoneum at its interior and lateral surface

Sublingual salivary gland

- Produce mainly MUCUS - Secretions drain into the oral cavity by minor sublingual ducts of RIVINUS - Blood supply: external carotid artery - Venous drainage: internal jugular vein

Parotid gland

- Produces SEROUS saliva - Drained by the RETROMANDIBULAR VEIN, formed by the union of SUPERFICIAL TEMPORAL and MAXILLARY veins - Blood supply is from the POSTERIOR AURICULAR ARTERY and SUPERFICIAL TEMPORAL ARTERY - The FACIAL NERVE divides the gland into superficial and deep lobes

Thoracic duct

- Receives lymph from the left side of the head, neck, chest, abdomen, left arm, and lower extremities - Empties into the junction of the LEFT SUBCLAVIAN VEIN and LEFT INTERNAL JUGULAR VEIN - Larger than the right lymphatic duct (Which drains the right head up to right upper extremity and thorax at T12) - Drains into the ANGLE OF PIROGOFF

Superior vena cava syndrome

- Seen in lung cancer that obstructs the SVC - Causes distended head and neck veins with edema, cyanosis, and shortness of breath

Mallory-Weiss syndrome

- Tear of distal esophagus from retching in alcoholic, bulimic, or hiatial hernia - Upper GI bleeding - Bleeding vessel is the LEFT GASTRIC ARTERY

Cardiac anatomy

- The tricuspid valve and mitral valve make up the atrioventricular valve - There are FIVE papillary muscles in total (two on the left, three on the right) - EPICARDIUM is the outermost layer of the heart formed by the VISCERAL layer of the pericardium

Anatomy of the diaphragm

- Unpaired muscle - Anterior: xiphoid process - Lateral: 11th to 12th ribs - Posterior: lumbar vertebrae - RIGHT DOME is higher because of the liver - The longer right crus and shorter left crus make up the esophageal hiatus at T10 - Motor function is supplied by the phrenic nerve (C3-C5) Blood supply: - Subcostal arteries - Last 5 pairs of intercostal arteries, - Superior & inferior phrenic artery Three openings: 1. caval hiatus (IVC; T8) 2. esophageal hiatus (esophagus, right vagus nerve; T10) 3. aortic hiatus (aorta, azygous vein, thoracic duct; T12)

Fascia of the abdomen

1. Superficial fascia is divided into: - Superficial fatty layer: CAMPER'S FASCIA - Deep membranous layer: SCARPA'S FASCIA 2. Deep fascia is the rectus sheath (continuous with BUCK'S FASCIA over the penis)

Mediastinum contents

ANTERIOR: - Inferior portion of thymus - Mediastinal branches of internal thoracic vessels - Sternopericardial ligaments MIDDLE: - Pericardial sac - Heart - Pulmonary trunk - Ascending aorta - Pulmonary veins - Superior vena cava - Inferior vena cava - Tracheal bifurcation POSTERIOR: - Descending thoracic aorta - Azygous and hemiazygous vein - Thoracic duct and cisterna chyli - Esophagus - Vagus nerve - Thoracic splanchnic nerve - Lymphatics

Ligaments of uterus

BROAD LIGAMENT- uterus and ovaries 1. Mesometrium 2. Mesovarium (does not cover the ovaries itself) 3. Mesosalpinx LIGAMENTS ASSOCIATED WITH THE OVARIES: 1. Ovarian ligament- lies within the broad ligament and joins the ovaries to the uterus 2. Suspensory/Infundibulopelvic ligament- contains the ovarian vessels and consists of a fold of the peritoneum LIGAMENTS ASSOCIATED WITH THE UTERUS: 1. Round ligament- remnant of the EMBRYONIC GUBERNACULUM. It originates at the UTERINE HORNS (the points at which the fallopian tubes enter the uterus) and can be a source of pain during pregnancy, due to the increased force placed on the ligament by the expanding uterus. 2. Cardinal/Lateral/Transverse/Mackenrodt's ligament- houses the uterine artery and vein. When a hysterectomy is being performed due to a malignancy, the cardinal ligaments are often removed as they are common reservoir of cancerous cells. 3. Pubocervical ligaments- support the uterus within the pelvic cavity 4. Uterosacral ligament- attach the cervix to the sacrum

Triangle of Calot during cholecystectomy

Cystic duct Common hepatic duct Inferior border of the liver

Most common cause of diverticulitis

Descending colon Diverticulosis is a medical condition in which multiple sac-like protrusions called diverticula develop along the colon. Their highest frequency is within the sigmoid part. Diverticulosis has numerous risk factors, such as low fiber diet, physical inactivity, obesity and constipation. Diverticulosis is generally asymptomatic until the diverticula become inflamed (diverticulitis). This condition manifests with abdominal pain in the left iliac fossa, nausea, vomiting and low-grade fever. Uncomplicated diverticulitis is usually treated with oral antibiotics.

Extrinsic muscles of the larynx

Elevators: - suprahyoid - digastric - stylohyoid - mylohyoid - geniohyoid - stylopharyngeus - salpingopharyngeus - palatopharyngeus Depressors: - infrahyoid - sternohyoid - sternothyroid - omohyoid Intrinsic Muscles: - Cricothyroid - Thyroarytenoids - Cricoarytenoids (lateral, posterior, and transverse. Transverse in the only one unpaired)

A 30 y.o primigravid underwent spontaneous vaginal delivery with a midline episiotomy resulting in a full tear of theperineal body. The perineal body provides attachment to what structure?

External anal sphincter

The superior thyroid artery is a branch of what artery?

External carotid artery

Muscles of the chest wall

External intercostal Internal intercostal Subcostals Transversus thoracis

Embryologic origin of gut

Foregut: - Pharynx to proximal duodenum - Celiac artery Midgut: - Proximal duodenum to proximal 2/3 of transverse colon - Superior mesenteric artery Hindgut: - Distal 1/3 transverse colon to anus - Inferior mesenteric artery Ligament of Treitz - Delineates the duodenum from the jejunom - NOT the foregut from the midgut

Valve of Heister Valve of Houston Valve of Kohlrausch Valve of Bauhin

Heister- spiral folds in the endoluminal surface of the cystic duct Houston- superior, middle, and inferior semi-lunar transverse folds in the rectum Kohlrausch- the middle rectal valve and is the strongest Bauhin- ileocecal valve separating the small intestine from the large intestine

A 65 y.o underwent Hernioplasty for an indirect inguinal hernia on the right. He now complains of occasional right groinpains. Inadvertent injury to this nerve would likely explain his symptom:

Ilioinguinal nerve

When an emergency opening into the airway is required, the cricothyroid membrane should be pierced immediately where?

Inferior to the thyroid cartilage

Rotator cuff muscle that is a lateral rotator of the shoulder and is supplied by a trunk of the brachial plexus

Infraspinatus "SITS" - Supraspinatus: abduction - Infraspinatus: external rotation - Teres minor: external rotation - Supraspinatus: internal rotation

Muscle layers of stomach from inside to outside

Inner OBLIQUE Middle CIRCULAR Outer LONGITUDINAL

jejunum vs ileum

Jejunum: - Appears redder - Has PLICAE CIRCULARIS - Thicker wall - Longer vasa recta - Fewer arterial arcades Ileum: - Longer - Prominent PEYER'S PATCHES (small aggregates of lymphatic tissues) - Shorter vasa recta - Many arterial arcades - More fatty mesentery

Blood supply anastomosis in lesser and greater curvature of stomach

Lesser curvature- left and right gastric artery Greater curvature- gastroduodenal and splenic artery

Effect of ligation of main vagal trunk that innervates the anterior and posterior surfaces of the stomach

Loss of motor innervation of the pylorus

True about false vocal cords: - has significant role in voice production - covered by stratified, squamous epithelium - made up of vestibular folds - all of the above

Made up of vestibular folds - it is the TRUE vocal cords that have significant role in voice production - FALSE vocal cords serve as a secondary sphincter to constrict the larynx - FALSE VC: respiratory epithelium - TRUE VC: stratified squamous epithelium

Cells in the stomach

Mucous neck cells- mucous layer Parietal cells- hydrochloric acid Chief cells- pepsinogen, an inactive precursor that will transform into active pepsin during low pH

True regarding cricoid cartilage? - Made up of elastic cartilage - Superiorly located to the thyroid cartilage - Only complete ring of cartilage around the trachea - Inferior border is attached to the first tracheal ring via the cricothyroid ligament

Only complete ring of cartilage around the trachea - Made up of HYALINE cartilage - INFERIORLY located to the thyroid cartilage - Inferior border is attached to the first tracheal ring via the CRICOTRACHEAL ligament Emergency cricothyrotomy - in the CRICOTHYROID membrane - BELOW the thyroid cartilage and ABOVE the cricothyroid cartilage

Part of the Waldeyer's ring that is not paired

PHARYNGEAL tonsil (adenoid) and LINGUAL tonsil Paired: - tubal (Gerlach's) tonsils - palatine tonsil

Muscle that divides the axillary artery into three parts

Pectoralis minor

Arteries that originate from the popliteal artery

Popliteal Artery - continuation of FEMORAL artery - Gives off to ANTERIOR and POSTERIOR TIBIAL ARTERIES Popliteal artery entrapment syndrome (PAES) The popliteal artery runs between the two heads of the gastrocnemius muscle of the leg. Any variations that occur here can lead to intermittent claudication (pain due to insufficient blood supply) during muscle contraction. This leads to repetitive trauma to the popliteal artery which in turn may result in arterial thrombosis and thromboembolism or formation of aneurysms. The popliteal artery entrapment syndrome can be classified based on what caused the popliteal artery to become compressed. Types 1 and 4 are due to abnormalities in the course of the popliteal artery, while types 2 and 3 are due to an abnormal insertion of the medial head of the gastrocnemius muscle. Type 5 is entrapment of both the popliteal artery and popliteal vein whereas type 6 is compression of the popliteal artery during leg movements but in the absence of any anatomic abnormality. Treatment involves surgically releasing the popliteal artery by myotomy (removal of muscle) of either the medial or lateral head of the gastrocnemius.

Part of the male urethra that receives the ejaculatory ducts?

Prostatic urethra

Lymph drainage of esophagus

Proximal third- deep cervical lymph node Middle third- superior and posterior mediastinal nodes Distal third- left gastric and celiac nodes

Vessel that is directly connected to the right ventricle and transports blood towards the lungs

Pulmonary artery

A patient has improperly fitting axillary crutch and now suffers from an injury to the branch of the brachial plexus resulting to?

Radial nerve palsy- weakness in extension of fingers, thumb, and wrist; wrist drop Median nerve injury: - "ape hand deformity" inability to move thumb away from the rest of the hand - "hand of benediction" inability to flex the 3rd and 4th digit - paralysis of thenar muscles Ulnar nerve injury - "claw hand" inability to extend the 4th and 5th digit resulting to permanent flexion - wasting of hypothenar eminence and intrinsic muscles of hand

Gallbladder can be localized in its fossa between which 2 anatomical lobes?

Right and quadrate lobes

Cancer of the esophagus presents with early metastasis due to the absence of which layer?

Serosa

Blood supply of fundus to stomach

Short gastric artery

Through and through injury to the body of the stomach will damage which artery?

Splenic artery

Which part of the colon is most susceptible to ischemia?

Splenic flexure

Dartos fascia in male scrotum is derived from what abdominal wall layer?

Subcutaneous tissue

Branch of the sacral plexus that runs above the piriformis?

Superior gluteal nerve

Arcuate line of rectus sheath

Superior to the line: - The anterior layer is derived from the external oblique aponeurosis and the anterior lamina of the internal oblique aponeurosis - The posterior layer is made up of the posterior lamina of the internal oblique aponeurosis and the tranverse abdominal aponeurosis Inferior to the line: - Anterior rectus sheath is formed by the external oblique aponeurosis + laminae of internal oblique aponeurosis + transversus abdominis aponeurosis

Borders of the femoral triangle/Scarpa's triangle

Superiorly: inguinal ligament Medially: medial adductor longus Laterally: medial sartorius Medial floor: pectineus & adductor longus Lateral floor: iliopsoas

Deep muscles of the posterior forearm

Supinator Abductor pollicis longus Extensor pollicis brevis Extensor pollicis longus Extensor indicis