TestBank 6 (evolution of the brain)

12. Drosophila have been important for the study of genetics because of their _______ and their giant _______. a. short generation time; chromosomes b. easy care; axons c. short generation time; axons d. unique behaviors; chromosomes

A

13. The field of study that involves the classification of animals into groups is called a. taxonomy. b. analogy. c. phylogeny. d. homology.

A

29. According to the fossil evidence, the weight of the Tyrannosaurus rex brain was probably a. appropriate for a reptile of that size. b. lighter than one would predict from the body weight. c. similar to that of a walnut. d. appropriate for a lamprey of that size.

A

30. The encephalization factor is greatest for which of the following species? a. Chimpanzees b. Blue whales c. Rats d. Moles

A

35. The encephalization factor is designated by the letter a. k. b. b. c. e. d. r.

A

42. The brain of the modern chimpanzee is about the same size as the brain of a. Australopithecus. b. Homo habilis. c. Homo erectus. d. Homo sapiens.

A

5. The current system that is used for classifying animals was originated by a. Carolus Linnaeus. b. Alfred Russel Wallace. c. Charles Darwin. d. Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck.

A

8. Which of the following lists is arranged from most inclusive to most specific? a. Phylum, class, family, genus b. Family, phylum, class, genus c. Phylum, family, order, genus d. Class, order, genus, family

A

As brain size developed throughout primate evolution, the _______ grew to be a larger proportion of the total brain size. a. cortex b. cerebellum c. hippocampus d. limbic system

A

Based on a comparison of the blood cells and liver cells of humans, chimpanzees, and rhesus monkeys, which statement is correct? a. Humans and chimpanzees are more similar to each other than either species is to rhesus monkeys. b. All three species are equally similar. c. Humans show no more similarity to chimpanzees than rhesus monkeys. d. Humans and rhesus monkeys are more similar to each other than either species is to chimpanzees.

A

Because brain expansion and technological progress were not well correlated in early hominins, it has been suggested that brain expansion may be attributable to a. sexual selection. b. natural selection. c. the evolution of language. d. innovative food seeking behaviors.

A

It is believed that the migration across the Bering Strait to the Americas occurred _______ years ago. a. 20,000 to 15,000 b. 45,000 to 35,000 c. 60,000 to 40,000 d. 80,000 to 60,00

A

The difference in DNA between humans and chimpanzees amounts to_______%. a. 1.2 b. 2.3 c. 7 d. 12

A

Which of the following supports the idea that sexual selection for creativity may be connected to selection for larger brain size? a. Bowerbird species that build the most elaborately decorated bowers have the largest brains. b. Women choose men with large muscles over men who paint beautiful art. c. Elephants have preferences for the color of paint they use when paints are provided. d. Creativity in men is independent of brain size.

A

15. Which statement regarding Darwinian evolution is false? a. Some of the variation among individuals is inherited. b. Morphological changes that occur during an individual's lifetime are passed on to the next generation. c. Individuals of a given generation are not identical. d. Not all the offspring of a given generation survive to reproduce.

B

18. A diffuse network of neurons, without ganglia, is seen in the nervous system of a. shrews. b. sea anemones. c. mollusks. d. bacteria.

B

20. Why is it believed that the storage of food for later use is an example of convergent evolution across species of birds? a. The hippocampus is enlarged in food-storing birds. b. Families of birds that store food are no more closely related to other food-storing families than they are to families of birds that do not store food. c. Some species that store food do not have enlarged hippocampi. d. Spatial memory is not important to species that do not store food.

B

22. Which statement about the rat brain is false? a. The cortex lacks convolutions. b. It lacks a corpus callosum. c. Compared to the human cerebral hemispheres, rat cerebral hemispheres make up a smaller proportion of total brain size. d. Compared to humans, rats have larger olfactory bulbs relative to overall brain size.

B

31. The greater the encephalization factor of a species, a. the greater the weight of its brain. b. the higher its value above the diagonal on a plot of brain weight versus body weight. c. the greater its ratio of brain weight to body weight. d. None of the above

B

34. Which vertebrate was first, in evolutionary terms, to exhibit relatively large cerebral hemispheres? a. Humans b. Reptiles c. Amphibians d. Birds

B

38. The human brain accounts for _______% of the metabolic budget at rest. a. 2 b. greater than 2 c. less than 2 d. 10

B

39. Which hominin emerged first in the course of evolution? a. Homo habilis b. Australopithecus c. Homo sapiens d. Homo erectus

B

40. An increase in the expression of the gene for b-catenin in transgenic mice produces a(n) a. smooth cortex. b. highly folded cortex. c. increase in the size of the frontal cortex. d. decrease in the size of the frontal cortex.

B

According to the principle of _______ selection, members of each sex exert selective pressure on members of the other sex in terms of both anatomical and behavioral features that favor reproductive success. a. natural b. sexual c. reproductive d. social

B

Brain volume in the genus Homo reached its present size about _______ years ago. a. 50,000 b. 150,000 c. 1 million d. 3 million

B

The existence of similar bones in the forelimbs of seals, bats, and humans is an example of a. taxonomy. b. homology. c. analogy. d. tautology.

B

The tail of the male peacock is _______; therefore; it must confer some _______ advantage. a. beautiful; economic b. energetically costly; reproductive c. beautiful; energetic d. energetically costly; food gathering

B

Which characteristic is not one of the main features of the vertebrate nervous system? a. Segmentation b. Giant axons c. Development from a hollow neural tube d. Bilateral symmetry

B

Which of the following is not due to different alleles? a. Eye color b. Five fingers on each hand c. Levels of enzyme function d. Susceptibility to disease

B

Which of the following would not be considered a part of evolutionary psychology? a. Whether females have a preference for humor b. How auditory neurons process the frequencies of human speech c. Determining which sex is choosier for mate selection d. Studying the ideal waist-to-hip ratio preferred by men

B

Which statement has been proposed as the reason the human brain, in terms of its size, has likely reached a plateau? a. If the brain were larger, an adult head would be too heavy for the body to carry. b. The size of a baby's head already puts significant strain on the mother in terms of the difficulties of childbirth. c. Evolutionary pressures on humans have been removed because humans have already attained control over the environment. d. None of the above

B

10. Morphology refers to a. changing of the body or a body part. b. the function of a body part. c. the structure and form of a body or body part. d. the plasticity of body parts.

C

14. Which species is currently believed to be the most closely related to humans based on DNA analysis? a. Siamang gibbon b. Gorilla c. Bonobo d. Orangutan

C

21. In the platypus, which hunts primarily in murky water at night, the brain region most associated with _______ is very large compared to that of diurnal species. a. vision b. hearing c. touch d. chemical perception

C

24. All mammals have a neocortex that features _______ layers. a. three b. four c. six d. eight

C

25. On a graph in which brain weight is related to body weight using log scales, the line that best describes the relationship in mammals has a slope of about a. 0.5. b. 0.6. c. 0.7. d. 0.8.

C

27. Which class displays the most similarity to the ancestral vertebrates? a. Amphibians b. Birds c. Lampreys d. Reptiles

C

28. In terms of brain weight as a percentage of body weight, which animal ranks highest? a. Elephant b. Chimpanzee c. Mouse d. Sheep

C

32. The brain volume of fossils is studied by means of a. PET scans. b. radioimmunoassay. c. endocasts. d. None of the above

C

33. In a series of mammalian brains arranged by encephalization factor from small to large, the region that increases most is the a. hippocampus. b. medulla. c. neocortex. d. cerebellum.

C

37. Hominin hands reached the form found in modern humans during the time of a. Ardipithecus. b. Australopithecus. c. Homo habilis. d. Homo erectus.

C

4. The streamlined body forms of the tuna and the dolphin provide an example of a. analogy. b. homology. c. homoplasy. d. tautology.

C

6. Domestic dogs are classified into about a. four genera. b. two orders. c. one species. d. 400 species.

C

7. The main subdivision of a phylum is a(n) a. order. b. family. c. class. d. kingdom.

C

9. The description of the evolutionary history of a species is called a. taxonomy. b. analogy. c. phylogeny. d. homology.

C

Compared to other species, the _______ is the closest genetic relative of humans. a. common gibbon b. orangutan c. chimpanzee d. gorilla

C

Evolution of the brain and increased behavioral capacity advanced rapidly during the time of a. Australopithecus. b. Homo habilis. c. Homo erectus. d. Homo sapiens.

C

Learning probably developed _______ in the evolution of animals because learning is a mechanism of _______ changing environments. a. late; conservation of features in b. independently in species; adaptation to c. early; adaptation to d. early; conservation of features in

C

The similarity of body form in tadpoles and sharks suggests a. analogy. b. homology. c. homoplasy. d. involution.

C

Which relationship does not reflect convergent evolution for relative brain size? a. Large cerebellum in mammals and birds b. Large olfactory bulbs in some mammals and fishes c. Six-layered cortex in all mammals d. All of the above

C

Which scenario would not contribute to the ongoing process of natural selection in humans? a. Women choosing mates who earn large salaries b. A person inheriting malaria-fighting sickle-celled red blood cells c. The development of new drugs to treat cancer d. A mutated virus that selectively kills people with blue eyes

C

11. Hugo de Vries first described the process of _______, based on his studies of _______. a. adaptation; pea plants b. hybridization; primroses c. inheritance; pea plants d. mutation; primroses

D

16. The study of the inheritance of traits is called a. mutation. b. convergence. c. naturalism. d. genetics.

D

17. Which class has the greatest number of species? a. Mammals b. Birds c. Reptiles d. Insects

D

19. Among mammals, species that eat leaves and grasses tend to have brains that are _______ than those of species that eat fruit or insects. a. larger b. less efficient c. more metabolically costly d. smaller

D

23. Which statement about the brains of rats, elephants, apes, and humans is true? a. They all share the same structures except for the temporal cortex. b. Only the primates have hippocampi. c. The medulla is the largest in humans. d. They have all the same basic structures

D

26. Relative to body size, which organism has the smallest brain? a. Bird b. Shrew c. Reptile d. Lamprey

D

3. The main subdivision of an order is a a. phylum. b. class. c. genus. d. family.

D

36. Since Homo sapiens first appeared, its brain size appears to have a. increased rapidly. b. increased primarily in the neocortex. c. declined in the olfactory bulbs. d. reached a plateau.

D

41. If fossils of the following species were discovered and dated, which would be the most recent? a. Australopithecus b. Ardipithecus c. Homo habilis d. Homo erectus

D

A mouse has about the same ratio of brain weight to body weight as a(n) a. cat. b. whale. c. ant. d. human.

D

Which characteristic is likely the result of sexual selection in birds? a. Brighter coloring in males than in females of a species b. High complexity of mating songs in males of some bird species c. Greater size of males than females in many species d. All of the above

D

Which gene influences the size of the cerebral cortex in humans and chimpanzees? a. Caspase b. Arc c. Homer d. ASPM

D

Which group of genes appears to be selected for in the recent evolution of humans? a. Lactase, AGT, SNP b. DRD4, Cntnap2, TAS2R38 c. CCR5, SNP, G6PD d. CCR5, ASPM, Lactase

D

Which structure is not found in the lamprey brain? a. Midbrain b. Diencephalon c. Telencephalon d. None of the above—the lamprey brain contains all of these structures.

D

Which structure is relatively larger in the rat brain than it is in the human brain? a. Midbrain b. Cerebellum c. Olfactory bulb d. Both a and c

D

Which technique can be used as a kind of "molecular clock" to help determine how long ago a species diverged from a common ancestor? a. Relative size of the hippocampus b. Rate of expansion of the neocortex c. Convergent evolution d. Comparison of DNA samples

D

Which trait was the first to evolve into the form that most resembles its form in modern humans? a. Hands b. Teeth c. Cerebral volume d. Bipedal gait

D

_______ were the first hominins to create and use stone tools, an ability that reduced selection pressures for large jaws and teeth. a. Homo habilis b. Homo erectus c. Homo sapiens d. The australopithecines

D