anatomy sem
Inferior
Lower on the body, farther from the head
Which of the following membranes lines all body cavities that are open to the exterior?
Mucous
what are the survival needs?
Nutrients, oxygen, water, normal body temp. and atmospheric pressure
Which of the following activities represents a physiological study? Making a section through the kidney to observe its interior Examining the surface of a bone Viewing muscle tissue through a microscope Studying how the layers of the skin are organized Observing how the heart contracts to pump blood
Observing how the heart contracts to pump blood
Which layer of the epidermis is composed of flattened, dead, keratin-filled cells?
Stratum corneum
Which of the following reduces friction in movable joints, such as the knee?
Synovial fluid
Distal
farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
The large hole located in the base of the occipital bone that allows the spinal cord and brain to connect is the ________. vertebral foramen intervertebral foramen occipital condyle foramen magnum
foramen magnum
anterior
front of the body
Which system covers the external surface of the body and protects deeper tissues?
integumentary system
all the organ systems
integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, reproductive
the hyoid bone is unique because it ________. is the only bone of the body that does not directly articulate with any other bone is an irregular bone belongs to both the axial and appendicular skeletons largely consists of cartilage has no specific function
is the only bone of the body that does not directly articulate with any other bone
The area that contains glassy hyaline cartilage that provides a smooth slippery surface that decreases friction is indicated by ________. Label D (end of bone) Label A(inside of bone with air pocket) Label E Label H Label B
label D
The femur, tibia, humerus, and radius are all classified as ________. long bones irregular bones sesamoid bones compact bones flat bones
long bones
Which spinal curvature is associated with the lower back and appears when a baby begins to walk? Cervical Sacral Lumbar Thoracic Primary
lumbar
What are the necessary life functions?
maintaining boundaries, movement, responsiveness, digestion, metabolism, excretion, reproduction, growth
The sternum is the result of fusion of three bones called the ________. true ribs, manubrium, xiphoid process manubrium, body, xiphoid process pubis, ischium, ilium jugular notch, sternal angle, xiphisternal joint ischium, ilium, coccyx
manubrium, body, xiphoid process
The spinal cord is best described as _______ to the arms. lateral. medial. ventral (anterior). proximal.
medial
superficial
near the surface
Which of the following levels of organization is inclusive of all others? Tissue level Organ level Organ system level Cellular level Chemical level
organ system level
The process of bone formation is known as ________. hematopoiesis ossification metabolism hemostasis
ossification
What type of sensor monitors and responds to changes in the environment in a negative feedback loop? Control center Effector Receptor Stimulus
receptor
The nervous system consists of ________. muscles of the heart glands that produce hormones receptors and effectors bones, cartilage, and joints lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and lymphoid organs
receptors and effectors
Which of the following is not a function of the skeletal system? Protection of soft body organs Support the body Storage of fat and minerals Regulation of blood pressure
regulation of blood pressure
The ability to sense a mosquito landing on your arm and swat it away is described as ________. responsiveness (irritability) metabolism homeostasis excretion
responsiveness (irritability)
Where is the diaphysis?
shaft of bone
Cube-shaped bones that contain mostly spongy bone are called ________ bones. flat long short irregular
short
The skeletal muscles that contract and shorten to move the bones form the ________ system. reproductive skeletal endocrine muscular
skeletal
Jan got her microscope slides mixed up in lab as they were unlabeled. The skin slide with abundant adipose tissue should be labeled as the ________.
subcutaneous tissue (hypodermis)
Immovable joints are functionally classified as ________. amphiarthroses synarthroses diarthroses symphyses
synarthroses
What type of joint is characterized by the presence of a joint cavity, ligaments, and articular cartilage with an articular capsule? Amphiarthroses Synarthroses Fibrous joints Cartilaginous joints Synovial joint
synovial joint
The presence of an epiphyseal plate indicates that ________. bone length is no longer increasing bone diameter is increasing bone is dead bone length is increasing bone diameter is decreasing
the bone is increasing
the proximal epiphysis is where
the end closest to the body
Which type of rib connects directly to the sternum by way of costal cartilage? False and floating ribs False ribs only True ribs only Floating ribs only True and false ribs
true ribs only
What bones protect the spinal cord? Sternum Coxal bones Vertebrae Ribs
vertebrae
What accounts for 60 to 80 percent of the body's weight, depending on the age of the individual? Water Carbohydrates Carbon Minerals
water
The study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts and their relationships to one another is called ________. homeostasis anatomy physiology irritability negative feedback
anatomy
Ventral is a directional term synonymous with ________ in humans. dorsal posterior anterior medial
anterior
Which directional term best describes the location of the human nose? inferior lateral anterior posterior distal
anterior
Which of the following orientation and directional terms have the same meaning (in humans)? Inferior and cephalic Anterior and dorsal Anterior and ventral Inferior and cranial Superior and caudal
anterior and ventral
Bone growth in width that occurs due to weight lifting at age 40 is most likely ________. occurring at the epiphyseal lines none since bones do not grow after adolescence due to rickets appositional growth occurring at the epiphyseal plates
appositional growth
How would you classify the shoulder and hip joints? Condylar joint Hinge joint Ball-and-socket joint Saddle joint Pivot joint
ball and socket joint
intermediate
between medial and lateral
The major organs of the skeletal system are the ________. brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory receptors skeletal muscles pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs heart and blood vessels bones, cartilages, and joints
bones, cartiages, and joints
The heart and blood vessels are the primary organs of the ________ system. lymphatic integumentary muscular cardiovascular
cardiovascular
Which of the following is the smallest unit of all living things?
cell
Julie experienced a break in the shaft of her femur. What part of her bone was fractured? Epiphyseal plate Articular cartilage Epiphysis Diaphysis Epiphyseal line
diaphysis
When correctly situated in anatomical position, where are your feet in relation to your knees? Proximal Deep Distal Medial Superior
distal
When our body temperature rises above 37°C or 98.6°F, a negative feedback mechanism will be triggered to lower the body temperature. As a result, our sweat glands release sweat to cool the body temperature. What part of the negative feedback mechanism is the sweat gland? Control center Stimulus Effector Receptor
effector
Osteoporosis is a bone-thinning disease that often affects young women. False True
false
The last two pairs of ribs are called true ribs because they have no attachments to the sternum. False True
false
The body's ability to maintain stable internal conditions is referred to as ________. homeostasis metabolism irritability output
homeostasis
superior
toward the head
Caudal
toward the lower part of the body
medial
toward the midline
A newborn baby has an S-shaped spinal curvature known as a primary curvature. False True
true
How does the formation of a bony callus assist with the process of bone healing after a fracture? The bony callus is made of spongy bone, which replaces the fibrocartilage callus. Cells forming the bony callus help to splint the broken bone and close the gap. The blood clot created upon the fracture of the bone is removed by phagocytes within the fibrocartilage callus. The presence of a bony callus allows new blood vessels to grow into the damaged site.
Cells forming the bony callus help to splint the broken bone and close the gap.
the area the cause the lengthwise growth in a long bone?
Epiphyseal line/plate
From superior to inferior, what is the correct order of the vertebrae? lumbar, thoracic, and cervical sacral, cervical, and lumbar cervical, lumbar, and thoracic cervical, thoracic, and lumbar
cervical, thoracic, and lumbar
When growing bones widen through appositional growth, what cells add bone matrix to the outside of the diaphysis? Osteoclasts Erythrocytes Chondrocytes Osteoblasts Osteocytes
osteoblasts
Which of these bones is the most inferior? Sacrum Axis Atlas Lumbar vertebrae Coccyx
sacrum
Explain how the anatomy of compact bone differs from that of spongy bone. What is significant about the aspects that make them different?
Compact and spongy bone differ in structure because the compact bone is tightly packed and has extracellular matrix with no spaces and the spongy bone has holes in there to take the weight away.
Explain the relationship between anatomy and physiology.
The relationship between anatomy and physiology is that they are both the study of the body. Anatomy is the study of body parts and physiology is the study of those body parts and how they work
Which of the following could create an open, or compound, fracture? When the broken bone penetrates through the skin When the bone is broken into many fragments When adjacent bones fracture simultaneously When the bone is crushed When the broken bone ends are forced into each other
When the broken bone penetrates through the skin
dorsal body cavities
cranial and spinal cavities
Select the functional type of joint with the least amount of mobility. Synovial Amphiarthrosis Cartilaginous Synarthrosis Diarthrosis
synarthrosis
To perform heart surgery, an incision is made into the ________ cavity. abdominal thoracic cranial pelvic
thoracic
Dorsal
toward the back
Posterior
toward the back
Cranial
toward the head
The diaphragm creates a ________ section by dividing the ventral body cavity into superior and inferior subdivisions. frontal (coronal) transverse (cross) midsagittal median
transverse
Diarthroses have a greater degree of mobility and flexibility than synarthroses. False True
true
There are seven cervical, twelve thoracic, and five lumbar vertebrae. False True
true
What will decrease a person's risk for development of the bone-thinning disease known as osteoporosis? Diet poor in calcium and protein Loss of estrogen in females who are post-menopausal Smoking Lack of vitamin D Weight-bearing exercises
weight bearing exercises
The head of the humerus fits into the ________ of the scapula. suprascapular notch glenoid cavity coracoid process acromion process
glenoid cavity
Proximal
Closer to the point of attachment
Explain the terms distal and proximal using an example.
Distal is farther away from the trunk of the body Proximal is closer to the trunk of the body An example of this would be my knee is proximal to the trunk of my body compared to my toes, they are distal to the trunk of my body
What is gross anatomy?
The study of body structures that can be observed without magnification
Burn patients have difficulty in regulating their body temperatures, in part due to the loss of their protective covering. Given your knowledge of how homeostatic control systems operate, predict why burn patients may often be cold.
They are missing their outer layer of skin that helps regulate their body temperature. Simce thry are missing this, their bodies can't get up to a certain temperature that would then regulate their temperature.
Ventral
Toward the belly
Which vitamin is synthesized by the skin?
Vitamin D
What is physiology?
the study of function of the body - how the body parts work and carry out their life sustaining activities
A wound care doctor tends to a patient with a sunburn. Upon examination, she sees blisters and red, swollen skin. The patient complains of pain. What feature of this burn distinguishes it from a first-degree burn?
Blisters
What type of tissue covers the epiphysis of bones and reduces friction in the joints? Endosteum Spongy bone Periosteum Yellow marrow Articular cartilage
articular cartilage
Two or more bones meet at a location called a(n) ________. hematoma articulation (joint) fracture marrow cavity
articulation (joint)
Which of the following represents the chemical level of structure in the human body? Cells Tissues Atoms Organs Organ systems
atoms
lateral
away from the midline
A body part that is considered lateral is understood to be ________.
away from the midline of the body
deep
away from the surface
The skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage form the ________ skeleton. main axial appendicular central
axial
A bone fracture that results in the bone being broken into many fragments is a ________. compound fracture comminuted fracture compression fracture simple fracture greenstick fracture
comminuted fracture
An eighty-six-year old woman has lost several inches of height due to crushed bone in her vertebrae. What type is common in osteoporotic bones of older people? Compression Greenstick Impacted Spiral
compression
When we imagine a person exhibiting anatomical position, the palms of the hands are assumed to be facing ________. to the side forward behind down
forward
The main function of the respiratory system is to ________. break down food and deliver the products to the blood for dispersal transport oxygen, nutrients, and wastes to and from body cells and tissues produce sperm and eggs control body activities through hormones released into the blood supply the body with oxygen and remove carbon dioxide
supply the body with oxygen and remove carbon dioxide
ventral body cavities
thoracic and abdominopelvic
list the steps in the repair process of a simple fracture
1) the formation of hematoma at the break, 2) the formation of a fibrocartilaginous callus, 3) the formation of a bony callus, and 4) remodeling and addition of compact bone
Six levels of structural organization
1. atoms 2. cells 3. tissues 4. organs 5. organ systems 6. organisms
There are four stages in the healing of a bone fracture. Which of the following best illustrates the sequence of these stages? 1. bony callus formation2. bone remodeling3. fibrocartilage callus formation4. hematoma formation
4, 3,1,2
what is anatomy?
Study of the structure of body parts and their relationship to one another