Anatomy test 4

Select the correct statement about urinary system development a. kidneys develop from urogenital ridges b. the metanephric ducts will become urethras c. the pronephrons (first tubule system) develops during the tenth week of gestation d. the mesonephrons will develop into kidneys

A. the kidneys develop from urogenital ridges

The vessels that have the most influence on vascular resistance are a. arteries b. arterioles c. capillaries d. venules e. veins

B. arterioles

Most of the oxygen transported by the blood is a. dissolved in plasma b. bound to Hb c. in ionic form as a solute in the plasma d. bound to a plasma protein e. carried by a WBC

B. bound to Hb

The kidneys are stimulated to produce renin a. when the pH of the urine decreases b. by a decrease in the blood pressure c. when the peritubular capillaries are dilated d. when the specific gravity rises above 1.10

B. by a decrase in the blood pressure

Tubular reabsorption a. includes substances such as creatinine b. by active mechanisms usually involves movement against an electrical and/or chemical gradient b. by passive processes requires ATP to move solutes from the interior of the tubule to the blood d. is a way for the body to get rid of unwanted waste

B. by active mechanisms usually involves movement against an electrical and/or chemical gradient

A disease caused by inadequate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) by the pituitary gland with symptoms of polyuria is a. diabetes mellitus b. diabetes insipidus c. diabetic acidosis d. coma

B. diabetes insipidus

The region known as the juxtaglomerular apparatus includes which part of the nephron a. proximal tubule b. distal tubule c. collecting duct d. nephron loop e. glomerular capsule

B. distal tubule

Which of the choices below is a function of the loop of Henle a. form a large volume of very concentrated urine or a small volume of very dilute urine b. form a large volume of very dilute urine or a small volume of very concentrated urine c. absorb electrolytes actively with an automatic absorption of water by osmosis d. none of these

B. form a large volume of very dilute urine or a small volume of very concentrated urine

the factor favoring filtrate formation at the glomerulus is the a. colloid osmotic pressure of the blood b. glomerular hydrostatic pressure c. capsular hydrostatic pressure d. myogenic mechanism

B. glomerular hydrostatic pressure

Excretion of dilute urine requires a. relative permeability of the distal tubule to water b. impermeability of the collecting tubule to water c. transport of sodium and chloride ions of the descending loop of Henle d. the presence of ADH

B. impermeability of the collecting tubule to water

An increase in the permeability of the cells of the collecting tubule to water is due to a _______ a. decrease in the production of ADH b. increase in the production of ADH c. increase in the production of aldosterone d. decrease in the concentration of the blood plasma

B. increase in the production of ADH

A 10% increase in the level of CO2 in the blood will a. decrease respiration rate b. increase respiration rate c. decrease pulmonary ventilation d. decrease the alveolar ventilation rate

B. increase respiratory rate

Which of the following is NOT a problem that results in low arterial pO2 a. inadequate oxygen reaching the alveoli b. increased respiration rate c. inefficient oxygen exchange at the alveoli d. inadequate transport of oxygen by the blood e. all of the above result in low arterial pO2

B. increased respiration rate

mechanism that establishes the medullary osmotic gradient depends most on the permeability properties of the a. distal convoluted tubule b. loop of Henle c. glomerular filtration membrane d. collecting duct

B. loop of Henle

What would happen if the capsular hydrostatic pressure were increased above normal a. net filtration would increase above normal b. net filtration would decrease c. filtration would increase in proportion to the increase in capsular pressure d. capsular osmotic pressure would compensate so that filtration would not change

B. net filtration would decrease

The mechanism of water reabsorption by the renal tubules is a. active transport b. osmosis c. solvent drag d. co-transport with sodium ions

B. osmosis

Urine passes through the ____ a. renal hilum to the bladder to the ureter b. pelvis of the kidney to ureter to bladder to urethra c. glomerulus to ureter to renal tubule d. hilum to urethra to bladder

B. pelvis of the kidney to ureter to bladder to urethra

Primary function of proximal tubule is a. secretion of acids and ammonia b. reabsorption of ions, organic molecules, and water c. filtration d. adjusting the urine volume e. secretion of drugs

B. reabsorption of ions, organic molecules, and water

Exchange of respiratory gases occurs by a process of a. osmosis b. simple diffusion c. facilitated diffusion d. active transport e. endo or exo cytosis

B. simple diffusion

When comparing the respiratory to the cardiovascular systems, which of the following does NOT pertain to the cardiovascular system a. flow is inversely proportional to resistance b. somatic neurons signal the generation of a pressure gradient c. a muscular pump drives flow d. flow occurs through a conducting system of tubular passages e. baroreceptors influence the rate at which the pump contracts

B. somatic neurons signal the generation of a pressure gradient

The fatty tissue surrounding the kidneys is important because it a. ensures adequate energy for the adrenal glands to operate efficiently b. stabilizes the position of the kidneys by holding them in their normal position c. is necessary as a barrier between the adrenal glands and kidneys d. produces vitamin D

B. stabilizes the position of the kidneys by holding them in their normal position

the left kidney lies ____ to the right kidney a. posterior b. superior c. inferior d. transverse e. A and C

B. superior

Which of the hormones below is responsible for facultative water reabsorption a. ADH b. thyroxine c. aldosterone d. atrial natriuretic peptide

A. ADH

The renal corpuscle is made up of a. Bowman's capsule and glomerulus b. the descending loop of Henle c. the renal pyramid d. the renal papilla

A. Bowman's capsule and glomerulus

In a normal kidney, which of the following conditions would cause an increase in the glomerular filtration rate a. a decrease in the concentration of plasma proteins in the blood b. an increase in the capsular hydraulic pressure c. decrease in the hydraulic pressure of the glomerulus d. constriction of the afferent arteriole e. decrease in the net glomerular filtration pressure

A. a decrease in the concentration of plasma proteins in the blood

Which gland sits atop each kidney a. adrenal b. thymus c. pituitary d. pancreas

A. adrenal

Which of the following would be most affected by a decrease in the affinity of Hb for oxygen a. arterial pO2 b. venous oxyhemoglobin saturation c. arterial pCO2

A. arterial pO2

The function of angiotensin II is to a. constrict arterioles and increase blood pressure b. decrease the production of aldosterone c. decrease arterial blood pressure d. decrease water absorption

A. constrict arterioles and increase blood pressure

Gluconeogenesis is the process in which a. glucose is formed from noncarbohydrate precursors b. glucose is converted into carbon dioxide and water c. glycogen is broken down to release glucose d. glycogen is formed

A. glucose is formed from noncarbohydrate precursors

What is the function of the juxtaglomerular apparatus a. help regulate blood pressure and the rate of blood filtration by the kidneys b. help regulate blood pressure and the rate of excretion by the kidneys c. help regulate urea absorption byt he kidneys d. help regulate water and electrolyte excretion by the kidneys

A. help regulate blood pressure and the rate of blood filtration by the kidneys

The mechanism that establishes the medullary osmotic gradient depends most on the permeability properties of the a. loop of Henle b. glomerular filtration membrane c. collecting duct d. distal convoluted tubule

A. loop of Henle

The affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen is decreased under conditions of a. low pH b. hypothermia c. anemia

A. low pH

Which of the choices below is the salt level-monitoring part of the nephron a. macula densa b. principal cell c. vasa recta d. loop of Henle

A. macula densa

The functional and structural unit of the kidneys is the a. nephron b. loop of Henle c. glomerular capsule d. basement membrane of the capillaries

A. nephron

Which of the following hast he greatest influence on peripheral resistance in the vasculature a. norepinephrine b. acetylcholine

A. norepinephrine

Which statement is correct a. reabsorption of water is hormonally controlled b. normal filtrate contains a large amount of protein c. most of the water passing through the kidney is eliminated as urine d. the excretion of sodium ions is one of the mechanisms that maintains the pH balance of the blood

A. normal filtrate contains a large amount of protein

If glomerular filtration increases a. stretch reflexes in the tubule trigger vasoconstriction and reduction of blood flow to the glomerulus b. smooth muscle in the tubule wall stretches to accommodate the increased flow c. stretch triggers further relaxation of the tubule wall, lessening fluid pressure d. B and C e. A, B, and C

A. stretch reflexes in the tubule trigger vasoconstriction and reduction of blood flow to the glomerulus

Which of the choices below is not a glomerular filtration rate control method a. renal auto-regulation b. neural regulation c. electrolyte levels d. hormonal regulation

C. electrolyte levels

Through which of the following would large macromolecules such as very large plasma proteins be expected to most easily diffuse a. arterioles b. continuous capillaries c. fenestrated capillaries d. venules e. none of the above

C. fenestrated capillaries

The chief force pushing water and solutes out of the blood across the filtration membrane is a. the design and size of the podocytes b. the thickness of the capillary endothelium c. glomerular hydrostatic pressure (glomerular blood pressure) d. the size of the pores int he basement membrane of the capillaries

C. glomerular hydrostatic pressure (glomerular blood pressure)

What is the function of the juxtaglomerular apparatus a. help regulate water and electrolyte excretion by the kidneys b. help regulate blood pressure and the rate of excretion by the kidneys c. help regulate blood pressure and the rate of blood filtration by the kidneys d. hep regulate urea absorption by they kidneys

C. help regulate blood pressure and the rate of blood filtration by the kidneys

Most electrolyte reabsorption byt he renal tubules is a. not Tm limited b. in the distal convoluted tubule c. hormonally controlled in distal tubule segments d. completed by the time the loop of Henle is reached

C. hormonally controlled in distal tubule segments

Boyle's law states that gas volume is a. directly proportional to pressure b. directly proportional to temperature c. inversely proportional to pressure d. inversely proportional to pressure e. none of the above

C. inversely proportional to pressure

The glomerulus differs from other capillaries in the body in that it a. has a basement membrane b. is impermeable to most substances c. is drained by an efferent arteriole d. has a blood pressure much lower than other organ systems

C. is drained by an efferent arteriole

Which cells of the kidney are chemoreceptors that respond to changes in solute content of the filtrate a. juxtaglomeular cells b. mesangial cells c. macula densa cells d. podocytes

C. macula densa cells

The process of filtration occurs at the a. proximal tubule b. distal tubule c. collecting duct d. nephron loop e. glomerular capsule

E. glomerular capsule

The process of urine formation does not involve a. reabsorption of water b. reabsorption of certain solutes c. secretion of wastes d. filtration of plasma e. it involves all of the above

E. it involves all of the above

The partial pressure of oxygen in venous blood is approximately a. 40 mmHg b. 45 mmHg c. 50 mmHg d. 70 mmHg e. 100 mmHg

A. 40 mmHg

Which of the following statements is false a. the male urethra serves both the urinary and reproductive systems at the same time b. the male urethra serves both the reproductive and urinary systems but at different times c. the male urethra is longer than the female urethra d. the male urethra is a passageway for both urine and semen

A. the male urethra serves both the urinary and reproductive systems at the same time

Select the correct statement about the nephrons a. the parietal layer of the glomerular capsule is simple squamous epithelium b. the glomerulus is correctly described as the proximal end of the proximal convoluted tubule c. podocytes are the branching epithelial cells that line the tubules of the nephron d. filtration slits are the pores that give fenestrated capillaries their name

A. the parietal layer of the glomerular capsule is simple squamous epithelium

Which of the following acts as the trigger for the initiation of micturition (voiding) a. the stretching of the bladder wall b. motor neurons c. the pressure of the fluid in the bladder d. the sympathetic efferents

A. the stretching of the bladder wall

Which of the following statements describes the histology of the ureters a. they are trilayered (muscosa, muscularis, and adventitia) b. they are actually an extension of the visceral peritoneum c. they are made up of several layers of endothelium d. they are made up entirely of muscle tissue because they need to contract in order to transport urine efficiently

A. they are trilayered (muscosa, muscularis, and adventitia)

A higher than normal blood pH will result in a. tighter binding between oxygen and Hb b. looser binding between oxygen and Hb c. no effect on the binding between oxygen and Hb

A. tighter binding between oxygen and Hb

The urinary bladder is composed of ___ epithelium a. transitional b. simple squamous c. stratified squamous d. pseudostratified columnar

A. transitional

What is something you would expect to find in the urine of a healthy individual a. urea b. glucose c. blood d. proteins e. none of the above

A. urea

Which of the choices below are the most important hormone regulators of electrolyte reabsorption and secretion a. angiotensin II and ADH b. angiotensin II and aldosterone c. angiotensin I and epinephrine d. angiotensin I and atrial natriuretic peptide

B. angiotensin II and aldosterone

Measurements in a nephron reveal a glomerular hydraulic pressure of 69 mmHg and a fluid pressure in the glomerular capsule of 15 mmHg. Assuming the osmotic pressure is 30 mmHg what is the net glomerular pressure in this case a. -6 mmHg b. 24 mmHg c. 54 mmHg d. 84 mmHg e. 114 mmHg

B. 24 mmHg

A sharp blow to the stomach can knock the wind out of you. This temporarily paralyzes the diaphragm, making it hard to take a full breath. Aside from a lack of oxygen making you pass out, what affect will this have on blood pH a. O2 would build up in the blood, making it more basic b. Co2 would build up in the blood, making it more acidic c. Co2 would build up in the blood, making it more basic d. O2 would build up in the blood, making it more acidic

B. Co2 would build up in the blood, making it more acidic

Which of the following is not associated with the renal corpuscle a. podocyte b. vasa recta c. fenestrated capillary d. an efferent arteriole

B. Vasa recta

The ____ artery lies on the boundary between the cortex and medulla of the kidney a. lobar b. arcuate c. interlobar d. cortical radiate

B. arcuate

Air moves out of the lungs because a. the gas pressure in the lungs is less than outside pressure b. the volume of the lungs decreases when respiratory muscles relax c. the thorax is muscular d. contraction of the diaphragm decreases the volume of the pleural cavity e. all of the above

B. the volume of the lungs decreases when respiratory muscles realxa

At an atmospheric pressure of 760 mmHg, oxygen comprises approximately 21% of the total volume of atmospheric air. Therefore, the partial pressure of oxygen in atmospheric air is a. 21 mmHg b. 16000 mmHg c. 160 mmHg d. 100 mmHg e. 105 mmHg

C. 160 mmHg

Which of the following is not a mechanism of CO2 transport a. CO2 bound to hemoglobin in RBCs b. CO2 dissolved in the blood c. CO2 associated with chloride ions d. CO2 in the form of bicarbonate ions

C. CO2 associated with chloride ion

If blood flow through the afferent arterioles increases a. the stretch triggers further relaxation of the arteriolar wall, lessening blood pressure b. the smooth muscle in the vessel walls stretches to accommodate the increased flow c. stretch reflexes trigger vasoconstriction to reduce the flow d. B and C

C. Stretch reflexes trigger vasoconstriction to reduce the flow

If the Tm for a particular amino acid is 120 mg/100 ml and the concentration of that amino acid in the blood is 230 mg/100 ml, the amino acid will a. be actively secreted into the filtrate b. be completely reabsorbed by the tubule cells c. appear in the urine d. be reabsorbed by secondary active transport

C. appear in the urine

Most of the carbon dioxide in the blood is transported as a. a solute dissolved in the plasma b. carbaminohemoglobin c. bicarbonate ions d. solute dissolved in the cytoplasm of RBC e. carbonic acid

C. bicarbonate ions

The process of filtration is primarily driven by a. active transport b. blood osmotic pressure c. blood hydraulic pressure d. renal pumping e. solvent drag

C. blood hydraulic pressure

The kidneys are stimulated to produce renin ____ a. when the peritubular capillaries are dilated b. when the pH of the urine decreases c. by a decrease in the blood pressure d. when the specific gravity of urine rises

C. by a decrease in the blood pressure

If one says that the clearance value of glucose is zero, what does this mean a. the glucose molecule is too large to be filtered out of the blood b. most of the glucose is filtered out of the blood and is not reabsorbed in the convoluted tubules c. normally all the glucose is reabsorbed d. the clearance value of glucose is relatively high in a healthy adult

C. normally all the glucose is reabsorbed

Which of the following is not a part of the juxtaglomerular apparatus a. granular cells b. macular densa c. podocyte cells d. mesangial cells

C. podocyte cells

Functions of the kidneys include all but one of the following. Identify the exception a. regulation of extracellular fluid volume b. maintenance of ion balance in body fluids c. regulation of blood protein levels d. regulation of blood osmolality e. homeostatic regulation of blood pH

C. regulation of blood protein levels

Functions of the kidneys include all but one of the following. Identify the exception a. homeostatic regulation of blood pH b. regulation of blood osmolarity c. regulation of blood protein levels d. regulation of extracellular fluid volume e. maintenance of ion balance in body fluids

C. regulation of body protein levels

The filtration membrane includes all except a. glomerular endothelium b. podocytes c. renal fascia d. basement membrane

C. renal fascia

Which of the following choices below does not describe the importance of tubular secretion a. disposing of substances not already in the filtrate, such as certain drugs b. eliminating undesirable substances such as urea and uric acid that have been reabsorbed by passive processes c. ridding the body of bicarbonate ions d. ridding the body of excessive potassium ions

C. ridding the body of bicarbonate ions

Fetal kidneys do not have to work very hard because a. fetuses do not have any waste to excrete b. there are no functional nephrons until after birth c. the placenta allows the mother's urinary system to clear the waste from fetal blood d. there is not way a fetus could excrete urine until the seventh month of development

C. the placenta allows the mother's urinary system to clear the waste from fetal blood

Select the correct statement about the ureters a. ureters contain sphincters at the entrance to the bladder to prevent the back flow of urine b. the epithelium is stratified squamous like the skin, which allows a great deal of stretch c. the ureters are capable of peristalsis like that of the gastrointestinal tract d. the ureter is innervated by parasympathetic nerve endings only

C. the ureters are capable of peristalsis like that of the gastrointestinal tract

Which of the following does NOT influence flow in the lungs a. change in pressure b. resistance c. total air pressure d. all of the above influence flow

C. total air pressure

What is the normal glomerular filtration rate (GFR) a. 75-100 b. 100-115 c. over 125 d. 115-135

D. 115-135

Place the following in correct sequence of the formation of a drop of urine to its elimination from the body 1. major calyx 2. minor calyx 3. nephron 4. urethra 5. ureter 6. collecting duct a. 3, 1, 2, 6, 5, 4 b. 6, 3, 2, 1, 5, 4 c. 2, 1, 3, 6, 5, 4 d. 3, 6, 2, 1, 5, 4

D. 3, 6, 2, 1, 5, 4

Function of the juxtaglomerular cells is to a. modulate glomerular filtration rate b. regulate the diameter of the afferent arteriole c. regulate the diameter of the efferent arteriole d. A and B e. A, B, and C

D. A and B

Which of the following can change the partial pressure of oxygen in air a. humidity b. elevation c. temperature d. A and B e. B and C f. all of the above

D. A and B

In the normal kidney, which of the following conditions would cause an increase in the glomerular filtration rate a. constriction of the afferent arteriole a decrease in the hydraulic pressure of the glomerulus c. an increase in the capsular hydraulic pressure (back-pressure) d. a decrease in the concentration of plasma proteins in the blood e. a decrease in the net glomerular filtration pressure

D. a decrease in the concentration of plasma proteins in the blood

Which of the choices below is not a method by which the cells of the renal tubules can raise blood pH a. by secreting hydrogen ions into the filtrate b. by reabsorbing filtered bicarbonate ions c. by producing new bicarbonate ions d. by secreting sodium ions

D. by secreting sodium ions

The macula densa cells respond to a. aldosterone b. antidiuretic hormone c. changes in pressure in the tubule d. changes in solute content of the filtrate

D. changes in solute of the filtrate

The descending limb of the loop of Henle a. is not permeable to water b. is freely permeable to sodium and urea c. pulls water by osmosis into the lumen of the tubule d. contains fluid that becomes more concentrated as it moves down into the medulla

D. contains fluid that becomes more concentrated as it moves down into the medulla

Which of the following is not reabsorbed by the proximal convoluted tubule a. Na+ b. K+ c. glucose d. creatinine

D. creatinine

Which of the choices below is not a function of the urinary system a. helps maintain homeostasis by controlling the composition, volume, and pressure of the blood b. regulates blood glucose levels and produces hormones c. maintains blood osmolarity d. eliminates solid, undigested wastes and excretes carbon dioxide, water, salts, and heat

D. eliminates solid, undigested wastes and excretes carbon dioxide, water, salts, and heat

Which of the following statements about autoregulation is NOT true a. myogenic response is a paracrine signaling mechanism b. in myogenic response, the macula densa cells send a paracrine message to the neighboring afferent arteriole c. myogenic response is the intrinsic ability of vascular smooth muscle to respond to pressure changes d. in tubuloglomerular feedback, stretch sensitive ion channels open resulting in depolarization of smooth muscle cells e. none of the above

D. in tubuloglomerular feedback, stretch-sensitive ion channels open resulting in depolarization of smooth muscle cells

Alcohol acts as a diuretic because it a. is not reabsorbed by the tubule cells b. increases the rate of glomerular filtration c. increases secretion of ADH d. inhibits the release of ADH

D. inhibits the release of ADH

Which of the follow best describes kidney function in older adults (70 years or older) a. kidney function remains the same throughout life, regardless of age b. only about 3% of older adults have any loss of kidney function c. only obese and diabetic older adults have any kidney dysfunction d. kidney function decreases due to kidney atrophy

D. kidney function decreases due to kidney atrophy

Which of the following is the highest a. pCO2 in the tissues b. pCO2 in the alveoli c. pO2 in the tissues d. pO2 in the alveoli

D. pO2 in the alveoli

The fluid in the glomerular (Bowman's) capsule is similar to plasma except that it does not contain a significant amount of a. glucose b. hormones c. electrolytes d. plasma protein

D. plasma protein

The juxtaglomerular apparatus is responsible for a. the secretion of drugs b. the secretion of acids and ammonia c. reabsorption of organic molecules, vitamins, and water d. regulating the rate of filtration formation and controlling systemic blood pressure

D. regulating the rate of filtration formation and controlling systemic blood pressure

The outermost layer of kidney tissue is the a. renal pelvis b. renal medulla c. major calyx d. renal cortex e. minor calyx

D. renal cortex

Reabsorption of high levels of glucose and amino acids in the filtrate is accomplished by a. facilitated diffusion b. passive transport c. counter transport d. secondary active transport

D. secondary active transport

Which of the following is not a reason why substances are either not reabsorbed or are incompletely reabsorbed from the nephron a. they lack carriers b. they are not lipid soluble c. they are too large to pass through fenestrations d. they are extremely complex molecules

D. they are extremely complex molecules

In the ascending limb of the loop of Henle the a. thin segment is freely permeable to water b. thick segment is permeable to water c. thin segment is not permeable to sodium and chloride d. thick segment moves ions out into interstitial spaces for reabsorption

D. thick segment moves ions out into interstitial spaces for reabsorption

Hypoventilation will result in a. increased arterial pCO2 b. decreased blood pH c. stimulation of aortic chemoreceptors d. A and B e. A, B and C

E. A, B, and C

The process of urine formation involves a. filtration of plasma b. reabsorption of water c. reabsorption of certain solutes d. secretion of wastes e. all of the above

E. all of the above

Which of the following forces is responsible for determining net filtration pressure a. colloid osmotic pressure of glomerular blood b. glomerular hydrostatic pressure c. capsular hydrostatic pressure d. A and B e. all of the above

E. all of the above