Anatomy unit 1

Append-

(to hang something) appendicular: pertaining to the limbs

Closely associated with cardiovascular system. Composed of lymphatic vessels, lymph fluid, lymph nodes, thymus and spleen. Transports some of the fluid from the spaces in tissues bad lol to the bloodstream and carries certain fatty substances away from digestive organs. Cells such as lymphocytes defend the body against infections by removing pathogens from tissue fluid

Lymphatic system

Small molecules can join to form...

Macromolecules

Includes scrotum, testes, epididymides, ductus deferentia, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral glands, urethra and penis

Male reproductive system

Structures in this system produce and maintain the make sex cells or sperm cells. Transfers these cells into the female reproductive tract and produces make sex hormones

Male reproductive system

Cardi

Means heart; pericardium=Membrane that surrounds the heart

Refers to an imaginary midline dividing body into equal right and left halves. Part is this if it is closer to the midline than another part

Medial; nose is medial to the eyes

Extends forward to the sternum and backward to the vertebral column. It forms a boundary between the right and left sides of the thoracic cavity. it contains most of the thoracic cavity viscera. (Including the heart esophagus trachea and thymus) except the lungs

Mediastinum

What the cell allows in or out is called

Membrane permeability

Includes an upper abdominal portion and a lower pelvic portion. extends from the diaphragm to the floor of the pelvis. its wall primarily consists of skin, skeletal muscles, and bones

Abdominopelvic cavity

Refers to the changes in the body that occur with the passage of time. Happens everywhere in body from microscopic to the whole body level

Agibg

Organism consisting of a single complex cell

Amoeba

Rely more on examination

Anatomists

From the Greek for cutting up, examines the structures or morphology of body parts- their forms and organization

Anatomy

Address how the body maintains life

Anatomy and physiology

Means toward the front. give example

Anterior/ ventral; eyes are anterior to the brain

Includes the upper and lower limbs

Appendicular portion

Chemicals consist of tiny particles called _______.

Atoms

Include the head neck and trunk

Axial portion

Their cells do not have membrane bound organelles

Bacteria

refers to paired structures, one on each side

Bilateral; lungs are bilateral

examples of positive feedback

Blood clot formation (amplifies chemicals in the clot promote further clotting UNTIL it's sealed) Increase of uterine contractions during childbirth

... such as muscle glands take action. They cause appropriate responses. Can be activated or deactivated such that conditions return to normal

Effeftors

In order to maintain the internal environment relatively constant, the body must replace substances that are lost and .....

Eliminate substances that are in excess

Rather than giving us all the answers science...

Eliminates wrong explanations

Includes all the glands that secrete hormones. Hormones in turn travel away from the glands in body fluids such as interstitial fluid and blood.a hormone alters the metabolism of its target cells.

Endocrine system

All the processes in the body involve some sort of .... Which keeps cells chemically active or energy released from certain chemical reactions in a form that cells can use

Energy (like heat energy)

Removal of waste from the body. Respiratory system and urinary system do this. And to a lesser extent, the digestive system and integumentary system do this too

Excretion

Outside of the cell is the ... ( the immediate environment of the cell)

Extracelluar fluid

Includes the plasma and interstitial fluid

Extracellular fluid

Homeostatic mechanisms work through a forms of cell to cell communication called a

Feedback loop (can be negative or positive)

Cell communication occurs through a variety of mechanisms, many of which involve the cell membrane and specialized molecules on the membrane called ....

Membrane receptors

The physiological events that obtain release and use energy are a major part of.... It refers to the chemical reactions in cells that support life

Metabolism

We gain energy by ingesting, digesting, absorbing and assimilating the nutrients in food. The absorbed substances circulate throughout the internal environment of our bodies. Then by process of respiration we use the energy in these nutrients for such vital functions as growth and repair. Then excrete wastes. This is the ...

Metabolism

Containing the middle ear bones

Middle ear cavities

If a sagittal section passes along the midline and divides the body into equal parts

Midsagittal plane

Atoms can join to form

Molecules

Homeostasis requires ....

Most of our metabolic energy

How does the body respond when over heated?

Sweat glands in skin secrete watery perspiration that evaporates from surface, carrying away heat and cooling skin. Blood vessels in skin dilate which allows more blood that carries heat from deeper tissues to reach the surface where the heat is lost to the outside

.... Are on the lookout. They provide info about specific conditions (stimuli) in the internal environment. May be as small as a cell or even a protein that is part of a cell

Receptors

The body maintains homeostasis through a number of self regulating control systems called homeostatic mechanisms which are based on feedback loops. These mechanisms generally share theses three components:

Receptors, a control center, and effectors

Used to describe the location of one body part with respect to another

Relative position

Process of producing offspring (progeny)

Reproduction

produces whole new organisms like itself

Reproductive system

Nearly all body structures and functions work in ways that maintain life. The exception is an organisms ......

Reproductive system which perpetuates the species

Organs move air in and out of the body and exchange gases between blood and the air. Oxygen passes from air in lungs into the blood and carbon dioxide leaves the blood and enters the air in the lungs and then moves out the body

Respiratory system

On the Right and left side of the epigastric region of the abdominal area

Right and left hypochondriac regions

Right and left side of the pubic region of abdominal area

Right and left inguinal (iliac) regions

On the right and left side of the umbilical region of the abdominal area

Right and left lateral (lumbar) regions

homeo

Same

an approach to investigating the natural world; consists of testing a hypothesis and then rejecting or accepting it, based on the results of experiments or observations; apart of general process called scientific inquiry

Scientific method

Thin.... line the walls of the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities and fold back to cover the organs within these cavities. Secrete a slippery fluid that separates the layer lining the wall of the cavity from the layer covering an organ

Serous membranes

A particular hormone affects only a particular group of cells called it's ...

Target cells

All cells share...

The same characteristics of life and must meet certain requirements to stay alive

Dors-

back: dorsal—position toward the back of the body.

Pelv-

basin: pelvic cavity—basin-shaped cavity enclosed by the pelvic bones.

Cerebr-

brain: cerebrum- largest part of the brain

Cells become specialized through a process called.... Different cell types such as muscle cells and nerve cells access the info encoded in different genes to make specific proteins

cellular differentiation

Meta-

change: metabolism—chemical changes in the body.

Orb-

circle: orbital—pertaining to the portion of the skull that encircles an eye.

Refers to structures on opposite side

contralateral; a patient with a fractured right leg would have to bear weight on the contralateral leg (left leg)

-tomy

cutting: anatomy- study of structure, which often involves cutting or removing body parts

Structures in this system produce and maintain the genial sex cells, transport these cells in the female reproductive system and receive the males sperm cells which may fertilize an oocyte. Also supports development of an embryo, carries a fetus to term, functions in the birth process and produces sex hormones

Female reproductive system

consists of ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, clitoris and vulva

Female reproductive system

Refers to substances that provide organisms with necessary chemicals and raw materials for building new living matter

Food

refers to a section that divides the body into anterior and posterior portions

Frontal/ coronal plane

The proteins that any cell makes determine that cell's ....

Function

Oxygen

Gas that makes up about 1/5 of air. Used to release energy from nutrients. The energy in turn is used to drive metabolic processes

Examination of genes that function in particular cell types under particular conditions

Gene expression profiling

Form of energy present in our environment. It is also a product of metabolic reactions and our body temperature also depends on part on heat from chemical reactions in body. The amount of heat present in the body partly controls the rate at which these reactions occur

Heat

Is the maintenance of a relatively constant internal environment

Homeostasis

For systems to maintain homeostasis, cells must signal other cells when the internal environment has been compromised so that adjustments can be made. When the instability has been corrected cells must signal that the adjustments are no longer necessary. The mechanisms that accomplish this are...

Homeostatic mechanisms

..... effects last longer than those of neurotransmitters making them well suited for responses that need to be maintained

Hormonal

Chemical messengers are...

Hormones

The body's "thermostat" is a temperature sensitive region in a control center of the brain called the .... (set point is 37C or 98.6F)

Hypothalamus

How does the body respond to a decrease in blood glucose?

If blood glucose concentration Falls to load the pancreas to text this change in secretes a different chemical called Glucagon that releases stored glucose into the blood

Consists of bones and ligaments and cartilages that bind bones together at joints. Provide framework and protective shields for softer tissues, serve as attachments for muscles and act together with muscles when body parts move. Tissues within bones also produce blood cells and store inorganic salts

Skeletal system

Most human cells contain a complete set of genetic instructions, yet use only a subset of them. This allows them to...

Specialize

Atoms are composed of even smaller ...

Subatomic particles

means near the surface

Superficial; the epidermis is the superficial layer of the skin

Means a part is above another part. Give example

Superior; thoracic cavity is superior to the abdominopelvic cavity

The upper middle portion of the abdominal area

epigastric region

Oocytes

female sex cells

Cran-

helmet: cranial—pertaining to the part of the skull that surrounds the brain.

The wall of the thoracic cavity is composed of

skin, skeletal muscles, and bones

Spermatozoa

sperm cells

-stasis

standing still

abdominal cavity contains

stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small intestine, most of large intestine

interstitial fluid

tissue fluid found between cells. once collected and filtered, its called lymph

Refers to a cut that divides the body into superior and inferior portions

transverse/ horizontal plane

Movement of cells from high to low

Down a gradient

The basic unit of structure and function is

A cell

The heart produces this type of hydrostatic pressure that keeps blood flowing through blood vessels

Blood pressure

The two organ systems that transport substances throughout the internal environment are ....

Cardiovascular and lymphatic systems

Includes heart, arteries, capillaries, veins, and blood. Heart pumps blood thru blood vessels. Blood carries gases, nutrients, hormones and wastes. It carries oxygen from the lungs and nutrients from the digestive organs to all body cells. Carries hormones to from endocrine glands to target cells and wastes to excretory organs

Cardiovascular system

Each cell is bounded by a ...

Cell membrane

all materials, including those that comprise the human body are composed of

Chemicals

A ..... or decision maker that includes a set point (which is a particular value) such as body temp

Control center

Within the axial portion and houses the brain

Cranial cavity

When a cylindrical organ is sectioned, a cut across the structure is called a ...., an angular cut is called..., and a lengthwise cut is called....

Cross section; oblique section; longitudinal section

describes more internal parts

Deep; the dermis is the deep layer of the skin

The thoracic cavity is separated from the abdominopelvic cavity by a broad thin muscle called... this muscle curves up into the thorax like a dome at rest. Contracts during inhalation and presses upon the abdominal viscera

Diaphragm

Substances moving from areas of greater concentration to areas of less concentration until equilibrium is reached.

Diffusion ;Down a concentration gradient

Includes mouth, tongue, teeth, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, small intestine and large intestine

Digestive system

Organs receive foods then break down food molecules into simpler forms that can be as other into the internal environment. Some organs also produce hormones and thus function as parts of the endocrine system

Digestive system

Opposite of proximal. Body part is further away from attachment to the trunk

Distal; the fingers are distal to the wrist

Means a part is below another part. Give example

Inferior; The neck is inferior to the head

Nerve cells carry signals from brain or spinal cord to the muscles of glands causing them to contract or secrete product. A body part is said to be ..... by the nerve cells that connect with it

Innervated

Include the skin and accessory organs such as the hair nails sweat glands and sebaceous glands. These parts protect underlying tissues, help regulate body temp, house a variety of sensory receptors, and synthesize certain products

Integumentary system

The interior of the cell contain the...

Intercellular fluid

The environment within the body in which the cells live

Internal environment

The environment outside of the body might change, but human cells can only survive if the ....

Internal environment is maintained relatively constant

Even though the extra cellular fluid is outside of the cells membrane, it's is called.... Because it is ....

Internal environment; inside the body

Refers to structure on the same side

Ipsilateral; the right lung and right kidney are ipsilateral

Means toward the side; away from the midline

Lateral; Ears are lateral to the eyes

System using muscles. By contracting and pulling their ends closer together, muscles provide the forces that move body parts. Muscles also help maintain posture and are the primary source of body heat

Muscular system

Connecting with several airfield sinuses

Nasal cavity

Effectors are activated or deactivated so that conditions return to normal in the homeostatic mechanisms. The deviation from the set point progressively lessens and the effector gradually returns to original levels. These responses are said to operate by..... (moves in opposite direction) correction reduces the response of the receptors

Negative feedback

Consists of brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sense organs. Nerve cells within these organs use a bioelectrical signal called an impulse (an action potential) in combination with a chemical signal (neurotransmitter) to communicate with one another and with muscles and glands. Each neurotransmitter produces a rapid, relatively short term effect, making it well suited for situations that require immediate but not necessarily long lasting responses

Nervous system

Groups of different tissues form these complex structures with specialized functions

Organ

Groups of organs that function closely together make up this

Organ system

.... Are composed of assemblies of large molecules including proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids

Organells

Interacting organ systems make up an _____.

Organism

Includes pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid and adrenal glands as well as pancreas, ovaries, testes, pineal gland and thymus

Organs of endocrine system

Sagittal section that is lateral to the midline

Parasagittal

The right and left thoracic compartments (which contain the lungs) are each lined with a serous membrane called the ... It folds back to cover the lung on that side forming the ...

Parietal pleura; visceral pleura

portion of abdominopelvic cavity enclosed by the pelvic bones. It contains the terminal end of the large intestine, the urinary bladder, and the internal reproductive organs

Pelvic cavity

Space between the membranes in the abdominopelvic cavity

Peritoneal cavity

The membranes in the abdominopelvic cavity are called...

Peritoneal membranes

Rely on experimentation

Physiologists

From the Greek for relationship to nature; considers the functions of the body parts- what they do and how they do it.

Physiology

A change is not reversed but intensified in the effector activity is initially increased rather than turned off. Usually produce unstable conditions which might not seem compatible with homeostasis

Positive feedback

Means toward the back. Give exampel

Posterior/ dorsal; pharynx is posterior to oral cavity

Application of force on an object or substance. Plays an important role in breathing.

Pressure

In the case of blood flow or air moving in and out of the lungs the movement is down a ....

Pressure gradient

describes a part closer to a point of attachment to the trunk than another body part;

Proximal; Elbow is proximal to the wrist

The lower middle portion of the abdominal area

Pubic (hypogastric) region

The abdominal area can also be subdivided into 4 quadrants which are...

RUQ (right upper quadrant) RLQ LUQ LLQ

The ..... determines which substances can enter a cell and which cannot. It also allows cells to respond to certain signals but to ignore other signals

The cell membrane

The maintenance of homeostasis depends on...

The coordination of organ systems

How does the body respond to an increase in blood glucose?

The pancreas determines the setpoint. If the concentration of blood glucose increases following Emile the pancreas to text this change in releases a chemical called insulin into the blood. Insulin allows glucose to move from the blood into various body cells and to be stored in the liver and muscles. As this occurs the concentration of blood glucose decreases and is it reaches the normal setpoint the pancreas decreases its release of insulin.

How does the body respond with it gets cold?

Thermo receptors to take to change in the hypothalamus initiates he conserving and heat generating activities. Blood vessels in the skin construct reducing blood flow and enabling deeper tissues to retain heat. At the same time small groups of muscle cells may be stimulated to contract involuntarily an action called shivering that produces heat which helps warm the body.

If a person becomes overheated, ..... throughout the body detect the change and in response the hypothalamus initiated a series of actions that dissipate ....

Thermoreceptors; body heat

Two cavities called viscera

Thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity

Specialized cells that assemble into layers or masses that have specific functions

Tissues

The central region of the abdominal area

Umbilical region

Kidneys remove wastes from blood, and assist in maintaining body's water and electrolyte concentrations. Product of these activities is urine. Other parts store urine and transport it tot he outside of the body. Aka excretory system

Urinary system

Contains spinal cord and surrounded by sections of the back bone (vertebrae)

Vertebral canal/ spinal cavity

A thin ... covers the hearts surface and is separated from the ... by a small volume of serous fluid. The potential space between these membranes is called the .... The parietal pericardium is covered by a much thicker third lay called the ...

Visceral pericardium; parietal pericardium; pericardial cavity; fibrous pericardium

The most abundant substance in the body. Required for a variety of metabolic process and provides the environment in which most of them take place. Carries substances in organisms and important in regulating temperature

Water

Human organism

a well organized unit of body parts

Super

above: superior—referring to a body part located above another.

Standing erect, face forward, upper limbs at the sides and palms forward

anatomical position

peri-

around: pericardial membrane- membrane that surrounds the heart

Nas-

nose: nasal- pertaining to the nose

Containing the teeth and tongue

oral cavity

Containing the eyes and associated skeletal muscles and nerves

orbital cavities

cells of complex organisms, including those of humans, contain structures called

organelles

lines the wall of the abdominopelvic cavity

parietal peritoneum

Liquid portion of the blood

plasma

nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs

respiratory system

Pleur-

rib: pleural membrane—membrane that encloses the lungs within the rib cage.

refers to a lengthwise cut that divides the body into right and left portions

sagittal plane

consists of kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra

urinary system

covers most of the organs within the abdominopelvic cavity

visceral peritoneum

Pariet-

wall: parietal membrane—membrane that lines the wall of a cavity.

Human life depends on what 5 environmental factors?

water, food, oxygen, heat, pressure