Anatomy unit 1 Axial skeleton 9/14, lab 9/22

Fontanelles

A fontanelle (or fontanel) (colloquially, soft spot) is an anatomical feature of the infant human skull comprising any of the soft membranous gaps (sutures) between the cranial bones that make up the calvaria of a fetus or an infant.[1] Fontanelles allow for rapid stretching and deformation of the neurocranium as the brain expands faster than the surrounding bone can grow.[2] Premature complete ossification of the sutures is called craniosynostosis.

*****foramen transversarium

Absent in the lumbar vertebrae

Posterior fontanelle

Also known as occipital fontanelle

8. Intervertebral disc👍

An intervertebral disc (or intervertebral fibrocartilage) lies between adjacent vertebrae in the vertebral column. Each disc forms a fibrocartilaginous joint (a symphysis), to allow slight movement of the vertebrae, and acts as a ligament to hold the vertebrae together. Their role as shock absorbers in the spine is crucial

Process👍

Any bony prominence

Articulate processes👍

Articular processes spring from the junctions of the pedicles and laminæ, and there are two right and left, and two superior and inferior. These stick out of an end of a vertebra to lock with a zygapophysis on the next vertebra, to make the backbone more stable

15. Name the first and second cervical vertebrae.

Atlas and axis

Fontanelles

Before ossification

12. Name the bone that anchors the tongue muscles and describe what makes this bone unique.

HYOID Unlike other bones, the hyoid is only distantly articulated to other bones by muscles or ligaments. The hyoid is anchored by muscles from the anterior, posterior and inferior directions, and aids in tongue movement and swallowing. The hyoid bone provides attachment to the muscles of the floor of the mouth and the tongue above, the larynx below, and the epiglottis and pharynx behind.

Jugular Notch

If someone exerts more pressure in the Suprasternal Notch area, a palpable pulse can be felt, especially in older patients. Presence of a prominent pulse signifies the presence of uncoiled aorta.

8. Name the structure that is housed in the sella turcica.

In the sphenoid bone in the middle of the skull. It is shaped like a Turkish saddle, hence the name and it houses the pituitary gland, the most protected gland in the body.

F. Vertebrae👍

In the vertebrate spinal column, each vertebra is an irregular bone with a complex structure composed of bone and some hyaline cartilage, the proportions of which vary according to the segment of the backbone and the species of vertebrate.

18. Name the 3 main portions of the sternum.

It connects to the ribs via cartilage, forming the front of the rib cage, and thus helps to protect the heart, lungs, and major blood vessels from injury. The sternum consists of three regions: the manubrium, the body, and the xiphoid process.[1] It is one of the largest and longest flat bones of the body. The word sternum originates from the Greek στέρνον, meaning chest.

G. Sternum👍

It connects to the ribs via cartilage, forming the front of the rib cage, and thus helps to protect the heart, lungs, and major blood vessels from injury. The sternum consists of three regions: the manubrium, the body, and the xiphoid process.[1] It is one of the largest and longest flat bones of the body. The word sternum originates from the Greek στέρνον, meaning chest.

11. Lumbar vertebrae - 5👍

Lumbar curvature, (concave) 5 vertebrae (L1-L5) ive vertebrae between the rib cage and the pelvis. They are the largest segments of the vertebral column and are characterized by the absence of the foramen transversarium within the transverse process (as it is only found in the cervical region), and by the absence of facets on the sides of the body (as only found in the thoracic region). They are designated L1 to L5, starting at the top. The lumbar vertebrae help support the weight of the body, and permit movement.

5. Spinous process👍

Provides a point of attachment for muscles and ligaments Spinous processes are the ridges that can be felt through the skin along the back of the spine. Incidents of abrupt torsion in the neck such as whiplash can cause the spinous process to fracture.

foramen

Round or oval opening through a bone In anatomy, a foramen (/fəˈreɪmən/;[1][2] pl. foramina, /fəˈræmɪnə/) is any opening. Foramina inside the body of humans and other animals typically allow muscles, nerves, arteries, veins, or other structures to connect one part of the body with another

Axis👍

Says no 5Directly below the atlas bone is the axis bone (C2). Pivot and gliding joints linking the two bones allow the head to move side-to-side.

Atlas👍

Says yes down.The atlas bone is the first of seven cervical vertebrae (vertebra cervicalis I or C1), and it supports the weight of the skull. The name for the bone was derived from a deity of Greek mythology called Atlas, who supported the heavens. On the superior surface of the atlas bone are a pair of concave facets. The facets articulate with rounded condyles on the underside of the skull's occipital bone. This junction allows the head to nod up and down.The atlas bone is the first of seven cervical vertebrae (vertebra cervicalis I or C1), and it supports the weight of the skull. The name for the bone was derived from a deity of Greek mythology called Atlas, who supported the heavens.

Fossa👍

Shallow, basinlike depression in a bone, often serving as an articular surface

Anterior fontanelle

Soft spot? Also known as frontal fontanelle

Jugular notch👍

Suprasternal notch

👍SUTURE

Suture, literally meaning "seam", may refer to: Surgical suture, a stitch used by doctors and surgeons to hold tissue together Suture (anatomy), a rigid joint between hard parts of animals Suture (joint), concerning the major joints in the bones of the cranium Ammonitic suture, the intersection of the septum with the outer shell in Ammonites Facial suture (trilobite), divisions in the cephalon (head) of most trilobites, along which the exoskeleton splits during molting Sulfur also bones- sultural bones between cranial bone

13. Coccygeal vertebrae - 3-5 fused = coccyx👍

Tail bone, last section of vertebrae Most anatomy books incorrectly state that the coccyx is normally fused in adults. In fact it has been shown that the coccyx may consist of up to five separate bony segments, the most common configuration being two or three segments Vestigial tail In humans and other tailless primates (e.g., great apes) since Nacholapithecus (a Miocene hominoid),[6][7] the coccyx is the remnant of a vestigial tail, but still not entirely useless;[8] it is an important attachment for various muscles, tendons and ligaments—which makes it necessary for physicians and patients to pay special attention to these attachments when considering surgical removal of the coccyx.[9] Additionally, it is also a part of the weight-bearing tripod structure which acts as a support for a sitting person. When a person sits leaning forward, the ischial tuberosities and inferior rami of the ischium take most of the weight, but as the sitting person leans backward, more weight is transferred to the coccyx.[9] The anterior side of the coccyx serves for the attachment of a group of muscles important for many functions of the pelvic floor (i.e., defecation, continence, etc.): the levator ani muscle, which include coccygeus, iliococcygeus, and pubococcygeus. Through the anococcygeal raphe, the coccyx supports the position of the anus. Attached to the posterior side is gluteus maximus which extend the thigh during ambulation.[9]

👍Supraorbital foramen

The Supraorbital notch is a small groove at superior and medial margin of the orbit in the frontal bone. The supraorbital nerve passes through this notch prior to dividing into superficial and deep components that provide sensory innervation to the ipsilateral forehead.

6. Articular processes = Facets👍 Superior articular processes👍 Inferior articular processes👍

The articular processes or zygapophyses (Greek ζυγον = "yoke" (because it links two vertebrae) + απο = "away" + φυσις = "process") of a vertebra, are projections of the vertebra that serve the purpose of fitting with an adjacent vertebra. The actual region of contact is called the articular facet.[1] Articular processes spring from the junctions of the pedicles and laminæ, and there are two right and left, and two superior and inferior. These stick out of an end of a vertebra to lock with a zygapophysis on the next vertebra, to make the backbone more stable

👍axial skeleton

The axial skeleton is the part of the skeleton that consists of the bones of the head and trunk of a vertebrate. In the human skeleton, it consists of 80 bones and is composed of six parts; the skull bones, the ossicles of the middle ear, the hyoid bone, the rib cage, sternum and the vertebral column. The axial skeleton together with the appendicular skeleton form the complete skeleton. Another definition of axial skeleton is the bones including the vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx, ribs, and sternum.[1]

3. Costal cartilage👍

The costal cartilages are bars of hyaline cartilage that serve to prolong the ribs forward and contribute to the elasticity of the walls of the thorax. Costal cartilage is only found at the anterior ends of the ribs, providing medial extension.

👍Ethmoid bone

The ethmoid bone (/ˈɛθmɔɪd/;[1][2] from Greek ethmos, "sieve") is an unpaired bone in the skull that separates the nasal cavity from the brain. It is located at the roof of the nose, between the two orbits. The cubical bone is lightweight due to a spongy construction. The ethmoid bone is one of the bones that make up the orbit of the eye.

hyoid bone👍

The hyoid bone (lingual bone or tongue-bone) (/ˈhaɪɔɪd/;[2][3] ) is a horseshoe-shaped bone situated in the anterior midline of the neck between the chin and the thyroid cartilage. At rest, it lies at the level of the base of the mandible in the front and the third cervical vertebra (C3) behind. Unlike other bones, the hyoid is only distantly articulated to other bones by muscles or ligaments. The hyoid is anchored by muscles from the anterior, posterior and inferior directions, and aids in tongue movement and swallowing. The hyoid bone provides attachment to the muscles of the floor of the mouth and the tongue above, the larynx below, and the epiglottis and pharynx behind. Its name is derived from Greek hyoeides, meaning 'shaped like the letter upsilon (υ)'.[4][5]

9. Name the bones comprising the nasal septum.

The nasal septum (Latin: septum nasi) separates the left and right airways in the nose, dividing the two nostrils. The medial wall of the nasal cavity is formed by both bony elements and cartilage. Posteriorly the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone forms the superior septum and the vomer forms the inferior part of the septum. Further posteriorly the crest of both the maxilla and palatine bone complete the posterior septum.

3. Vertebral foramen👍

The spinal canal (or vertebral canal or spinal cavity) is the space in the vertebral column formed by the vertebrae through which the spinal cord passes. It is a process of the dorsal body cavity. This canal is enclosed within the vertebral foramen of the vertebrae. The vertebral foramen in particular forms a tunnel through which the spinal cord, or medulla spinalis, passes. This is a lengthy, slender, rope-like structure that stretches from the lower half of the brain stem, called the medulla oblongata. With the brain, the spinal cord is a major component of the body's central nervous system, transporting signals necessary for functions such as movement and sensory capabilities from the brain to the rest of the body. The vertebral foramen, as part of the spine, acts as a container and protective shield of the spinal cord. In addition, the long bundle of tissue is covered by a layer of membranes called meninges, which are also protective agents of the central nervous system.

3. Xiphoid process👍

This cartilaginous extension can be seen and felt in infants. At this stage, the Xiphoid Process is a lump located below the sternal notch. It becomes ossified and gets fused to the sternum as the individual grows up. The cartilage becomes hard and bony anytime between an individual's 15 and 29 years of age. This pattern of a cartilage becoming ossified with age is quite common in human body. Many other human bones such as the growth plates of the limb bones are also initially cartilages that are later replaced by bones. XIPHOID PROCESS FUNCTION It works as the attachment for many important muscles like the abdominal diaphragm, which is a sheet-like muscle necessary for breathing. The rectus abdominus and the transversus thoracis muscles are also attached to the Xiphoid.

10. Thoracic vertebrae - 12👍

Thoracic curvature (convex) 12 vertebrae T1-T12, mid section, 2nd of 4, longest 🎈articular fossa to attach ribs is distinguishing feature twelve thoracic vertebrae and they are intermediate in size between the cervical and lumbar vertebrae; they increase in size going towards the lumbar vertebrae, with the lower ones being a lot larger than the upper.[citation needed] They are distinguished by the presence of facets on the sides of the bodies for articulation with the heads of the ribs, and facets on the transverse processes of all, except the eleventh and twelfth, for articulation with the tubercles of the ribs. By convention, the human thoracic vertebrae are numbered T1-T12

9. Cervical vertebrae - 7 (concave)👍

Top section of spinal cord, 7 vertebrae C1-C7 🎈have 2 extra holes In humans, cervical vertebrae are the smallest of the true vertebrae, and can be readily distinguished from those of the thoracic or lumbar regions by the presence of a foramen (hole) in each transverse process, through which the vertebral artery, vertebral veins and inferior cervical ganglion passes The movement of nodding the head takes place predominantly through flexion and extension at the atlanto-occipital joint between the atlas and the occipital bone. However, the cervical spine is comparatively mobile, and some component of this movement is due to flexion and extension of the vertebral column itself. This movement between the atlas and occipital bone is often referred to as the "yes joint", owing to its nature of being able to move the head in an up-and-down fashion. The movement of shaking or rotating the head left and right happens almost entirely at the joint between the atlas and the axis, the atlanto-axial joint. A small amount of rotation of the vertebral column itself contributes to the movement. This movement between the atlas and axis is often referred to as the "no joint", owing to its nature of being able to rotate the head in a side-to-side fashion.

4. Transverse process👍

Transverse Process Definition. Transverse process is a small bony projection off the right and left side of each vertebrae. The two transverse processes of each vertebrae function as the site of attachment for muscles and ligaments of the spine as well as the point of articulation of the ribs (in the thoracic spine).

👍1. Body

Weight supporting central solid part

Facial bones [14]

Zygomatic process👍 Mastoid process👍 Styloid process👍

Alveoli

alveolus [al-ve´o-lus] (pl. alve´oli) (L.) a little hollow, as the socket of a tooth, a follicle of an acinous gland, or a pulmonary alveolus. adj., adj alve´olar. dental alveoli the cavities or sockets of either jaw, in which the roots of the teeth are embedded.

Foramen

foramen (plural foramina or foramens) (anatomy) an opening, an orifice; a short passage. The skull contains a number of foramina through which arteries, veins, nerves, and other structures enter and exit. w:Category:Foramina of the skull

12. Sacral vertebrae - 5 fused = sacrum (convex)👍

large, triangular bone at the base of the spine, that forms by the fusing of sacral vertebrae S1-S5 between 18 and 30 years of age.[2] the primary role of the sacrum is one of a bridge, as it connects the hipbones, or the iliac crest, with the rest of the spine. The sacrum forms a long triangular shape, which derives from five connecting vertebrae. These vertebrae combine with the iliac bones along the sides, which form the pelvic girdle.

👍Lacrimal

pertaining to tears and the tear apparatus

Odontoid process = Dens👍

the toothlike projection that rises perpendicularly from the upper surface of the body of the second cervical vertebra (axis) and that serves as a pivot point for the rotation of the atlas (first cervical vertebra), enabling the head to turn. Also called the dens.

2. Tubercle👍

tubercle [too´ber-k'l] 1. a nodule or small eminence, especially one on a bone, for attachment of a tendon; see also tuber and tuberosity. Called also tuberculum. adj., adj tuber´cular, tuber´culate.

1. Coronal Suture

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2. Sagittal Suture

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3. Lambdoidal Suture

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4. Squamosal Suture

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Frontal bone

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Occipital bone

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Parietal bone

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Temporal bone

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Sinus

👍Sinus (anatomy), a sac or cavity in any organ or tissue Paranasal sinuses, air cavities in the cranial bones, especially those near the nose, including: Maxillary sinus, is the largest of the paranasal sinuses, under the eyes, in the maxillary bones Frontal sinus, superior to the eyes, in the frontal bone, which forms the hard part of the forehead Ethmoid sinus, formed from several discrete air cells within the ethmoid bone between the eyes and under the nose Sphenoidal sinus, in the sphenoid bone at the center of the skull base under the pituitary gland

External auditory (=acoustic) meatus

👍The external auditory meatus is the ear canal that allows sound waves to pass from the external environment to the tympanic membrane (ear drum).