Animal Behavior and Ecology Exam 4

Ivan Pavlov's theory of how people learn or acquire uncomplicated habits and reflexes is called Positive reinforcement. Classical conditioning. Operant conditioning. Modeling.

Classical conditioning.

Which dispersion pattern usually is a result of resources not being evenly spread out in the environment? Uniform Random Clumped None of these

Clumped

The decrease in response to repeated or continuous stimulation is called: (a) Instinct (b) maturation (C) habituation (d) Imprinting

(C) habituation

The efficiency of energy transfer from a lower trophic level to the next highest level is roughly 1% 10% 100% 1000%

10%

The collection of individuals which belongs to the same species when live together in a region is known as ____________ A. Keystone species B. Community C. Guild D. Population

D. Population

Will competition increase/decrease the carrying capacity of an ecosystem for the animal in competition?

Decrease

Competition, disease, predation, and parasitism are considered ___________ ____________ limiting factors Density-dependent Density-independent

Density-dependen

Natural disasters and weather patterns like earthquakes, floods, and tornadoes, blizzards, and heatwaves are considered ___________ ____________ limiting factors Density-dependent Density-independent

Density-independent

Which kind of growth does the human population follow? It is described as a J-shaped curve. Exponential Growth Logistic Growth Outstanding Growth Minimal Growth

Exponential Growth

Creates a J-Shaped Curve Shows Population Growth With No Limits Unlimited Resources No Limiting Factors The information above explains what type of population growth curve? Exponential Growth Curve Logistic Growth Curve

Exponential Growth Curve

During photosynthesis, carbon is moved from which reservoir to which reservoir? From the atmosphere to the terrestrial biosphere. From the troposphere to the terrestrial biosphere. From the lithosphere to the terrestrial biosphere. From the hydrosphere to the terrestrial biosphere

From the atmosphere to the terrestrial biosphere.

Which is a biotic factor? A lake The air A tree

A tree

What is an ecosystem? All the interacting organisms that live in an environment and the abiotic parts of the environment that affect the organisms A person who observes and studies the interactions between the biotic and abiotic parts of the environment The relationship among the biotic parts of the environment The relationship between all the abiotic elements of a pond

All the interacting organisms that live in an environment and the abiotic parts of the environment that affect the organisms

A group of people coexist within space and time and interact with each other is known as ____________ A. Keystone species B. Community C. Guild D. Population

B. Community

The way an organism acts in response to a stimulus is called a __________? Behavior Endotherm Organism Scientific Name

Behavior

Suppose that a species of toads is introduced into a new environment in an attempt to reduce the population of insects. The toad has no natural predators in the new environment. The toad population would most likely Increase exponentially at first, but then regulate based on carrying capacity. Increase logistically at first and then increase exponentially. Decrease No Change

Increase exponentially at first, but then regulate based on carrying capacity.

Pre-programmed behavior in animals. Animals carry out this behavior without learning new skills. What is this called? Inherited (Innate) Behavior Learned Behavior

Inherited (Innate) Behavior

If the number of births in a population is the same as the number of deaths in a population, what will happen to the growth of the population? It will increase. It will decrease. It will stay the same. It will fluctuate.

It will stay the same.

Fewer offspring are produced. r selected K selected

K selected

Long life expectancy. r selected K selected

K selected

Organisms reach maturity late after a prolonged period of parental care. r selected K selected

K selected

Populations that are not seriously affected by sudden, unpredictable changes to the environment and are therefore near the carrying capacity. r selected K selected

K selected

Typically these organisms are larger. r selected K selected

K selected

Usually more adversely affected by invasive species. r selected K selected

K selected

An organism that tends to have a high life expectancy and takes care of their offspring longer is known as a K-strategist. r-strategist.

K-strategist.

This behavior occurs when an animal develops behavior through experience. This helps animals gain new skills for survival. What behavior is this called? Learned Behavior Inherited (Innate) Behavior

Learned Behavior

Creates a S-Shaped Growth Curve Usually starts with an Exponential Growth Phase Population Growth Levels Out at Carrying Capacity Realistic Regulated by Density Dependent Limiting Factors The information above explains what type of population growth curve? Logistic Growth Model Exponential Growth Model

Logistic Growth Model

Which of the following best describes a social behavior? One monkey grooming another. A predator chasing prey. An animal defending its territory. An animal hibernating.

One monkey grooming another.

Migration is an innate behavior. T/F

T

The size of the population is represented by the property called density. T/F

T

When a population grows past the ecosystem's carrying capacity, what happens to the population? Continues to grow The population starts to die off to return to carrying capacity The population will go extinct due to lack of resources The population grows then finds a new carrying capacity

The population starts to die off to return to carrying capacity

How does the predator-prey relationship affect a population? The predators and prey are in competition with each other. Usually either the predator or the prey will become extinct. The relationship controls the population size of both species. The predator species usually has exponential growth.

The relationship controls the population size of both species.

Why does secondary succession occur more rapidly than primary succession? There is no soil There is already soil Secondary isn't faster It already has pioneer species

There is already soil

The arrows in a food chain or web represents what? They point to the organism that is being eaten. It shows how sunlight flows within an ecosystem. They show what direction the energy is flowing between organisms. They represent how water is transferred within a habitat.

They show what direction the energy is flowing between organisms.

Which of the following is not true about temperate deciduous forests? Trees grow lush green leaves in the spring, but lose their leaves in late summer. The soil is rich, and plants cover much of the forest floor. Animals such as squirrels, bears, and deer find food in the form of nuts, berries, and leaves.

Trees grow lush green leaves in the spring, but lose their leaves in late summer.

Most organisms of this type reach adulthood and will go on to reproduce themselves. Type 1 Type 2 Type 3

Type 1

Which survivorship curve represents a species where most of the individuals live through their lives and die of old age? Type 1 Type 2 Type 3

Type 1

Organisms that have a 50/50 shot as survival at any given point during their lifespan. Type 1 Type 2 Type 3

Type 2

Organisms that either die at birth or get eaten as eggs show this type of survivorship. Type 1 Type 2 Type 3

Type 3

Organisms that lay eggs, do no nurturing of their young and are adults for only short periods of time: Type 1 Type 2 Type 3 Zebras

Type 3

Organisms that have a high death rate early in life, overcompensate for this by having more offspring; examples include oysters, trees, and fish. What type of survivorship curve is best illustrated by this description? Type III Type II Type IV

Type III

Humans are an example of this type of survivorship. Type1 Type 2 Type 3

Type1

Which dispersion pattern is described by organisms being spaced out equally? Uniform Random Clumped None of these

Uniform

Which process moves carbon stored in fossil fuel into the air? When fossil fuels are burned, carbon enters the atmosphere as carbon dioxide. The denitrifying bacteria turns the fossil fuel into carbon dioxide gas. Decomposers convert the fossil fuels into greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide. The fossil fuels react with the soil to produce carbonates and carbon dioxide.

When fossil fuels are burned, carbon enters the atmosphere as carbon dioxide.

If the carrying capacity of a predator decreases, what will happen to the carrying capacity of the prey? Will Increase Will Decrease Will stay the same Will fluctuate

Will Increase

Which of these is not an inherited trait? a bird building a nest a turtle burying its eggs a bear hibernating in winter a horse pulling a plow

a horse pulling a plow

Organisms that obtain nutrients by breaking down dead and decaying plants and animals are called a. decomposers. b. autotrophs. c. omnivores. d. producers.

a. decomposers.

Temperature, light, air, water, soil and climate are all ______ parts of the environment. biotic abiotic living boreal

abiotic

What is an autotroph? an organism that can make their own food. an organism that cannot make their own food Herbivore Omnivore

an organism that can make their own food.

What is a herbivore? an animal that gets energy from eating other animals an organism that gets energy from eating only plants an animal that gets energy by eating both plants and other animals

an organism that gets energy from eating only plants

Which of the following is a limiting factor in a population of organisms reproductive replacement life spans of the members fluctuations in atmospheric temperature availability of food

availability of food

Which type of pyramid shows the amount of living tissue at each trophic level in an ecosystem? a. a numbers pyramid b. a biomass pyramid c. an energy pyramid d. a food pyramid

b. a biomass pyramid

A bird stalks, kills, and then eats an insect. Based on its behavior, which ecological terms describe the bird? a. herbivore, decomposer b. carnivore, consumer c. producer, heterotroph d. autotroph, herbivore

b. carnivore, consumer

Most of the energy available to a consumer trophic level is used by organisms for a. transfer to the next trophic level. b. respiration, movement, and reproduction. c. producing inorganic chemical compounds. d. performing photosynthesis.

b. respiration, movement, and reproduction.

What is the term for each step in the transfer of energy and matter within a food web? a. energy path b. trophic level c. food chain d. food pyramid

b. trophic level

Aquarium fish often swim to the water's surface when a person approaches. Their behavior has probably formed through a.instinct. b.classical conditioning. c.imprinting. d.insight

b.classical conditioning.

animal associates 2 different stimuli presented together a.instinct. b.classical conditioning. c.imprinting. d.insight

b.classical conditioning.

When white-crowned sparrow males were raised in the presence of a white-crowned and song sparrows they learned only the correct species-specific song. Therefore we can conclude that: a. Song learning does not occur. b. Song learning is plastic and depends only on the songs heard during development. c. Song learning is influenced by genetic recognition of the species-specific song.

c. Song learning is influenced by genetic recognition of the species-specific song.

Matter can recycle through the biosphere because a. matter is passed out of the body as waste. b. matter is assembled into chemical compounds. c. biological systems do not use up matter, they transform it. d. biological systems use only carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen.

c. biological systems do not use up matter, they transform it.

People who move into an apartment near railroad tracks are awakened at night each time they hear a train go by. After about a week, they can sleep through the night, even though the trains continue to run on the same schedule. The change in their sleeping behavior is an example of a. classical conditioning b. imprinting c. habituation d. insight

c. habituation

Carbon cycles through the biosphere in all of the following processes EXCEPT a. photosynthesis. b. burning of fossil fuels. c. transpiration. d. decomposition of plants and animals.

c. transpiration.

is learning that is limited to a specific time period in an animal's life and that is usually irreversible. Delopment of social attachment during development that influences later behavior a.instinct. b.classical conditioning. c.imprinting. d.insight

c.imprinting.

The largest population that an area can support is called its ________. limiting factor food source carrying capacity ecosystem

carrying capacity

Which of the following processes converts C6H12O6 (glucose) to CO2 translation photosynthesis cellular respiration excretion

cellular respiration

A hawk building its nest in the arm of a cactus is an example of ___________. commensalism parasitism mutualism predation

commensalism

All the different populations living and interacting together in an area is called a ______? population community survival of the fittest immigration

community

When put together, one organism outcompetes the other for resources. This is an example of: competitive exclusion principle speciation biological niche evolution

competitive exclusion principle

This biome is also known as the "taiga". temperate deciduous forest tropical rainforest coniferous forest alpine tundra

coniferous forest

An organism that gets energy from eating other organisms is a ______________ producer consumer decomposer

consumer

.How is carbon stored in the biosphere? a. in the atmosphere as carbon dioxide b. underground as fossil fuels and calcium carbonate rock c. in the oceans as dissolved carbon dioxide d. all of the above

d. all of the above

The total amount of living tissue within a given trophic level is called the a. organic mass. b. energy mass. c. trophic mass. d. biomass

d. biomass

A snake that eats a frog that has eaten an insect that fed on a plant is a a. first-level producer. b. second-level producer. c. first-level consumer. d. third-level consumer.

d. third-level consumer.

All the interconnected feeding relationships in an ecosystem make up a food a. interaction. b. network. c. chain. d. web.

d. web.

is the ability to respond appropriately to a new situation without previous experience. a.instinct. b.classical conditioning. c.imprinting. d.insight

d.insight

What kind of factor: predation? density-independent density-dependent

density-dependent

Excessive amounts of rain caused a flood in the southwest United States that resulted in substantial amounts of deaths in the rabbit population? This situation is an example of a density _____________ limiting factor. density-independent density-dependent density- too high density- too low

density-independent

What kind of factor: temperature? density-independent density-dependent

density-independent

Which of the following lists the levels of an ecosystem in order from largest to smallest? population, organism, community, ecosystem ecosystem, community, organism, population organism, community, population, ecosystem ecosystem, community, population, organism

ecosystem, community, population, organism

Has to find heat to get warm and shade to keep cool. endotherm ectotherm

ectotherm

Has to eat more often to maintain constant body temperature. endotherm ectotherm

endotherm

Sweats and pants to keep cool. endotherm ectotherm

endotherm

Jenn is studying a population of fish found in a pond that has a decreasing carrying capacity. Which of the following factors would not decrease the carrying capacity of her fish? drought flooding food shortages a freeze

flooding

Which of the following is NOT a consumer grass dog shark fish

grass

Organisms that cannot make their own food and must obtain energy from external sources are called autotrophs heterotrophs

heterotrophs

Where are most nitrogen fixing bacteria located? in the atmosphere in the ocean in roots of legumes in animals

in roots of legumes

When the birth rate is larger in any given period than the death rate the population will __________. increase decrease stay the same

increase

___________ is an inborn pattern of behavior that is characteristic of a species and is often a response to specific environmental stimuli.

instinct

Ecology is the study of the abiotic parts of the environment, such as climate, air, and soil biotic parts of the environment, such as animals and plants interactions between organisms interactions between organisms as well as the interactions between organisms and their environment

interactions between organisms as well as the interactions between organisms and their environment

a relationship between two species in which both species compete for limited resources such that both species are negatively affected by the relationship Symbiosis interspecific competition

interspecific competition

____ have a long life spans, care for their young, reproduce slowly, and have larger body sizes. r strategists k strategists

k strategists

Logistic growth is representative of a population in an environment with ________________ resources. limited plenty of

limited

he desert and tundra are alike because they both have high precipitation low precipitation

low precipitation

Which type of behavior is most likely to occur due to a seasonal change stimulus? migration estivation reproduction social grooming

migration

A relationship in which two species live closely together and both benefit is mutualism predation parasitism commensalism

mutualism

The role of an organism in its habitat is its: host prey niche adaptation

niche

Growing legumes such as alfalfa or soy beans increases denitrification nitrogen fixation ammonification ammonium oxidation

nitrogen fixation

Which of the following describes the role of nitrogen-fixing bacteria in the nitrogen cycle? Nitrogen-fixing bacteria convert nitrates intro nitrogen gas ammonia into proteins nitrogen gas from the air into usable nitrogen (ammonia) proteins into nitrates

nitrogen gas from the air into usable nitrogen (ammonia)

In which biome are the abiotic factors the most constant? desert deciduous forest ocean tundra

ocean

A way of learning that involves a reward or punishment is called? observational learning operant conditioning habituation playing

operant conditioning

The permanantly frozen stratum below the arctic tundra is called __________________.

permafrost

What is one of the most important processes that removes carbon from the atmosphere? photosynthesis cellular respiration erosin soil respiration

photosynthesis

Exponential growth is representative of a population in an environment with ________________ resources. limited plenty of

plenty of

Trophic levels are represented by squares circles pyramids lines

pyramids

Biotic potential is high. r selected K selected

r selected

Organisms reach maturity in a relatively short amount of time. r selected K selected

r selected

Short life expectancy. r selected K selected

r selected

Typically these organisms are smaller in size. r selected K selected

r selected

An organism that tends to have a low life expectancy and increased birth rate is known as a k-strategist. r-strategist.

r-strategist.

the differentiation of niches that enables similar species to coexist in a community character displacement climax community resource partitioning pioneer species

resource partitioning

A forest fire is followed by ______________. primary succession secondary succession draught lichen & moss

secondary succession

What will happen to the population when the death rate is larger than the birth rate? grow shrink stay the same None of these

shrink

The series of predictable changes that occur in a community over time is called. natural selection ecology commensalism succession

succession

A relationship in which two different organisms live in close association with each other interspecific competition Mutualism Symbiosis Commensalism

symbiosis

What is the largest terrestrial biome taiga tundra temperate deciduous forest savanna

taiga

What are the key features of the Tundra? cold winter, thin acidic soil, evergreen trees treeless, permafrost, cold dark winters

treeless, permafrost, cold dark winters

Which biome covers most of the land mass near the Earth's equator? tundra desert grassland tropical forest

tropical forest

Which biome, because of its climate, has the largest number of species of plants and animals? tundra desert tropical rain forest pine forest

tropical rain forest

The greatest biodiversity on earth is found in the __________ biome. taiga grassland temperate deciduous forest tropical rainforest

tropical rainforest