Animal Science: Companion Animals, Production Animals+Animal Products, AnSci / DySci 101 Basic Terminology, Animal Science: Production Animal Agriculture, Animal Science: Test One and Two Questions

Rigor Mortis Phases

"Stiffening of muscle upon death" -stretchability has a 20 to 40 fold decrease 1. delay 2. Onset 3. Completion time it takes is dependent on breed and other factors

Animal welfare

"animal welfare is an everyday concept that people use to express their concerns about the *quality of life* of animals, especially as it is affected by human actions"

hen house

# eggs/# hens put in house day 1

Hen day

#eggs/#live hens on a given day

Egg production

% hens that laid egg that day

Congenital vs. Genetic

-"Congenital" means the animal was born with the defect -Some congenital defects are caused by viruses, environmental factors or developmental errors

Direct causes of disease: Infectious etiologies

-Bacteria -Viruses -Protozoa Internal or external parasites -Fungi -Poorly understood prions

Reproductive Facts of Horses

-Duration of heat: 6 days -Length of estrous cycle: 21; 16-30 days -Gestation period: 336 days/310-350 days -Age at puberty: 10-12 months

Terriers

-Feisty and energetic -Can be stubborn and have high energy levels Ex: Welsh terrier, Scottish terrier, Parson Russell terrier

Turkey breeders

-Hens start laying around 28 to 30 weeks of age -Lay for about 26 weeks -Average 100 - 130 eggs per cycle

Reticulum

-Honeycomb appearance, -no enzymes -contracts to help regurgitate food for rumination -often will find metal objects here -reticular groove is important for babies

Smuckers

-Meow mix, 9lives, Milk-Bone, Gravy train, snausages, pupperoni, natures recipe

Future of Livestock Production

-Need to double food production by 2050 -increased need for biofuel

Implantation

-attachment of a blastula to the uterine epithelium and penetration of the epithelium by embryonic tissue -formation of cell-to-cell junctions between embryonic tissue and uterine epithelium -binding of membrane proteins in embryo tissue to receptors on maternal epithelium -occurs at ~35 days in cow

Research and animal welfare

-helps us understand the *animal*'s perspective and what they need for good welfare

Common high protein feeds

-soybean meal -meat bone meal

The Five Freedoms

1. Freedom from hunger and thirst 2. Freedom from discomfort 3. Freedom from pain, injury, and disease 4. Freedom to express (most) normal behavior 5. Freedom from fear and distress

Top 5 Pig Producing States

1. Iowa: 20.2 million 2. North Carolina: 8.7 million 3. Minnesota: 7.95 million 4. Illinois: 5.1 million 5. Indiana: 3.7 million

Differences between Companion Animals and Production Animals

1. Numbers 2. Production goals 3. Economic Goals 4. Treatment of health issues 5. Geriatric care issues

Sectors of goat industry

1. milk 2. meat 3. fiber 4. Companion/Hobby

typical lactation curve of beef cattle

1. minimize cost of maintaining the cow 2. one calf crop/yr

Stages of labor

1. uterine contractions 2. delivery of fetus 3. delivery of the placenta

Animal welfare

an *ethical* concept where *science* can help inform solutions

Omnivores

an animal that can eat both animal and vegetable matter

Companion animal

an animal to whom an owner has an intense emotional tie

Where did swine originate?

China: 7,000-9,000 years ago Ancient Rome: 3,500 years ago

Locomotion score 3(severe lameness)

animal either unable to move, or able to move but barely able to place weight on the affected limb. Sings may also include back arch, poor body conditions, head bob, and an inability to flex the lower leg joints

Disease

any state other than a state that is complete health

meat technology

applying science to maintain product quality, wholesomeness, safety, and develop new products

Pyometra

Inflammation of the uterus leading to the accumulation of pus within the organ Treatment: Surgery to remove the infected uterus

Allergic skin disease

Skin problems causing itching hair loss, and inflammation of the skin Treatment: medicines and elimination of allergens

Diagnosis

The process of determining the nature and severity of a disease; distinguishing one disease from another

What is the primary energy source for ruminants?

VFAs

heifer

a female that has not produced a calf

cow

a female that has produced a calf

What is a sign of mastitis?

an increased somatic cell count

The act of a follicle dying is also known as...

atresia

chick

baby chicken

breeder

chicken laying fertile eggs

Broilers

chickens for meat production

Miscellaneous breed

doesn't fit into any AKC standards yet Ex: barbet, dogo argentino

Anas

duck genus

layer

egg producing chicken

Cotyledon

fetal side of placenta

What type of digestive system do cows have?

foregut fermenter/ruminant

Whelping

giving birth to dogs

Clowder

group of cats

Using horses for therapy is called...

hippotherapy

molting

interruption of egg laying; process of replacing feathers

veal

male calf raised on milk diet for meat production

What are the three spheres of animal welfare?

mind, body and nature

Why aren't lard breeds as popular anymore?

more people use vegetable oils instead of lard

Is all colostrum the same?

no, it is measured in terms of percentage of immunoglobulin and graded

Cellulases

not produced by animals, produced by gut microbes -digest the 1-4 linkages of Beta glucose

When the CL regresses what key hormone goes away?

progesterone

The most popular breed of horse in the US is...

quarter horse

Fat soluble vitamins

regulating body functions -D, E, K, A

The enzymes that can break down cellulose and other sugars locked in the plant cell wall are secreted by:

rumen and intestinal microbes

forestomach

rumen, reticulum, omasum

Why is the vitamin E and selenium injection dangerous?

selenium is highly toxic and can kill the animal

hen

sexually mature female chicken

What is the male gamete?

sperm

Does

weight: 120-160lbs first kidding: 1-2yrs

Where does the money go into taking care of a pet?

$29.9 billion on feed $18.3 billion on vet care $15.5 billion on supplies / OTC meds $6.5 billion on grooming & boarding $2.0 billion on live animal purchases

Kentucky Horse Industry

$3 billion to state economy in 2012 40,500 jobs 90,000 secondary impact employment $4.26 billion in 2009 Stud fees & horse sales TB breeding industry alone 11,000 jobs 7000 additional indirectly related jobs Rolex TWH National celebration 11 day show - 250,000 spectators KY horse park 250 M to ag economy 825,000 yr

Gregor Mendel

(1822-1884) -Australian monk -studied vegetable breeding, particularly garden peas -discovered the rules of inheritance -published his work in 1866, and it was largely ignored -his work was rediscovered around 1900

Anestrus(dog)

*allows body to prepare for next pregnancy* -The time between diestrus and the next proestrus -Last about four months -sustained levels of FSH -low levels of progesterone and LH -LH levels pulse just before proestrus

rooting reflex

*demanding behavior* a baby's tendency, when touched on the cheek, to turn toward the touch, open the mouth, and search for the nipple -also applies to pigs -piglets will nudge their mother to get milk -this behavior continues into adulthood -can be used to till fields and find truffles

Omega 6 fatty acid examples

*linoleic acid(LA)* -vegetable oil -sallflower oil -meat -poultry -eggs

Measures of animal welfare

*outcome based*: -characteristic of animal -provides info about animal's state -direct impact Ex: vocalizations, slips, falls *input based*: -characteristic of environment -provides info about risk factors and opportunities -indirect impact Ex: electric prod use by workers

Diestrus(dog)

*peak progesterone secretion* -Final stage of cycle occurs around day 14 -Lasts about two months(Gestation=63 days) -Signs: discharge becomes more red and tapers off, vulva returns to normal, no longer permit mating -Estrogen levels are low -progesterone peaks 3-4 weeks after the start of diestrus and then declines to basal levels by the end of diestrus. This increase and decrease in progesterone will occur regardless of pregnancy *Both pregnant and non-pregnant animals are considered to be in diestrus*

Progesterone

*produced by*: corpus luteum, placenta(ONLY IN SOME SPECIES!) *Action*: maintain pregnancy, block estrus/GnRH, relax smooth muscle

Estrogen(estradiol-17 beta)

*produced by*: follicle, placenta *action*: induces GnRH surge, induces estrus, contracts smooth muscle

Frequency of inherited defects in dogs

-101,322 dogs (83,220 purebred / 18,102 mixed) -330 breeds represented -152 known genetic defects -5% of purebred dogs affected with a disorder, 28% were unaffected, but carriers of a disorder -2% of purebred dogs affected with ≥ disorders, 40% were unaffected, but carriers of ≥ disorders

Broiler Facts

-5.0 pounds in 35 days -8.0 pounds by 49 days -FC 1.50 at 35 days "" 1.76 at 49 days -Expect > 90% livability -Houses for 10,000 to 40,000 are common

Myths about women in agriculture

-70% of the world's poor are women -women produce 60-80% of the food -women own 1-2% of the land -women are intrinsically better steward of the environment

Spontaneous mutation cat breeds

-A change in the DNA that creates new alleles. -New breeds that showcase the mutation Examples: American Curl (curl-back ears), American Bobtail (short-tailed), Cornish Rex (soft, short, wavy hair), Munchkin (short legs), and Scottish Fold (ears folded forward and down on the skull).

Water requirements

-A dairy cow needs 3-4 liters of drinking water per liter of milk produced (30 gallons/d) -Market hogs need 3 liters of water per kg of feed consumed (3-5 gallons/d) -Horses require 5-15 gallons of water daily -Growing and finishing beef require 5-10 gallons/d -Broilers (4 weeks old) will consume about 250 ml/d *water requirement can double in hot weather*

Immune building vaccines for calves 4-6 months of age

-Administer INFORCE 3 to prevent respiratory disease caused by BRSV, and as an aid in preventing respiratory disease caused by IBR and PI3. -accompany with BVD shot. -At weaning, Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis, Parainfluenza3 virus (affects respiratory), Bovine Viral Diarrhea, Bovine Respiratory Syncytial virus

Corpus luteum

-After an ovarian follicle ruptures and ovulates, it becomes a corpus luteum (CL) -after ovulation there are several CL present and they will produce progesterone whether she is pregnant or not -The CL produces progesterone. -Degradation of the CL must be prevented to maintain pregnancy -In nonpregnant uterus, prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α), which travels to the ovary and causes luteolysis -if she is pregnant, blastocysts of the species produces signaling proteins that block the production or release of PGF 2a

Female Reproductive System(Dog)

-Age at Puberty: 6-12 months -Cycle Type: Monoestrous, all year; mostly late winter and summer -Cycle Length: 6-7 months -Duration of Heat: 4-14 days standing heat -Best Time for Breeding: 4-7 days after standing -First Heat after Birth: 3-5 months -Number of Young: 1-22 -Gestation Period: 58-70 days(larger the litter=shorter the gestation)

Cat reproductive cycle

-Age at Puberty: 6-15 months -Cycle Type: Provoked ovulation. Seasonally polyestrous, spring and early fall -Cycle Length: 15-21 days -Duration of Heat: 9-10 days in absence of male -Best time for Breeding: Daily from day 2 of heat -First Heat after Birth: 4-6 weeks -Number of young: 1-10 kittens -Gestation: 58-70 days

Methods of Improving Tenderness

-Aging(refrigerated) -Accelerated aging -enzyme application -Tender stretch and tendercut -blade tenderization -electrical stimulation -hydrodynamic shock wave processing

oviduct

-Also known as the uterine tubes or the fallopian tubes -Site of fertilization -The ducts that transport the oocyte from the ovary to the uterus

Services service dogs can provide

-Assisting individuals who are blind or have low vision with navigation and other tasks -Alerting individuals who are deaf or hard of hearing to the presence of people or sounds -Providing non-violent protection or rescue work -Pulling a wheelchair -Assisting an individual during a seizure -Alerting individuals to the presence of allergens -Retrieving items such as medicine or the telephone -Providing physical support and assistance with balance and stability to individuals with mobility disabilities -Helping individuals with psychiatric and neurological disabilities by preventing or interrupting impulsive or destructive behaviors

Meat Science

-Basic study the unique characteristic of muscle and other tissues as transformed into meat -Includes animal production>consumption, breeding, feeding and management, market system, packers, processors, purveyors

Testes

-Begin in abdominal cavity -Extends into scrotum during fetal development -Scrotum protects testes and allows for quick cooling for testes to maintain proper body temperature -Testosterone production occurs at body temperature but sperm production occurs at cooler temperatures -Testes are suspended into the scrotum via the spermatic cord, which contains blood supply, neural connections and the cremaster muscle -Cremaster muscle cannot sustain contractions for long periods of time -The tunica darts muscle can increase/decrease surface area of the testes and hold them close to the body for sustained periods of time -The pampiniform plexus is a network of veins surrounding the testicular artery and acts as a countercurrent heat exchange system that cool arterial blood as it travels from the body to testes and warms it from testes to body -If this system fails it can cause a disruption in sperm production

Similarities between companion animals and production animals

-Both must have humane and ethical treatment -Health, nutrition, etc. very important -Disease and parasite prevention very important -Genetic selection programs(for conformation / production, sometimes lead to issues) -Zoonotic disease concerns

Wisconsin Horse Counsil

-Businesses, organizations, individuals -Midwest horse fair: 55,000- 60,000 yr 3 day show -Judges certification -trails -Legislature -WHC foundation

Nutritional Issues with Meat

-Calories from fat -Saturated versus unsaturated fat -Cholesterol -Sodium (processed meats) -Nitrite (processed meats) -Other non-meat ingredients: allergens

Current industry issues/Concerns

-Changes in housing for layers - cage-free, pastured, etc. -Male chicks from layer production -Beak conditioning -Antibiotic free production -Slow-growing broilers -lots of work on LED lights -Gut microbiome

What is the consequence of exsanguination?

-Circulatory system no longer functional -liver can't remove lactic acid nor produce glycogen: muscle glycogen depleted, lactic acid build up in muscle -No longer supply of oxygen Aerobic metabolism: energy not available so there's a shift toward anaerobic energy -Muscle goes into rigor -Degradative changes occur

Proteins

-Compounds made up of long chains of amino acids -Components of lean tissue, enzymes, hormones, and body metabolites.; Energy in excess -proteins consist of amino acids(20)

Uterus

-Consists of the uterine horns and body -The uterine hones join together to form the uterine body anterior to the cervix -Bicornuate: Two horns -Provides a suitable environment for embryos throughout pregnancy -In the absence of pregnancy, the uterus, through its luteolytic function, causes regression of the corpus luteum

Large Intestine in Horses

-Divided into the cecum, large colon, small colon, and rectum -Accounts for over 60% of total gut capacity -Large bacterial population -Bacterial fermentation produces VFAs(Used for energy for the animal) -Bacteria synthesize water-soluble vitamins and proteins *WHERE MOST OF THE DIGESTION OCCURS IN HORSES*

Social and therapy dogs

-Do not have a legal definition -Animals that visit with people in hospitals, nursing homes or prisons to bring some of the feelings of well-being to people who might otherwise not be able to have a pet.

Assistance dogs international mission

-Establish and promote standards of excellence in all areas of assistance dog acquisition, training, and partnership -Facilitate communication and learning among member organizations -Educate the public to the benefits of assistance dogs and ADI membership

Fats

-Ether extract -Esters of fatty acids and glycerol -Linoleic acid (LA), and linolenic acid (ALA) -Energy dense: 2.25x the calories of starch or protein Ex: Oilseeds, purified fats, tallow, lard

vulva

-External opening of the urogenital tract -Consists of two parts 1.Labia Is normally closed to prevent the entry of infection; Enlarges during proestrus and estrus 2. Clitoris Similar to the penis of the male

Service dogs

-Federal laws protect the rights of individuals with disabilities to be accompanied by their service animal in public places > title 3

Cat Breeds

-Fewer overall uses of cats than that of dogs -Primary use: vermin-control and pets ~50 breeds recognized in the U.S. -Natural Breeds: Cat breeds selected by human preference or natural conditions specific to a region: Abyssinian, Birman, Burmese, Chartreux, Maine Coon, and Egyptian Mau -Human-developed cat breeds: Breeds that have been developed from existing breeds or crosses of existing breeds Examples: crossing the Siamese and Persian to create Himalayan; Burmese and American Shorthair to create the Bombay

Animal Contributions to Human Societies

-Food -Body coverings(wool, leather, fur) -Work(Draft and other labor, transportation) -Body wastes(Fuel, fertilizer, construction material, animal feed) -other uses(income, religion, conservation, pet food)

Vagina

-Forms a channel leading to the vulva -Leads from the cervix to the external urethral orifice(point at which the urethra joins the repo tract, area is shared by the urinary and reproductive tract)

Animal Science Specialties

-Genetics -Nutrition -Physiology -Animal health -Animal behavior -Meat science -Dairy product science -biotechnology

Geriatric pet care

-HMOs for pets -ophthalmology -dental care -chemotherapy -joint replacement

What is important for animal welfare?

-Health: *biological functioning, bodily health* -Feelings: *Emotional state, + vs - experience* -Behavior: *species relevance, behavioral well-being*

Hormonal patterns of dogs

-Heat in the bitch is under the influence of the luteinizing hormone (LH), progesterone, and estrogen. -LH-triggers ovulation and the development of the corpus luteum (necessary to maintain pregnancy) -Prior to the LH hormonal surge, she will not stand for mating. After the surge, she will stand for mating. -The ova are released ~2-3 days AFTER the LH surge. The ovulated eggs are not ready for fertilization until day 4 to day 7 following estrus. The greatest number of ovulations occur to 72 hours after the LH peak. -Breeding should ideally occur 4 to 7 days later. -Plasma progesterone concentrations rise prior to ovulation in the bitch. Thus, measurement of serum progesterone concentrations can be used to determine ovulation and breeding. -A mating done on the wrong day can prevent the stud from being mated with another bitch that same day. Thus, it is important for breeders to be sure that mating is done on the appropriate days to maximize the book (the number of females scheduled to be mated to a particular male) on the dog.

Reproductive cycle of dog

-Heat: every six months -Heat cycle: lasts 18-21 days 4 distinct stages 1. Proestrus 2. Estrus 3. Diestrus 4. Anestrus -Breeders use these stages to determine best time to breed -Gestation: ~63 days from conception -Female Sex Hormones: Estrogen, Progesterone -Male Sex Hormones: Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), Testosterone

Equine Assisted therapy Programs

-Hippotherapy PATH (professional Association of Therapeutic Horsemanship instructor Managers Program coordinators Horse care personnel -Veterans programs PTSD/emotional/physical assistance

Example of an animal welfare that is impacted by emotion

-Holsteins naturally develop horns but farmers often remove them -This is painful for the animal and causes them to display emotional distress(shaking head) -anesthesia is used to decrease the amount of head shakes(a display of emotional distress)

Minerals

-Inorganic compounds needed by animals -Constituents of bones and teeth and an important part of the body's enzyme system -there are macro minerals and micro minerals

Herding

-Instinctual ability to control the movement of other animals -Developed to gather, herd, and protect livestock -Known to gently herd their owners, especially the children of the family Ex: collie, corgi, Australian shepherd

Working dogs

-Intelligent, strong, watchful and alert -Excel at guarding property, pulling sleds and performing water rescues Ex: akita, great pyranese, Newfoundland, Siberian husky

Toy dogs

-Known for their small size and large personalities -Affectionate, sociable, and adaptable -Smart, full of energy, and have strong protective instincts -Common for people living in small apartments and large cities Ex: papillon, Pomeranian, toy poodle, pug, chihuahua

Outcome based measures for Dairy: Health

-Lameness(gait score) -Injuries(lesions/swelling) -Thin cows(body condition score) -Hygiene(cleanliness score)

Why might not a service dog might not be right?

-Learning about the abilities and limitations of service dogs -Evaluating the person's needs -The impact a dog will have on the person's lifestyle -All of the issues surrounding responsible care and treatment of the animal

Temple Grandin's impact on proper stunning

-Looked at the percent of cattle properly stunned(insensible with single captive bolt shot) 1996: 30% of plants able to stun >95% of cattle using only one shot 1999: 90% of plants met target 2015: 100% of pants met target (average 99.7%, all above 98%, most at 100%)

milk in the early US

-Manhattan-settled by the Dutch -19th century: cows were tied to stakes and fed garbage -Milk was kept in open pails, transportation was difficult, so the dairies were in big cities -Milk drinking increased with growth of cities but these were the worst places for drinking raw milk due to population, heat, length of transportation, cleanliness. -Breastfeeding was considered primitive at this time and the modern "urbanized" woman was not a nutrition milk provider. -Waste from beer making was used as feed for cows and the milk produced was of poor quality, cows were inhumanely treated and milk was being doctored due to poor nutritional value (1857-swill milk) -Babies were dying of cholera because pasteurization was not a protocol -Poor families were largely not losing babies because they could not afford artificial milk and breastfed their babies.

Meat quality: color

-Meat has pigments: hemoglobin, myoglobin, cytochrome, cartotenoids -Myoglobin has 3 different chemical states: Oxymyoglobin, deoxymyoglobin, metmyoglobin

Digestion in horses

-Monogastrics: *Cecal fermenters* -Non-ruminant herbivores -Prehension -Teeth, flexible upper lip, and tongue -Vertical and lateral jaw movements = can only chew on only one side of the mouth at a time -Saliva with no enzymes -Esophagus: One-way peristaltic movement(no regurgitation) -no gallbladder: do not store bile

Ear tattooing vs Ear tagging

-Most dairy goats get ear tattooed because they will be alive longer+you can't remove a tattoo like you can an ear tag -most meat goats get ear tagged because they won't be alive as long

Companion Animal Pet food

-Most major livestock and human food suppliers have a pet food division -Major livestock feed producers: Cargill (Nutrena, Pro Premium, Loyall pet foods) -Major Food Companies Nestle-Purina Smucker's Mars, Inc.

Reproductive Management in breeding

-Must know how to breed accurately -Teasing and ultrasonography can be used to determine if there are good follicles or if the horse is ready to get pregnant -Conception rates: 36 hrs after ovulation, 24-48 hours before the end of estrus

Sporting dogs

-Naturally active and alert -Known for their superior instincts in water and woods -Enjoy hunting and other field activities 4 types: spaniels, pointers, retrievers, and setters ex: Golden retriever, pointer, Brittany, cocker spaniel

Ovaries

-Pair ovaries are the female gonads -Contain oocytes and are responsible for much of the dog's reproductive hormone production -Secretes estrogen and progesterone -Multiparous: Ovulate multiple oocytes and bear multiple offspring or litters Smaller breeds: 2 to 10 Larger breeds: 5 to 20

Transition of US Agriculture

-Pre-1920's: Labor intensive, family labor, limited mechanization -1920's: World War l (1914-1918) Farm labor shortages -1930's: Great Depression (1929-1939) The Dust Bowl=Migration of farmers from plains to west, Rural electrification -1940's: World War ll (1939-1945) Labor shortages, farm mechanization, increase in farm size -1950's-1960's: Modern Science The Green Revolution, Plant and Animal Breeding, Nutrition, Physiology

Steps of digestion(stomach)

-Significant chemical and enzymatic digestion will begin here -Physical breakdown will also occur due to the churning action created by the contractions of the muscles -Chemical digestion: Caused by HCI which denatures proteins Enzymatic digestion: Enzymes will then hydrolyze these proteins -Additional enzymes also assist with digestion: Pepsin, gastricin, rennin Gastric lipase acts on fat -Storage

Estrous cycle Summary

-Similar to dog with one unique difference: Queen REQUIRES copulation to stimulate ovulation -Average length: 14-21 days -Estrus: will last approximately 7 days followed by a period of non-receptivity for 10 days if no mating occurs -If mating does not occur ovulation and formation of the corpus luteum does not occur -if mating does occur, ovulation, fertilization, and pregnancy occurs -When pregnant, progesterone levels are high in order in maintain pregnancy

Pedigree-based genetic predictions

-The phenotype of each animal is combined with that of every other animal in the population -Data from siblings, cousins, and all other maternal and paternal relatives are included -Performance of close relatives is weighted more heavily than that of distant relatives -Genetic predictions provide an estimate of future performance of the animal and its offspring

Ways to accomplish digestion

-The physical or mechanical actions of chewing (mastication) and muscular action of the digestive tract (peristalsis) -The chemical action of hydrochloric acid (HCl) -The action of enzymes, which increase the speed of the breakdown of the chemical bonds in foods by the addition of a water molecule

Clostridiosis and Tetanus

-almost all goats vaccinated against CD/T(routine for most producers) -clostridium perfringens causes GI disease -tetanus can occur especially around castration, tattooing, tagging

Initiation of Parturition

-an endocrine signal from fetus initiates parturition -plasma levels of glucocorticoids(such as cortisol) increases prior to partution -glucocorticoids increase estrogen production by the placenta so that the estrogen levels are higher than progesterone; promotes uterine synthesis and secretion of PGF2a

Metabolic diseases

-common especially around kidding -Ex: hypocalcemia, ketosis -treat by restoring balance metabolically -no vaccine, not pathogenic; prevent with adequate nutrition

Purpose of Swine Castration

-helps with taming aggression(boars tend to bite, shove and jump on other pigs) -boars are difficult to handle -boar taint/off odors in meat are prevented with castration

What are Gregor Mendel's statements?

-hereditary units occur in pairs -only one allele of each pair is found in a gamete -alleles of one gene are inherited independently from alleles of another gene

Nutritive Value of Meat and Meat Products

-high quality protein -source of essential minerals(iron, zinc) -source of B vitamins -source of essential fatty acids -high satiety value

What is a mammary gland?

-highly evolved skin gland(compound, tubulo-alveolar glands) -develops from the ectodermal layer of an embryo -synthesizes and secretes milk in an organized manner from epithelial cells in tissue consisting of alveoli -mom will need an extra 500 calories a day to produce milk

Galactopoiesis

-maintenance of lactation once lactation has been established -galactopoietic hormones(prolactin in humans and growth hormone in cattle) and removal of milk are critical

Energy utilization by livestock

-major source of feed energy is carbohydrates -fiber is also a source of carbohydrates for herbivores -fiber can only be utilized if it is fermented by bacteria within the gut -Rumen bacteria degrade almost all dietary starch and 40 to 60 % of dietary fiber -more VFA's produced from starch (grain) than fiber (forage)

Muscle Structure

-meat is a connective tissue -it has collagen -knowing things about muscle structure and function are helpful in producing desirable fresh and processed meats -meat has sarcomeres that allow it to stretch but once rigor mortis sets in they want to shrink.

Lactic Acid and meat

-meat undergoes a drop in pH because of lactic acid build up -lactic acid varies based on breed

What digestive adaptations do ruminants have that make them different from mono gastric(non-ruminant) animals in the way they extract and use energy from their feed?

-microorganism colony -regurgitation(rumination) -have BOTH fermentation and regurgitation

Fertilization overview

-occurs in oviduct -sperm is deposited in the vagina -Oxytocin: peptide hormone from the pituitary gland; promotes muscular activity of the female tubular genitalia to assist with sperm transport

lactation curve of ewe

-one lamp crop/yr -multiple births desired=more milk -wean lambs at 4-6 weeks -minimize cost of maintaining ewe

Monogastric

-one stomach(simple stomach) -poultry, swine, horses, dogs, cats, fish, rats, mice, guinea pigs, monkeys, and some zoo animals

Late gestation

-progesterone is high during most of gestation -estrogen increases during late gestation -estrogen promotes the development of contractile proteins in the smooth muscle cells of the uterus and gap junctions -the uterine changes increase the force that the uterus can generate for delivery

Goat breeding

-seasonally polyestrous -breeding: fall, Aug-Dec -Kidding: spring, Jan-May -Gestation: 150days

adjustment factors

-some environmental factors are known to affect the phenotype of every animal in every population: age, gender, length of opportunity(observation) period -we can adjust phenotypic records prior to making genetic comparisons to "level the playing field">standardized records or scores

companion/hobby

-some goats(often miniature) are kept as companions/hobby -e.g. goat yoga

Nursing

-sows *require* piglets to create milk -piglets will develop a hierarchy (and will fight for it) -piglets are typically weaned at 3-4 weeks -after piglets are weaned the cows decrease their milk production

goals of dog selection

-speed/agility -size/shape/color -temperament -hunting/retrieving

Symptoms of white muscle disease

-stiffness -hunched back -unthriftiness -lameness

Predisposing Causing

-stress factors -place unusual or additional demand on the body -Ex: housing, nutrition, lying times, breed, milk yield, weight, season

What can the rumen of a cow do?

-supply 60% of the animal's protein needs -produce VFAs which are beneficial to the cow -the bacterial supply in the rumen can supply almost all of the animal's B vitamin needs -provides an anaerobic environment for bacteria to grow

Colostrum Testing

-testing tells you how many antibodies are in the colostrum -If the calves get untested colostrum, their chances of getting sick increase because of the decrease in colostrum quality. -If calves are sick without good colostrum, they won't have the energy either to fight infection. -Better colostrum should be given to the more valuable heifer calves. *you should always feed calves superior colostrum*

Qualitative(Simple) traits

-when traits are controlled by only one gene or a few genes, they are called *simply inherited traits* -they are also called *qualitative traits* because they are easily observed and individuals can be classified into groups eg red vs black -the frequency of each allele varies between breeds -when all individuals of a breed carry the same allele we says it is *fixed* -these traits are usually influenced by *genetics only*

Hormone cycle

1. Anterior pituitary releases FSH 2. GnRH secreted to anterior pituitary from the tonic GnRH pulse center 3. LH is released and goes to follicle 4. Estrogen from ovary causes a positive feedback to the GnRH increase the production of GnRH=positive feedback=GnRH/LH surge 5. GnRH/LH surge causes ovulation and CL is produced 6. CL produces P4=negative feedback on system

Exsanguination

1. Blood loss: causes circulatory failure; marks beginning of postmortem changes 2. Effects on metabolic pathways -Aerobic pathway -Anaerobic shift: homeostatic mechanism, lactic acid accumulation, rate and extent 3. Carcass temperature -Decline: metabolic, chilling, variation -rate of chemical reactions; PSE Key factors: temperature and pH

Unique aspects of companion animals

1. Dog and cat food -aethetics of food, stool and flatulence -preservatives -packaging 2. Diet/Health issues -obesity, coat quality, activity levels, longevity, urinary health 3. Nutrition Programs (can be present for production animals too)

Development of Human and Animal Relationships

1. Dog: 15,000BC, hunting(domesticated from wolves) 2. Sheep and Goats: 13,000BC, food, first evidence for raising animals for meat 3. Cats: 9000BC, Mouse/rat control, humans raising grain for food 4. Cattle, Pigs: 9000-7000BC, for food, could be kept in villages 5. Horses: 3500 BC, Transportation 6. Camels, oxen, donkeys: 4000-3000 BC, transport goods, global trade routes, draft animals, ploughing 7. Poultry: 2000BC, food, derived from the jungle fowl(all poultry)

Ten Most popular cat breeds

1. Exotic 2. Persian 3. Maine Coon 4. Ragdoll 5. British Shorthair 6. American Shorthair 7. Abyssinian 8. Sphynx 9. Siamese 10. Scottish Fold

Expected advancements in animal agriculture in next 10 years

1. Improving food animal genetics 2. Developing precision livestock production systems 3. Early and rapid detection and prevention of animal diseases

Major challenges for agriculture in next 10 years

1. Improving the efficiency of food and agricultural systems 2. Increasing sustainability of agriculture 3. Increasing resiliency of agriculture to adapt to rapid changes and extreme conditions

Ways of Introducing and Spreading Infectious Diseases

1. Introduction of diseased animals 2. Introduction of animals that have recovered from a disease but are carriers of the infectious agent and can transmit it to other animals 3. Contact with inanimate objects that are contaminated with infectious organisms 4. Exposure to the carcass of an infected animal 5. Water contaminated by sick animal in the herd or draining from an impure surface water source 6. Pathogens carried by rodents, varmints, and birds 7. Organisms known as vectors 8. The shoes and clothing of a person can carry infectious organisms from one group of animals to another 9. Contaminated feed or feed bags 10. Contaminated premises 11. Airborne organisms

Copulation in dogs

1. Male enters into the female in a mounting position (1-2 minutes) 2. Bulbus glandis (Cowper's gland) swells inside of the vagina 3. Vulva muscles contract around the penis forming the copulatory (also known as the "tie") 4. The ties usually lasts 5 minutes to 1 hour 5. During the tie, the two animals are physically unable to separate -Separating by humans can be dangerous -Separation happens naturally

Top 6 Pet food companies

1. Mars Petcare 2. Nestle Purina Petcare 3. Big Heart(smuckers)Pet Brands 4. Hills Pet Nutrtion 5. Blue buffalo 6. Spectrum brands/united pet group -all US companies

Food Safety

1. Microbial issues: inadequate heating, post processing contamination 2. Chemical issues: contamination or inappropriate usage levels 3. Physical hazards

Common Goat health issues

1. Parasitism 2. Infectious diseases 3. Metabolic diseases

Sperm Pathway

1. Produced in seminiferous tubules in the testes 2. Move to epididymis where they are stored, transported, and undergo maturation -Head of epididymis=immature and non-fertile sperm -tail of epididymis=fertile sperm 3. Enter the vas deferent where the sperm are suspended in fluid from testes 4. Travel through urethra and out the penis during ejaculation

Estrous cycle(cat)

1. Proestrus Lasts one day or less Characteristics: rolling, head rubbing, vocalization, crouching often, treading movement of feet but still rejecting male 2. Estrus Duration: 6-7 days Characteristics: increase intensity of proestrus activity, but will accept male. Will allow mating with movement of the tail to one side and permission of Tom to grasp her neck, mount, and copulate -estrogen burgees occur about once a month 3. Diestrus (Metestrus) Duration: 1-2 weeks Characteristics: Following non-ovulation (no mating) there is no acceptance of male and loss of signs of heat. -female stays in constant follicular phase -estrogen and progesterone levels are low(except if pregnant)

Guide dog training

1. Starts when the dog is 18 months old 2. Dogs are taught basic obedience commands and to pull with a harness on 3. Taught to lead and stop at curbs of residential street 4. Taught to lead and stop on busier streets 5. Learns intelligent disobedience to disregard a command if it would lead their person to danger 6. Final exam 7. Partnered with a human who must also be trained

Process of Slaughter: Harvest

1. Stun- Humane Slaughter Act 2. Exsanguinate 3. Dehair (primarily pigs) 4. Head removal 5. Hide/pelt removal 6. Eviscerate 7. Split into halves (beef, pork, not lamb) 8. Carcass wash 9. Microbial interventions (e.g. acid rinses, steam pasteurization) Chill

Structures of male reproductive tract

1. Testes: Responsible for both sperm production and production of male sex hormones. Due to the temperature dependence of sperm, testes are descended from the body. 2. Penis: Deposits the semen in the vagina or cervix, depending on the species 3. Duct system: Epididymis, ductus deferens (vas deferens), ejaculatory duct, and the urethra 4. Accessory sex gland: seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and the bulbus glandis all produce secretions that increase the volume of semen, add nutrients to semen, and aid in coagulation of the semen after ejaculation.

Types of nutrients

1. Water 2. Carbohydrates (energy) 3. Fat (energy and essential fatty acids) 4. Protein 5.Minerals 6. Vitamins

Process of Slaughter: live animal

1. Withdraw from feed 2. Receive at plant 3. Hold 4. Weigh

Egg+sperm

1. binding of a sperm to the *zona pellucida* -uses Z3 receptor 2. Acrosome reaction(makes the nuclei able to fuze) 3. Entry through the zona pellucina 4. fusion of the plasma membranes 5. entry of the sperm nucleus into the ovum cyctoplasm

6 key hormones that dominate the estrous cycle

1. estrogen(estradiol-17 beta) from the follicle 2. Progesterone from corpus luteum 3. Luteinizing hormone(LH) from pituitary 4. GnRH from hypothalamus -stimulates LH to be secreted -released in pulses/surges 5. FSH from pituitary -regulates follicular waves 6. Prostaglandin F2a from non-pregnant uterus -regresses the corpus luteum

Management Practices

1. feed a gain lower in simple carbohydrate content 2. Feed multiple small meals a day 3. Allow the horse free-choice of forage. Restrict pasture access in spring

Three Pillars of Sustainability

1. human -social, cultural 2. Economic resources -basic infrastructure, labor, capital, market, etc 3. Natural and biological resources -climate, land, soil, water, animals

10 most popular breeds

1. labrador retriever 2. German shephard 3. golden retriever 4. French bulldog 5. bulldog 6. beagles 7. poodles 8. rottweilers 9. German shorthaired pointer 10. Yorkshire terrier

Typical lactation curve for dairy cattle

1. maximize life-time milk production 2. one calf/year 3. breed for 'peak' and 'persistency'

The digestion or fermentation processes lead to the formation of...

1. nutrients(or toxins) that enter the body by absorption in the bloodstream or the lymphatic system 2. gases that are expelled through the lungs(pre-gastric fermenters) or anus(hindgut fermenters) 3. undigested residues that are expelled from the digestive tract as feces

Six major components of milk

1. protein(casein, a-lactalbumin, B-lactoglobulin, globulins): blood amino acids 2. Milk fat(triglycerides>glycerol and fatty acids) Glycerol: mainly blood glucose Fatty acids: from rumen, diet and body fat 3. Lactose(composed of glucose and galactose) -diet sugars and glucose synthesized by liver 4. minerals: blood 5. vitamins: blood 6. water: blood(regulated by lactose synthesis)

Three largest orders of mammals

1. rodentia ex: mice, rats, porcupines, beavers 2. Chiroptera ex: bats 3. soricomorpha ex: shrews

Why does hindgut fermentation contribute little to the supply of nutrients in ruminants?

1. the cecum is much smaller than the rumen 2. the partially fermented and digested feed that arrives in the cecum is subjected to microbial populations similar to that in the rumen

Steps of Digestion(Mouth)

1.Prehension -The means an animal use to bring food into their mouth -Could include their upper limbs, head, beak, and claws, and their mouth, teeth, or lips. 2. Mastication (chewing) -The vertical and lateral actions of the jaw and teeth to crush food -Carnivores only chew to the extent needed to reduce the size of their meat so that it can be swallowed 3. Salivation -Secretion and mixing of saliva with food -Three main paired salivary glands Parotid (below the ear), Submaxillary (mandibular), Sublingual (under the tongue) -Saliva is needed to lubricate food so that the animal can chew and swallow it -It also serves as a solvent dissolving small portions of food, allowing it to come into contact with taste bids. -May stimulate taste nerves -cleanses the mouth and prevents decay of leftover food particles -lysozyme supplies a disinfectant action that kills bacteria that could harm the teeth and gums -Cats and other carnivores have large amounts of lysozyme 4. Swallowing -Food and water will pass from the mouth into the stomach through the esophagus -Involuntary -Caused by the presence of material in the back of the mouth -Through peristalsis the food will move to the stomach

Common disabilities service dogs take care of

1.Spinal cord/head trauma (injury/stroke) 2. Visual or hearing deficits 3. Arthritis 4. Ataxia/poor balance 5. Multiple sclerosis 6. Cerebral palsy 7. Muscular dystrophy 8. Spina bifida 9. Seizure disorders 10. Cardio/pulmonary disease 11. Arteriovascular disease 12. Psychiatric disabilities

Points of feed

1/100ths lbs feed/lb gain

A BB bull and a Bb cow are mated. If B is black and dominant and b is red and recessive, what are the resulting color percentages of the offspring?

100% black, 0% red

What is a common size for chicken houses?

100,000 chickens

Safe milk attempt

1856-Gail Borden: sweetened condensed milk using an evaporator (was the first successful person to make this) 1883: Dr. Henry Thatcher-patented milk bottles 1867: Henri Nestle-mixture of fresh milk, wheat flour, and sugar 1884: A. V. Meighs-doctor in Philadelphia published chemical analysis of human milk 87.1% water, 4.2% fat, 7.4% sugar, 1% inorganic matter, 1% casein Allowed cows milk to be adjusted to match that of human milk to make formula, by 1950 more than half of American babies were consuming formula (pasteurization, more improved commercial formulas)

Traits evaluated in USA dairy cattle

1926: milk and fat yield 1978: protein yield, conformation 1994: productive life, somatic cell count 2000: calving ease 2003: cow fertility 2006: stillbirth rate, bull fertility 2009: heifer fertility Current: feed efficiency, early postpartum health disorders, calf health

Expected livability of layers

90%, to 80 weeks

Broiler

A chicken raised for meat

What is a zoonotic disease?

A disease that can be transmitted between animals and humans

DNA sequence

A series of letter indicating the order of nucleotides(phosphate+sugar+base(adenine, cytosine, thymine, guanine)) in an individual; can be arranged in 256 different ways -a single nucleotide polymorphism(SNP) occurs when the DNA sequence differs between two individuals at a specific site due to a mutation

What is a nutrient?

A substance that provides nourishment essential for production and the maintenance of life

Essential Nutrients Summary

AA: His, Ile, Leu, Lys, Met, Phe, Thr, Trp, Val FA: linoleic and alpha linolenic classes Vitamins: A, B's, D, E, K (C in primates) Minerals Macro: Na, Cl, K, Ca, Ph, Mg, S Micro: Fe, Zn, I, Se, Cu, Mn, F, Cr, Mb *if an animal is missing any one of these they cannot survive*

Endocrine diseases

Abnormal function of the endocrine system such as diabetes Treatment: medicines to treat and control diseases

Race Industry Opportunities

Breeders Trainers Jockeys Managers Buyer/seller market managers Veterinarians farriers Grooms Track management/business Syndicates/lawyers

Understanding genetic predictions

By understanding genetic predictions you can breed your animals to achieve whatever your production goals are

Why are vaccinations important for calves?

Calves are born with naïve immune systems. The onset of puberty (4-6 months of age) marks immune system maturation, with full immunity reached by 10-12 months.

What are they (limited) ways you can describe disease?

Clinical(showing symptoms) vs Subclinical(no observable symptoms) Acute vs Chronic

Commercial hens will lay...

Commercial hens will lay about 350 eggs in 60 weeks of production

Pros and Cons of Free Range pigs

Cons: -can't watch animals as closely -lower growth rates -cannot determine patient zero of diseases -not very cost effective Pros -allows pigs to roam and display natural behaviors

What is a common hydrid chicken for meat?

Cornish x Rock

Analysis of proteins in feeds

Crude protein(CP)=nitrogen x 6.25

Steps of digestion(small intestines)

Duodenum -Extends from the pylorus of the stomach to the beginning of the jejunum -Bile and pancreatic secretion(contain digestive enzymes) enter here -Main site of food breakdown Jejunum -Longest part of small intestines -More digestion; absorption of digestive end products Ileum -Forms a connection between the small and large intestines -Absorption continues here -Chief site of food digestion and nutrient absorption in monogastrics -Chyme (very acidic) leaves the stomach to the small intestines (duodenum) -It is then mixed with bile, pancreatic juice, and succusentericus(needed to lubricate, dilute, and increase the pH of the food mixtures

What are the concentrations of estradiol and progesterone at estrus?

Estrogen: peak! falls after the beginning of estrus Progesterone: low

If a follicle produces enough estradiol it directly causes a...

GnRH surge

summary of hormones

GnRH: produced by hypothalamus, causes LH surge LH: produced by anterior pituitary gland, causes ovulation; regulates selection and growth of follicles FSH: produced by anterior pituitary gland, causes stimulation of follicle growth; recruitment of follicles for follicular waves

Capra

Goat genus

What chemical is responsible for the chemical digestion in the stomach?

HCl

Service animal

Individually trained to do work or perform tasks for the benefit of an individual with a disability, including a physical, sensory, psychiatric, intellectual, or other mental disability

sex-linked inheritance

Inheritance of a genetic trait located on the sex chromosomes Ex: the gene responsible for orange and black fur in cats is on the X chromosome so only female cats can be heterozygous and display the calico phenotype

What is different about a cat's penis

It is called a glans penis-it has spikes on it(stimulates LH surge); it is curved out towards the tail

The pituitary produces what hormones?

LH and FSH

Livestock Revolution

Large increases in supply and demand of livestock and animal products worldwide at the end of the 20th century and into the 21st century -tied to human population growth, rising incomes, continuing urbanization and changing food preferences

Progesterone in pregnancy

Maintains pregnancy, inhibits estrus and promotes uterine tone

Farrier/foot care

Maintenance Therapeutic Show Veterinary farrier relationship

boar

Mature male pig

Heritability of Dairy Production Traits

Milk yield: 0.3 estimated heritability Fat yield: 0.3 Fat %: 0.5 Protein yield: 0.3 Protein %: 0.45

What do 1. mind and 2. nature mean in terms of animal welfare?

Mind: the emotion response or state of the animal Nature: behavior and environment of the animal

Laws and animal welfare

More and more laws are being created to protect animal rights. -relatively uncommon but they can reflect a shift on societal thinking over time -ex: cage free chickens

Current Jobs for Horses

Nutrition Genetics(AQHA (American Quarter horse association) AHA (Arabian horse association) Apha (American paint horse association)) Disease management Sports medicine Medications/anthelmintic development Foot & dental care Production & management

Dominance

One allele has a stronger effect on the phenotype than the other which has little or no effect -ex: heterozygotes have a phenotype that is similar or identical to one of the alternate homozygotes Ex: in cattle the polled allele is dominant to the horned allele

allele

One of a number of alternative forms of the same gene -mammals are diploid and each has two allele per gene -eggs and sperm are haploid and each has one allele per gene -alleles affect the same trait but each allele cause the production of a different protein and is expressed different

Mars food company

Pedigree, Whiskas, Iams, Royal Canin -17.2 billion world wide -Also owns Banfield Pet Hospitals -pet food division is bigger than Mars human snack food division -purchased Iams from Procter and Gamble

Vertical Integration

Practice where a single entity controls the entire process of a product, from the raw materials to distribution

Relaxin

Produced by: corpus luteum Action: preparation for parturition and lactation

Amylase

Produced in saliva and small intestine, can digest 1-4 linkages of alpha glucose

Short-Stave Barrel Concept

Production is limited by the most limiting nutrient

Economics of production and companion animals

Production: profit Companion: limit losses?

Heritability of Health and Fertility Traits in Dairy

Productive Life: 0.08 Somatic cell score: 0.12 Daughter Pregnancy rate: 0.04 Calving ease(direct): 0.09 Calving ease(maternal): 0.05 Stillbirth(direct): 0.03 Stillbirth(maternal): 0.07

American Horse Council

Promotion and protection of equine industry Unify industry Advocate social and economical issue(Horse protection act by USDA, Communications,Positive impact of horse industry) ** Unwanted horse coalition Educational resources Disaster assistance

Pros and Cons of Intensive Farming/CAFOS

Pros -can monitor your animals easily -can maintain a steady climate for the animals Cons -negatively impacts environment -lots of air and water pollution -pollution can carry pathogens and heavy metals -contaminates ground water

Lengths of cow repro

Puberty: 1 year Estrous cycle: 21 days Estrus: 10 hours Gestation: 282 days(~9 months)

Nestle-Purina

Purina, Alpo, Kibble and Chunks, Mighty dog, Beneful, Fancy Feast, Friskies

Quality levels of pork

RFN, PSE, RSE, DFD

What processes allow ruminants to achieve higher cellulose digestion than any other species

Rumination and fermentation -fermentation uses microorganisms that live in the gut than can start breaking down food before digestion -food will also stay in the rumen for a really long time=more time to extract VFAs -larger surface area from papillae= better fermentation -rumination: regurgitation gives the animal another go at breaking up the food=more SA=better digestion/fermentation; also adds saliva which neutrals pH and lubricates the bolus

Types of service dogs

Search and rescue Patrol Dogs Narcotics Dogs Bomb-sniffing dogs Sentry Dogs Messenger Dogs Mine Dogs Conservation Dogs

Rank the following pigs, rats and sheep in decreasing order for their ability to ferment hemicellulose and cellulose (the sign ">" means "greater ability to ferment cellulose than"):

Sheep>(pigs=rats)

How does huddling behavior causes problems for swine health?

Since they are so close together it is easy to spread sickness

Life span of a sow, fattening pig and boar in production

Sow: <3 years Fattening pigs(barrows and gilts): 6-7 months Boar: 2 years

Hernando de Soto

Spanish explorer who discovered and claimed the Mississippi River for Spain -brought pigs to Tampa Bay, FL

Animal Science

The combination of disciplines that together comprise of the study of domestic animals

Genotype

The genetic makeup of an individual with regard to a specific gene or characteristic

What is different about a horses uterus?

They have poorly developed uterine horns because they usually only have one fetus

Domestic animals

Those species that have been brought under human control and that have adapted to life with humans

Mission of Delta Society

To help... -The general population to improve health -People who are ill to improve healing -People who are disabled to improve independence

Parasites

Treatment: administer anthelmintic(e.g. ivermectin, cydectin) Prevention: reduce fecal to oral contact, rotate pastures, fecal egg counts + strategic deworming

Number of chromosomes between species

Turkey 82 Donkey 62 Human 46 Chicken 78 Cow 60 Pig 38 Dog 78 Goat 60 Cat 38 Horse 64 Sheep 54 mule 32 Donkey 31

Poultry complexs

Typically consist of: Hatchery Feedmill Processing plant Breeder Farms (typically contract production) Grower Farms (typically contract production)

Teaching and extension opportunities with horses

University curriculum Outreach/extension programs Riding/lesson instruction

Pullet Starter cages

Vertical cages where young chickens start their life; there are also cage free versions

white muscle disease

Vitamin E or selenium deficiency

What do the microbes produce from the feed?

Volatile Fatty Acids

Animal Rights view of animal ethics

We have a *direct* ethical obligations towards animals AND it is never justifiable to sacrifice the interests of an animal to benefit another animal or human

Utilitarian, Relational and Respect for Nature views of Animal ethics

We have direct ethical obligations toward animals Reasons: to maximize benefits vs. costs for both people and animals, because of our relationships with the animals, or to protect the integrity of a species

Common white egg layer

White leghorn (many strains and hybrids of strains)

Coccidiosis

Why?: kids, overcrowded, dirty pens, stress *protozoan parasites(like coccidia) are not affected by dewormers* -need a coccidiostat or coccidiocide to treat

Bacon Breeds

Yorkshire Tamworth *typically more muscular than just fatty*

Corporate Social Responsibility

a business's concern for society's(or animal's) welfare Ex: Mcdonalds has made a promise to have cage free eggs

steer

a castrated male cattle

barrow

a castrated male pig

Pathogen

a living organism that cause disease in another living organism

sow

a mature female pig that has produced young

gilt

a sexually immature female pig

Bull

a sexually mature male bovine/Young male cattle

Colostrum

a specialized form of milk that delivers essential nutrients and antibodies in a form that the newborn can digest

calf

a young cattle (less than a year of age)

pathogenicity

ability to cause disease

What benefit do cows obtain from having a rumen?

ability to derive energy from cellulose

farrow

act of giving birth in pigs

lambing

act of giving birth in sheep

Oviposition

act of laying of egg

Cellulose

A carbohydrate composed of thousands of glucose molecules joined by beta linkages that forms the support structure of plants

What are the 3 types of genetic inheritance?

additive, dominance, epistasis

Which of the following does the daily saliva production NOT depend on: -chewing time -rumen acidity -level of fiber in the diet -fiber particle size

daily saliva production does not depend on rumen acidity

Which of the following genetic traits has the lowest heritability?

daughter pregnancy rate

DIM

days in milk

Does marbling increase or decreases carcass quality?

decrease

virulence

degree of pathogenicity

What doesn't the omasum not play a role in?

digestion of protein

Hindgut acidosis

digestive problem in horses characterized by low pH conditions in hind gut. occurs when simple carbohydrates pass through the small intestine

Canis

dog genus

Herbivores

eat vegetable based foods

Incubation

embryonic development of eggs

The cell type in which milk is synthesized?

epithelial cells

Nursery

facility for raising weaned pigs until they are feeder pigs

What feed chemical fraction is essentially not utilized by rumen bacteria for growth?

fat

FCM

fat corrected milk(adjustment factor(

The small intestine is the primary site of absorption for what products of digestion?

fatty acids and amino acids

reticulum

feed enters and leaves stomach, "hardware stomach"

Duck

female duck

Meat

flesh from animals suitable for food

What do pet owners spend the most money per year on?

food

embryonic mammary development

formation of ducts, cistern and lumen occur before mid-gestation

Lameness

gait abnormality resulting in a lack of symmetry in the stride pattern, caused by pain or mechanical restrictions -identified prevalence combined with long duration -impairs production -results in culling -bad for public perception

This organ releases bile into the small intestine to help emulsify fats and acts as a pH buffer

gall bladder

Overso Lethal white

genetic in pain horses that cause albino horses to die bc of digestive problem

The genetic makeup of an individual with regard to specific gene or characteristic is defined as...

genotype

Calving

giving birth to cattle

foaling

giving birth to equine

Kidding

giving birth to goats

queening

giving birth to kittens

Why were camels/oxen domesticated?

global trade routes

Chevre

goat cheese

Chevon

goat meat

Chevron

goat meat

What is a species that is not monogastric?

goats

Herd

group of cattle

Flock

group of chickens, turkey, ducks

Pack

group of dogs

herd

group of pigs

Heterozygous

having two different alleles for a trait

springing

heifer or cow that is in late stage of pregnancy

broody

hen that wants to incubate

Layers

hens for egg production

flock

herd of sheep or goats

Farrowing Crate

holding pen that limits sow movement before and during parturition

Equine

horse genus

Chevaline

horse meat

CWT

hundredweight

pullet

immature female chicken

filly

immature female horse

colt

immature male horse

reducing food waste

improve infrastructure of developing countries to reduce food consequences of wasting(ie buying but not consuming) food

Fermentation takes place..

in the forestomachs(ruminants) and the large intestine(ruminants and hindgut fermenters)

Closing the yield gap

increase the usually low crop and animal productivity of developing countries in comparison to developed countries

Mastitis

infection of the mammary gland

Freemartin

infertile female twin to a bull calf

Mastitis

inflammation of the mammary gland

Cannibalism

injury caused by pecking

Why under normal conditions is little or no glucose absorbed from the digestive system of ruminants?

it's turned into VFA's by microorganisms so they basically don't get a chance to do anything with it

Which part of the digestive tract is responsible for the regulation of body water content?

large intestine

Finisher(pig)

late stages of growth for meat

What is the ideal weight of a layer chicken?

less than 3.5 pounds

Accessory gland include...

liver, gallbladder, salivary glands, pancreas

Is a horse livestock or companion animal in US?

livestock

Parts of the mammary gland that are formed during the mammogenesis phase of pregnancy

lobule and alveoli development and ducts and cistern formation

Stag

male castrated after puberty

Drake

male duck

Yearling

male or female approximately one year old

tom

male turkey

Quarter

mammary gland

caruncle

maternal side of placenta

queen

mature female cat

bitch

mature female dog

Tom

mature male cat

Stud

mature male dog

ewe

mature/immature female sheep

ram

mature/immature male sheep

Doe

mature/young female goat

Why were sheep/goats domesticated?

meat

Cornish rock/fryer/broiler

meat chicken

Beef

meat from cattle

Lamb/Mutton

meat of sheep

What are the main gases produced by rumen fermentation?

methane and carbon dioxide

In the animal welfare lecture, Dr. Van Os talked about the study in which mink chose to push on weighted doors to get access to a pool more often than doors that led to social interaction and toys. This shows insight into which welfare perspective?

nature; minks would rather be in an aquatic environment

Estrogen

necessary for the development of eggs

Whelp

newborn dog

Duckling

newborn duck

Kid

newborn goat

Foal

newborn horse

piglet

newborn pig

Physical breakdown

occurs in the mouth during chewing -very important in ruminants because they ruminate

What is a characteristic of a female reproductive tract that tells you that they're pregnant

one of the uterine horns is larger than the other

cryptochidism

one or both of the testes may not descend and instead remain in the abdomen in a condition called cryptorchidism. Testosterone production can occur at body temperature so this animal will exhibit sex characteristics of a normal male. However, sperm production requires cooler temperatures, so the affected male is generally infertile or sterile. If one teste is descended, the animal will still produce sperm. This condition appears to be hereditary so these males should not be used for reproductive purposes.

papillae

organs lining the rumen wall that absorb VFAs

What is the process where the oocyte emerges out of the follicle?

ovulation

Which of the following hormones stimulates the milk letdown reflex?

oxytocin

Phenotype

physical characteristics of an organism -not every change in genotype leads to a change in phenotype(there are many non-coding regions of DNA) and sometimes different mutations can lead to identical phenotypes -Not every difference in phenotype is due to a difference in genotype(the cause of the difference may be environmental)

Sus

pig genus

Nursery pig

piglet needing added heat

market hog

pigs raised for meat production in a finishing facility

Cellulose digestibility tends to be related directly to animal weight....

positively

Milking stimulus and oxytocin release

premilking stimulus(licking of udder, etc) causes an increase of oxytocin which produces more milk

Progesterone

prepares uterus for pregnancy

Digestion

process where complex chemical compounds locked in a feed source are broken down into simpler, smaller units that can be absorbed through the wall of the digestive tract

The function of the Cowper's gland in the male reproductive tract is...

produce pre-ejaculate fluid

The corpus luteum produces...

progesterone

stomach

refers to the enlarged sac-like portion of the digestive tract that secretes HCL and digestive enzymes -located between the esophagus and the small intestine in most animals -in ruminants the stomach is called the abomasum

Testosterone

required for proper function of the accessory sexual glands (such as the prostate), male sex characteristics, and sexual behavior.

What is the digestive compartment where pointed objects tend to locate themselves and cause hardware disease?

reticulum

Shorthorn cattle are known to exhibit codominance in regards to coat color. If you were to breed a red-colored bull with a white-colored cow, what color would the offspring be?

roan

aviary system

see lab practicum notes

mare

sexually mature female horse. also, a female who has foaled or a female four years of age or older

cock/rooster

sexually mature male chicken

buck

sexually mature male goat/young male goat

stallion/stud

sexually mature male horse

Why might a cow not eat but still be hungry?

she is not getting enough nutritionally dense feed therefore her rumen is full but she is lacking nutrients

Ovis

sheep genus

What is not a major milk component?

starch

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

stimulates testicular growth and necessary for producing the binding hormone that sustains the mature sperm cell

Rumen

stomach chamber in cows and related animals in which symbiotic bacteria digest cellulose -lots of papillae to increase surface area -ventral side has more papillae than the dorsal side -30 gallon capacity

Esophageal groove

structure closes during sucking so that milk bypasses rumen

lordosis

swayback

Law of independent assortment

the alleles of one gene segregate(get inherited) independently of the alleles of another gene

epistasis

the alleles of one gene(or locus) influence the expression of alleles at one or more other genes(or loci) -we cannot determine the effect of an allele at one locus without knowing the individuals' genotype at another locus Ex: in pigs the allele for white coat is dominant(I) to the allele for colored coat so red and black coat color is only expressed in animals with ii genotype; is an example of 2 locus epistasis

Genetics in horses

the breadline has decreased so much that recessive traits that can be detrimental to the horse are popping up more often=opporunties to fix that

Etiology

the cause of disease or the study of the cause of disease

The level of progesterone increases after the display of estrus behavior due to...

the ovulation of the dominant follicle and the formation of a corpus luteum

What is galactopoiesis?

the physiology of maintaining milk production once it has been initiated.

milk letdown reflex

the reflexive release of milk by the mammary glands of a nursing female in response to suckling or to stimuli associated with suckling

Pathology

the study of the essential nature of disease

The organ that releases a hormone(prostaglandin) to regress the corpus luteum is...

the uterus

What happens to pigs if they are fed food high in oxidized lipids?

their meat spoils faster and consumers are more likely to tell it tastes "off"

The cavity in pigs where the lungs are located

thoracic

Chromosomes

threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes -chromosomes have the same size and shape and occur in pairs -a locus is a point on the chromosome

What is the major goal of companion animals as an industry that is different from raising as livestock?

to keep the animal alive for as long as possible

Why were horses domesticated?

transportation

T/F: across species of mammals body weight is directly related to milk yield

true

T/F: nearly all genetic defects are inherited as recessive alleles

true

T/F: there are no federally inspected slaughter facilities for horses in the United States

true

True or False. Many things that can be marketed towards humans can also be marketed towards companion animals as well.

true

abomasum

true glandular stomach -lots of folds -has pylorus -posterior secretes acid and anterior secretes mucus

abomasum

true stomach

Meleagris

turkey genus

glandular stomach

used to refer to both the gastric compartment in non-ruminants and the abomasum in ruminants

VFA is an abbreviation for what in digestion

volatile fatty acids

peak and persistency in dairy

want lots of milk at the beginning but also to sustain that amount

Bucks

weight: 170-300lbs can breed at 5-6 months

Kitten

young cat

cockerel

young male chicken

Feeder(pig)

young needing to be grown; recently weaned; at least 8 weeks old or 40-100 lb in weight

Boar pig

young pig

poult

young turkey

Breeds of dogs

~400-450 breeds in the world today -Primary dog registry: American Kennel Club (AKC) 7 categories: Sporting dogs Hounds Working dogs Terriers Toy breeds Non-sporting dogs Herding dogs Miscellaneous

Dairy Production Cycle of Goats

• Long productive life -start 1-2 yrs old, retire at 10+ yr old • Standard Lactation - 305 DIM • Milk Yield ~2500 lbs/lact. = 8.2 lbs/d • Kids: some females retained (replacements), most males sold (market wethers)

Immobilization

• Render unconscious, quick, avoid suffering • Increase blood pressure • Could have hemorrhaging in tissue • Tissue damage • Laws- humane immobilization methods - captive bolt, electrical stunning, CO2 • Kosher slaughter- not immobilization, but restrained

Meat Production Cycle of Goats

• Typical market weight 60-100 lbs, at 6-9 mo. • Dressing percentage ~50% • Typical ADG = 0.3 lbs/d • Breeding animals' lifespan: 8-12 yrs • Ethnic markets - varying preferences

What can diagnoses include

➢Medical history of the sick or dead animal and herd mates, if applicable ➢Clinical examination ➢Palpation of the body for swelling or other abnormalities ➢Rectal palpation to assess the state of various internal organs and to determine pregnancy ➢Collection of specimens ➢A full diagnostic examination of a dead animal (necropsy)

Causes of disease

can be a combination of predisposing causes and direct causes

Chicken breeds

can either be pure breeds or hydrids

Horse veterinary care

can have general care or specialities(locomotion, internal medicine, diseases)

gib

castrated male cat

Capon

castrated male chicken

gelding

castrated male horse

wether

castrated male sheep or goat

Felis

cat genus

brooder chick

chick needing added heat

Gallus

chicken genus

colic in horses

condition of severe abdominal discomfort characterized by pawing, rolling, and sometimes the inability to defecate

Increasing production limits

continue using technologies derived from scientific research in genetic, physiology, etc to increase productivity with less environmental impact

What stimulates ovulation in the queen?

copulation

What hormone is released by animals and can be measured to determine levels of acute stress?

cortisol

dry

cow or heifer that has ceased to produce milk

fresh

cow or heifer that has recently calved and is producing milk

open

cow or heifer that is not pregnant

Equine indirect economic impact

*** Hay & feed *** Tack and equipment Saddles, bridles, blankets, wraps, etc Transportation/hauling International horse industry Quarantine facilities Show facilities/organizers educators Medical supplies Drugs & Care supplies *** Veterinarians *** Farriers Breed evaluators/inspectors Show judges Equine media/magazines/etc Equine welfare Marketing & design Equine CPA/lawyer/Insurance Facility & Course designers

1 Locus Dominance example

*Angus coat color* Black cow(BB)xRed bull(bb)=Black calves(Bb)

CMT

*C*alifornia *M*astitis *T*est 1. Samples milk from each quarter 2. Add *detergent* Observe *goo* in milk which results from *white blood cells* DNA being released from the detergent

Proestrus(dog)

*Formation of ovulatory follicles and estrogen secretion* -Lasts about 9 days -Signs : Swelling of the vulva, Bloody discharge -Female will attract males, but reject them until next stage -estrogen increases and peaks just before the onset of estrus -triggered by Inhibin secreted by developing follicles in the ovary that cause a negative feedback on FSH(Follicle Stimulating hormone) -Progesterone levels remain low -LH remains low until the end of proestrus

Regulatory Animal Medicine

*Government agencies charged with*... -Keeping foreign animal diseases out of the US -Stop or slow the spread of animal diseases across state lines -Eradicate selected animal diseases from the US -Assist in the protection of the welfare of particular groups of animals *Federal Regulation* -Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) -Agricultural Research Service (ARS)

2 locus dominance

*Hereford x Angus* Black, solid face(BB,ww)xRed, white face(bb, Ww)=Black, white face(Bb, Ww) "black baldies" -9:3:3:1 phenotypic ratio

Most common inherited defects in dogs

*Hip dysplasia* (German Shepherds, Rottweilers, ...) *Urinary bladder stones* (Dalmations, Newfoundlands, ...) *Epilepsy* (German Shepherds, Beagles, Dachsunds, ...) *Heart disease* (Dobermans, Boxers, Bulldogs, ...) *Degenerative myelopathy* (German Shepherds, Pugs, ...) *Brachycephalic syndrome* (Bulldog, King Charles, ...)

Estrus(dog)

*Sexual receptivity and peak estrogen secretion: FERTILE* -Lasts ~3-11 days -Signs are: A soft and enlarged vulva, Discharge lightens in color and decreases -estrogen decreases -progesterone increases IF fertilization occurs(~2-3 days) after ovulation -best time to breed is 4-7 days after standing

Mare Seasonality

*Spring Transition Period* -Early February to late April -Variable ovulation *Estrous period* -Early April to late September -ovulatory season *Fall Transition period* -Early September to late November -variable ovulation *Anestrous period* -Early November to late February -non-ovulatory

Omega-3 fatty acid examples

*a-Linolenic acid(ALA)* -green leafy vegetables -flax and chia seeds -canola, walnut, and soybean oils -oily fish -algae oil -krill oil

Therapy dogs

-Not assistance dogs with the same rights, privileges, or responsibilities -Bring comfort to people in a variety of setting

Equine Populations

-Numbers of horses in world: 58.7 million horses Numbers in us AHC 2005 survey 9.5 million horses in US $39 billion direct economic impact $102 billion economic impact- indirect and induce spending 1.4 million full time jobs Numbers in states : AHC survey Texas - 1 million California - 700,000 Florida - 500,000 Wisconsin - 100,000 3-4 horses for every 100 persons

Milk! fun facts

-OG diary products were cheese and yogurt(no refrigeration so they had to let it spoil) -our galaxy is the "Milky Way"; allegedly formed when Hera spilled milk when breastfeeding Hercules -most argued about food in human history -most regulated of all foods -milk drinkers and mostly of European Extraction ex: middle easterners, North Africans, Indian subcontinent -original Americans were lactose intolerant(there wasn't any milk in the Americas until colonies)

How data can improve conditions

-Often on the second visit of an auditor the lameness has decreased(mean -17%) *data>motivates change>results*

Vitamins

-Organic compounds needed by the body in very small amounts -can be Fat Soluble or Water Soluble

Female Reproductive anatomy

-Ovaries: Occur in pairs. Responsible for the development and release of the ova. Also produce the female sex steroid hormones progesterone and estrogen depending on the stage of the reproductive cycle. The ovaries of a newborn female contain all of the oocytes (gametes) the female will ever have. -Oviduct: Glandular and provides nutrients and a transport medium in the secretions. Tube through which an ovum or egg passes from an ovary -Uterus: The organ in were offspring are conceived and in which they gestate before birth -Cervix: the narrow passage forming the lower end of the uterus -Vagina: the muscular tube leading from the external genitals to the cervix of the uterus -External genitalia: also known as the vulva is the external portion of the female reproductive tract

Copulation in cats

-Ovulation is induced by copulation -Copulation induces the LH surge -It takes a minimum of four matings to induce ovulation in the queen -Tom may breed 10x/hour -The penial spines on the cranial end of the Tom's penis induces the stimulation of the vagina for the LH surge to ovulate 1. The male detects female through pheromones 2. Female bends tail to one side and the male bites the back of her neck to insert penis -When penis is withdrawn, female will move forward and give out the "copulation cry." -The cry is thought to be caused by the penial spines as the penis is withdrawn -Breeding is repeated several times

Guide dogs

-Partnered with blind or visually impaired people so the handler has greater independence -Working life=~8 years

Companion animal industry

-Pet owners tend to be above average in median income -Discretionary income is spent on pets -Aesthetics, convenience, perception of animal's satisfaction dictate spending decisions -Consumers are emotionally attached to their pets -1.85% talk to their dogs as if human -79% give pets holiday and/or birthday gifts -68% travel with pets -Pets fill many needs of humans( Companionship, Responsibility) -Industry uses emotional ties in marketing goods and services

Tresholds for acceptable prevalence of lameness

-ProAction(canada): <10% -FARM: <5% -Dairy Well: <1% US/Canada population prevalence in literature average <3% to 8% in most studies

Broiler Breeders

-Producing hatching eggs around 24 weeks of age -Produce for about 40 weeks -Average hen produces 150 - 180 hatching eggs

Breeding programs of horses

-Production farms Breeding manager foaling staff Training personnel Sales -Stallion stations Collect and disperse semen Support staff -Embryo transfer -Educators

Amino acids

-Proteins consist of amino acids (20) -All amino acids contain core structure: R-CH(NH)-COOH -All amino acids contain N, C, H, O -Some amino acids contain sulfur (cysteine, methionine) *Essential amino acids* (10) : Arginine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, valine

Male Repoductive System

-Provides a pathway for sperm cells and semen -The epididymis connects the testicles to the ductus deferens, which carries ejaculated sperm to the urethra -Sperm mature and are stored in the epididymis -The accessory sex glands, such as the prostate, create the fluid portion of semen -The penis deposits the semen into the vagina or the cervix(penis of the dog is a vascular penis and will enlarge due to the bulbus glandis to retain blood. Following ejaculation, the blood volume will leave the organ and decrease the blood pressure and volume in the penis.)

Wisconsin Horse Industry

-Recreational use Boarding/lesson farms, Breed and open shows, youth programs, Trail riding, Tourism WHC WI breed organizations Equine business & organizations WHC foundation -WI Equine care resources Equine veterinary clinic Large/small/specialized WI Equine practitioners WI farrier association Wi rescue facilities

What can deficiencies in nutrients lead to?

-Reduced growth or production -Deformities -Poor health -Death

What can over-consumption(toxicity) of nutrients lead to?

-Reduced growth or production -Deformities -Poor health -Death

What does nutrition study?

-Requirements/deficiencies/toxicities -Processes within the body like... Digestion Organs (ex. liver, rumen, kidney, mammary gland) Transport (cell > blood > new cells) Excretion (excess, byproducts, toxins)

Estrous Cycle in horses

-Seasonally Polyestrous -Long-day breeders -Anestrus: Mid-November until Mid-February -Cycle typically start in early spring and ends in late fall

Assistance dogs international

-Set standards for the assistance dog industry since 1987 -Coalition of nonprofits that trains and places all types of assistance dogs(Guide dogs, Hearing dogs, Service dogs)

Stomach of horses

-Small capacity -8% of the capacity of the tract -Lower stomach muscle contractions=Feeds tends to arrange itself in layers -Animals should eat at minimum twice-a-day(Smaller meals less often) to prevent colic

Steps of Digestion(large intestines)

-Smallest in monogastric carnivores -Contains no villi; absorption is limited -Muscular glands that line provide lubrication -No digestive enzymes are secreted here 3 parts: Colon, Cecum(Houses probiotics), Rectum(Feces storage) -Water, electrolytes, vitamins, minerals, and volatile fatty acids (VFAs) are absorbed WATER AND ELECTROLYTES -Short, large intestine with nonfunctional ceca -Defecation

Hearing dog training

-Socialization training: Learn to be comfortable with a variety of people and learn basic obedience -Trained specifically in sound alerting to identify certain sounds and how to respond to them -Hearing dog and the hearing-impaired person working in partnership -Dogs and human are supervised and coached in the home, on walls, and on other outings away from home, until trainer, dog, and human feel at ease

Principle of Inheritance

-Somatic cells(diploid or 2n) and germ cells(haploid or n) -two sex chromosomes(one pair) -autosomes(2n-2) -all chromosomes expect sex chromosomes -each gamete cell has one sex chromosome and (n-1) autosomes -additive inheritance -dominance vs recessive

Hearing dogs

-Specially selected and trained to help people who are deaf or hearing impaired -Help their handlers become aware of important sounds such as ringing telephone, alarm clock, a baby's cry, or the door bell -Small, energetic, quick learners, and very comfortable in a variety of situations

Carbohydrates

-Sugars, starches, and cellulose -Starch and Sugar 6 carbon structure, glucose polymers: Corn, barley oats, molasses, other cereals -5 carbon sugars: fructans Corn syrup

milk-based creation myths

-Sumerian culture was among first to milk domesticated animals, Shamash spoke to animals and persuaded them to withhold milk from the goddess Nidaba -Iris: Egyptian goddess of motherhood, milk was a common offering in Egyptian temples -Artemis: imagery of several dozen breasts -Virgin Mary is the christian expression of milk

Schools for guide dogs

-The Seeing Eye: Guide dog training school, Trains their dogs to guide blind people, breeds and raises the dogs, teaches instructors the science and technique of training dogs as guides for blind people, instructs them in the proper use and care of the dogs, and educates the public about the role of guide dogs and the capability of blind people for independent living -Leaders Dogs for the Blind: Second American school for guide dogs, Nonprofit organization that provides all training, expenses, and the dogs free of charge to the visually impaired.

Nutrition

-The study of the body's need for, and mechanism of, acquiring, digesting, transporting, and metabolizing nutrients. -Good nutrition is important to the general health and well-being of animals, their physical abilities, susceptibility to and ability to recover from diseases -Important to understand for productive purposes and economics of feeding

Animal Distribution

-There are over 4.9 billion farm animals and 22.9 billion poultry in the world -More than 2/3 of large farm animals were in developing countries, BUT they only produce about a third of meat due to environmental stresses, disease, lack of technology access, and different production objectives (meat, milk, and wool).

Cervix

-Thick-walled structure that separates the external environment (vagina and outside) from the internal environment of the uterus -Play important role in sperm transport, maintenance of pregnancy, and parturition.

Turkey facts

-Toms can reach 48 pounds by 20 weeks: Feed conversion 2.5 lb feed / lb gain -Hens can reach 28 pounds by 20 weeks: Feed conversion 2.7; More common 19 pounds at 13 weeks with FC 2.0 -Livability should be at least 85% to 20 weeks -Houses of 10,000 to 25,000 are common

More ways people spend money on their pets

-Toys, treats -Equipment (crates, beds, feed bowls, clothes, leashes, etc.) -Over-the-counter supplements -Veterinary care -Insurance

Industry-led dairy animal care programs

-US: National milk producers federation: farmers assuring responsible management(FARM)>98% of US milk supply -US: Dairy Well program and audit for farms selling directly to Dean foods(PAACO certified) -Canada: Dairy Farmers of Canada and National Farm animal care committee: Code of practice(2009) and proAction evaluation>100% of milk supply; federal level and mandatory

Hounds

-Used for hunting -Have a gift of scent and stamina -Known for their distinct ability to produce a unique sound known as baying Ex: dachshund, greyhound, bloodhound, beagle, whippet, saluki

Non-sporting dogs

-Very diverse group with varying sizes, coats, personalities, and overall appearance -Most are good house and watch dogs Ex: chow chow, standard poodle, shiba inu, bichon frise

Water

-Water is critical for osmotic balance, chemical reactions, a solvent and for thermoregulation -Water intake affects feed intake -Animals must have constant access to water

Current challenges in the horse industry

-Welfare issues: Unwanted horses, show Industry practices, Drug use/abuse -Disease management: Disease outbreaks, Parasite resistance, Drug use -Retention of horse enthusiasts: Economic challenges

Summary Of Genetics

-With additive inheritance, an offspring's phenotype reflects the sum of the effects of the alleles it inherits from its parents -With dominance inheritance, the allele inherited from one parent at a given locus masks the effect of the allele inherited from the other parent -With epistatic inheritance, the effect of the alleles inherited at one locus is influenced by the alleles inherited at one or more other loci -Inherited defects are common in most domesticated species, including cattle, horses, cats, and dogs -Many purebred animal populations have had "bottlenecks", due to importation of a few founder animals or selection for specific traits, so they are highly inbred -Genetic testing can identify carriers of defects and help avoid carrier x carrier matings -Selection involves choosing parents of the next generation and changing the frequencies of desirable/undesirable alleles for important traits -Selection is a powerful force, over the long term -Goals of selection vary widely between species and between breeds or lines within a species

Ways Animal disease can interfere w/ human health

-Zoonotic Diseases -E.coli, Salmonella, Listeria, and Campylobacter -Animal Disease and National Economies: -Foot-and-mouth disease -Highly pathogenic avian influenza (bird flu) -Transporting animals -Animal Disease and Farm Income: -Animal losses -Reduction in production -Bioterrorism

Gene

-a functional segment of DNA that encodes the instructions for building a particular protein or enzyme -mammals have about 20,000 different genes

Body Condition Score

-a visual assessment of an animal's relative proportions of muscle and fat -can give you an idea about the animal's environmental conditions

What does the omasum do?

-absorption of water -removal of residual VFAs not yet absorbed -absorption of sodium bicarbonate and other minerals

Pneumonia

-affects kids and adults -caused by temperature changes, poor ventilation, stress -can cause permanent lung damage -treatment: antibiotics -Prevention: vaccines, management: adequate ventilation

What environmental factors are known to affect the phenotype of every animal in the herd?

-age -milk frequency -lactation length

goals of equine selection

-appearance -temperament -speed -size/power

Types of chicken operations

-backyard -small to medium sized -large commercial production

Common Brown egg layer

-base of Rhode Island red and white leghorn -sex-linked hybrids -several hybrid crosses

Follicular waves

-basically hunger games for follicles; unique to cattle 1. a group of follicles is recruited 2. The war begins. The best follicle is chosen and the others are KILLED(atresia) 3. the dominant follicle grows and grows 4. If there is a CL already present in the ovary it will cause the dominant follicle to go through atresia. If there isn't a CL, the follicle will continue growing and the oocyte will be ovulated 5. Cycle continues with a new cohort -new follicular waves begins at ovulation(day 1) and at day 11

Risk factors of Mastitis

-bedding and pen cleanliness -nutrition -antibiotic use doing dry off period and to treat infected cows -milking procedures, cleanliness and training -number of cows with chronic high SCC in the herd

Goals of Beef Cattle Selection

-birth weight -average daily gain -weaning weight -meat tenderness

Chemical breakdown

-breakdown of feed as a result of enzymatic actions -enzymes found in the digestive tract come from either the digestive organs of the mammal(digestion) or from microorganisms that live inside certain compartments of the digestive tract(fermentation) *only microbial enzymes can break down cellulose and other sources of energy locked in the plant cell wall*

Severe heat stress

-can be exacerbated by not having enough water Signs: Open mouth breathing (panting); Elevated body temperature (> 38.5°C); Severe (>25%) depression in milk yield and feed intake

Goals of dairy cattle genetic section

-cattle that produce large quantities of nutritious milk very efficiently -cattle with few health problems that can resist involuntary culling

Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome(PRRS)

-cause reproductive failure and respiratory issues -can result in stillborns -can be airborne or spread thru fluids -no cure or vaccine -could do genetic editing to prevent PRRS but some argue that we should address conditions of living before gene editing -gene editing would make the CD163 receptor inactive to the virus

Estrogen in pregnancy

-causes estrus, tone, GnRH/LH surge

Why do you want to increase PGF2a when initiating parturition?

-causes luteolysis and removal of source of P4 -stimulates the contraction of uterine smooth muscle to move the fetus into the birth canal and directly promotes dilation of the cervix

Involution

-cessation of milk removal initiates loss of ability of epithelial cells to synthesize milk -epithelial cells will regenerate during subsequent lactogenesis phase -can look different between species since dairy cows are constantly pregnant

What is a mammal?

-consists of 1,200 genera, 153 families and 29 orders -characteristics: -have body hair -3 middle ear bones(malleus, ancus, stapes) -endothermic(warm-blooded) -specialized teeth -give birth to live young -brain regulated endothermic and circulatory systems(4-chambered heart) -nourish their young with a structure called the mammary gland

Prehension in ruminants

-cows use their tongue -goats/sheep use lips and tongue

Placentation

-development of the placenta -membranes with sites for exchange between the maternal and fetal circulations: nutrition from dam to fetus, waste products from fetus transferred to dam

Production goals(companion vs production)

-difference in time frame Production: goal is generally to get animal to market size quickly(or to production state-milk, eggs) Companion: goal is generally to keep them alive as long as possible -different feed efficiency important in production animals but not very important in companion animals -feed cost per unit lots of markup on pet feeds -reproductive efficiency not much of a concern in companion animals Production:meal/milk Companion: hair/feathers/etc

Omnivores

-eat both plant and animal materials -intermediate in the food chain -size of digestive tract tends to be longer than carnivores but shorter than herbivores

Carnivores

-eat meat -high on food chain -short and simple digestive tract because enzymes secreted by their own stomach and intestine digest protein and fat -stomach is largest portion of digestive tract

Early embryonic development

-embryo is not attached to the epithelium lining of the female tract -embryo receives nourishment from fluids and nutrients secreted by glands in the walls of the reproductive organs -P4 stimulates secretion by these gland -Maternal recognition of pregnancy: detection of pregnancy; secretory products from the developing embryo -embryo will develop to the blastula stage in the zona pellucida -the zona is shed prior to the attachment of the embryo to the uterine wall for placentation

Mammogensis

-extensive lobule and alveoli development occurs(happens only during pregnancy) -milk secretory cells develop *only during pregnancy*

Pre-pubery mammary development

-fat pad growth and ductwork development -early(pre-weaning) nutrition may impact future production of the heifer -excessive energy intake around puberty will decrease future production

placenta

-fetal membranes and placental membranes -fetal placenta has a chorion(outer membrane), allantois(inside membrane), amnion(membrane closest to fetus), and a vestigial yolk sac -has caruncles and cotyledons for ruminants

Recreational horse care

-for the pure enjoyment of owner, caring for, and riding a horse -must have boarding facility with a manager, care taker, lesson instructor, trainer -may also need veterinarian, farrier, nutritionist, transporter

Carnivore

-fresh eating animals(cats)

Benefits/Roles in Society of Companion animals

-fun, relaxation, escapism -Therapy: physical and mental -assistance animals -child replacement

Numbers(Companion vs production)

-generally larger numbers in production Ex: Broiler chickens Tyson raises 41 million per week(5,600 farms) Dogs ~90 million -60 million households with dog(s)

Post-puberty mammary development

-growth of fat pad and ductwork continues -very little alveoli development

large intestine

-has T junction -WATER ABSORPTION AND ELECTROLYTES -some folds

Large commercial chicken operations

-have LOTS of chickens(60 million)

Mastication in ruminants

-have a dental pad instead of upper incisors -will chew on one side at a time -teeth do not align -smaller jaw=able to be more selective(e.g. goats) -saliva is constantly produced(NO ENZYMES)

Why is hindgut fermentation less efficient?

-have less time to get fully digested/fermented because the microbes are only in the cecum instead of throughout most of the digestive tract like ruminants -in ruminants fermentation occurs before digestion but in non ruminants fermentation occurs after digestion -*material will be in the rumen longer than the large intestine*

oxytocin and parturition

-helps move the fetus into the birth canal -acts directly on uterine smooth muscle to enhance uterine contractions and promotes delivery -produced by hypothalamus and secreted by pituitary gland

Processed Meat Manufacturing

-how to keep meat together -additives -thermal processing

Treatment of health issues for production and companion animals

-indivual treatment is much more common with companion animals -expensive treatments are considered options -food safety is a huge factor with production animals

lactogenesis

-initiation of lacation -mammary epithelial cells begin to take up milk precursors and synthesize milk components(prolactin required) -colostrum synthesis begins a few weeks before calving(part two of lactogenesis)

Treatment options for white muscle disease

-injection of selenium and vitamin E(BO-SE) -give feed high in vitamin E and selenium

Contemporary(peer) comparisons

-it is impossible to know all details about the housing, feeding, and management conditions affecting every indivual -we create "contemporary groups" to account for these unknown factors -animals are grouped based on known conditions(e.g. herd, year) -phenotypes are expressed as a deviation from other animals in the contemporary group

How can science be used to inform animal-care expectations?

-labs and research -zoos and aquariums -food protection -government legislation

What are some breeds of swine?

-large black -large white -hampshire -Vietnamese pig

small intestine

-liquid contents -duodenum, jejunum, ileum

Goals of swine selection

-litter size -number of piglets weaned -average daily gain -feed conversion ratio

Anatomy of the mammary gland

-lobe -lobule -alveloi -epithelial cell Ribosomes: milk protein synthesis(casein, a-lactalbumin, B-lactalbumen) Cytoplasm(smooth ER) and mitocondria: milk fat synthesis Golgi apparatus: lactose -Lumen: milk space -Myoepithelial cells(squeezes) -ducts -udder/gland cistern: where the milk is kept -streak canal *almost all of the components of milk are assembled in the gland=need lots of energy to make it happen!*

cecum

-lots of bacteria -blind pouch -contents are liquid

Why is goat meat a "healthy choice"?

-lower in calories, fat, saturated fat, chloresterol than chicken or beef -Texas is #1 state w/ 43% of total US hd

What are the actions of progesterone?

-maintain pregnancy -relax smooth muscle -block estrus/GnRH

milking frequency and interval

-milk synthesis rate is a function of pressure within the mammary gland -cows produce more milk when milked 3x per day than 2x day -15-20% more milk

Continuous milk ejection thorough milking

-milking machine can only remove milk which is present in the cistern -cistern is too small to hold the whole milk stored in the udder -liner movement provides stimulation to maintain oxytocin release and continuous milk ejection throughout milking -need to squeeze above the cistern

Bottle fed kids

-most dairy goats bottle-fed because you want to milk the doe for profit -wean 8-12 weeks Pros: less potential for disease spread and udder injury, more salable milk Cons: very labor intensive, need equipment to milk and equipment to feed, wash bottles, pasteurize, etc.

De-horning vs Not de-horning

-most dairy goats get their horns disbudded to prevent future injuries -most meat goats have their horns intact

Inherited Defects

-most genetic defects are rare -in many cases the affected individuals are never seen because the fetus is aborted -nearly all genetic defect are inherited as recessive alleles

Dam-raised kids

-most meat goats are dam-raised because you aren't trying to save the milk -wean 16-20wk Pros: low labor, no need for milking equipment Cons: potential for disease spread, more udder injury possible, some kids will be rejected by their dam

Biosecurity of Horses

-need to prevent spread of viral, fungal, bacterial, Ricketts, protozoan problems

African Swine Fever Virus

-no cure or vaccines -Loss of appetite, abnormal respirations, shivering, hemorrhagic fever -Originated in Kenya and spread to Asia and Europe -be be transferred by food and/or boots

Goat fibers

-not a large sector commercially -called mohair

Non-lethal defects

-not all genetic defects result in health of the animal -Ex: curly hair in Ayrshires or wry face

goals of poultry selection

-number of eggs(layers) -disease resistance -average daily gain(broilers) -feed conversion ratio

Goals of sheep selection

-number of lambs born -lamb survival rate -wool yield, quality -growth rate

Draft horses

-originated in Europe -Common breeds: Percheron, belgian -Domesticated animals used in drawing heavy loads

Swine Barking

-pigs use auditory stimulation to communicate(as well as pheromones) -will bark when they are excited or scared

Herbivores

-plant eaters -low on food cahin -have anatomical and physiological adaptations that enable them to utilize the fibrous portions of the plant -have microorganisms in gut that can breakdown cellulose and other complex fiber structures -long digestive tract and high storage capacity -rumen(pre-gastric fermenters) and cecum(hindgut fermenters) enable them to extract energy -cattle: rumen, reticulum and omasum account for almost 70% of the total digestive tract capacity

Origin of lactation

-predates origin of mammals -Synapsids: 310mya, one branch of early terrestrial vertebrates(amniotes) -mammary gland derived from an ancestral apocrine-like gland associated with hair follicles -ancestor that was egg-laying was of great importance to evolution of lactation

lactation curve of sow

-produce as many offspring as possible per lifetime of sow(large litter, frequent farrow) -demand of piglets exceeds sow's ability to produce milk by abound 3 weeks post farrow -estrous stimulated by weaning

Goat milk

-rich in medium chain FA -naturally homogenized -WI is #1 dairy goat state

What are the methods of swine castration?

-surgical castration -immunocastration

How to test what is important to an animal

-test their degree of motivation by asking the animal to pay a "price" -willingness to pay higher price=higher value -this can be different for each species: species relevance

Meat co-products

-the by products of slaughter -ex: blood, brain, fat, heart valves, intestinal tracts

Cancer

-tumors in the mouth, skin, bone and mammary gland Treatment: surgery and chemotherapy

Management practices to reduce SCC

-use of sand bedding and changing it on a frequent basis -use creams like udder balm to prevent udders from becoming dry -immunization and cleanliness of milking parlor equipment

milk synthesis

-uses blood -blood is main source of milk precursors -vitamins, minerals and water come directly from blood -protein, fat and lactose are synthesized in gland from precursors supplied by blood -300-500 lbs of blood flow through mammary gland for each pound of milk synthesized

Swine behavior

-very *social* mammalian species Examples: -root/nudging -barking -nursing

What is milk?

-watery secretion comprised of triglycerides(fat), protein, vitamins and minerals -produced by female mammals -highly digestible source of nutrients and energy -primary source of food for very young mammals -milk gives good nutrition for young as well as a bonding activity

Quantitative Complex traits

-when traits are controlled by many different genes, they are called *complex traits* -they are also called *quantitative traits* because they are not as easy to observe and individuals must be measured ex: pounds of milk or inches in height -the frequencies of the alleles at these genes also vary between breeds; some alleles may be fixed in certain breeds -these traits are almost always influenced by both genetics and environment

2 key structures on the ovary that change during the estrous cycle

1. *follicles* that produce estrogen and the oocyte 2. *corpus luteum* that produces progesterone

How many follicular waves typically occur in the reproductive cycle of cattle

2-3

Lifespan of a natural pig

20 years

unwanted horse coalition

2007 equine slaughter plants closed Downturn in US economy Options - HAUL TO Mexico or Canada *** Increased population of unwanted, abandoned, neglected horses Mission: Reduce the number of unwanted horses and to improve their welfare through education and industry collaboration. Own responsibly Rescue information(Care guidelines, State connection link) Operation gelding Estate planning program

Direct sale of

2017 American Horse council federation study 7.2 million horses in the us $122 billion economic impact 1.74 million people employed $79 billion in total salaries -Kentucky, Florida, texas leading states inconsistent sales market vs other livestock -Frequency: Zero to many times per life of horse -Methods of sale Independent sales not recorded

In cattle, ovulation occurs .... hours after estrus

28 hours

Feed efficiency goals fo players

3 pounds of feed per dozen eggs(1.9 lbs feed/lb egg)

Approximately how much blood flows through the mammary glands to synthesize one pound of milk?

300-500lbs

What is the optimal pH range for pancreatic enzymes?

5-6

You mate two heterozygous-red carrier Holsteins, a bull (Bb) and a cow (Bb). What percent of the offspring will be carriers of the red color, but not red themselves?

50%

What is the new goal of layer chickens?

500 eggs in 100 weeks

What percentage of homes have one or more pets?

68%(about 84.6 million homes)

A day in the life: cows

8 hours grazing 8 hours chewing 8 hours resting

305 Day ME

Adjustment of milk to standard lactation length and cow maturity

Locomotion score 1(Sound)

Animal has normal posture and normal gait

AVMA definition of animal welfare

Animal welfare means how an animal is coping with the condition in which it lives. An animal is in a good state of welfare if(as indicated by scientific evidence) it is healthy, comfortable, well nourished, safe, able to express innate behavior, and if it is not suffering from unpleasant states such as pain, fear and distress

What country eats the most pork *per capita*?

Austria

Goat kidding

Birth weight: 6-10lbs -most often twins and triplets Kidding %: 150% Weaning %: 135%

Essential nutrients

Cannot be synthesized by the body or are not synthesized in amounts great enough to meet an animal's requirements, and MUST be obtained in the diet

Complete dominance examples

Cattle Dominant: black hair coat, polled(no horns), white face, solid color Recessive: red hair coat, horned, colored face, spotted Swine Dominant: black hair coat, white belt, erect ears Recessive: red hair coat, no belt, drooping ears Sheep Dominant: white wool Recessive: black wool

Bos

Cattle Genus

What country(total) eats the most pork?

China

What is the definition of a SNP?

DNA variation at a single position in a sequence of a species

DHI

Dairy Herd Improvement Association

Average daily milk production of farm livestock

Dairy cow: 70-80 lbs/day(new: 110); 305 DIM Beef cow: 15-20(new 15-40); 205 Sow: 10-14; 21-50 Ewe: 3-4; 42 Goat, dairy: 9-10, 120-210 Mare: 30, 112 *old numbers*

Changes in CL during estrous cycle of cow

Day 0(estrus): dominant follicle is ready and big Day 1(28 hours after estrus): follicle ovulates oocycte! Day 7: CL begins to develop Day 8: CL is fully(?) developed Day 21: If no pregnancy the CL is regressed and estrous cycle begins again

History of Service dogs

Delta Society: National organization best known for its work pertaining to the human-animal bond, supporting research and formalizing training and ethics surrounding service animals -Professional Standards for Dog Trainers: Effective, Humane Principles

Sustainable development

Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

What is the order of animals being domesticated from first to last?

Dogs, sheep/goats, cattle, horses, poultry

Animal Types in homes

Dogs: 60.2 homes Cats: 47.1 Freshwater fish: 12.5 Birds: 7.9 Small animal: 6.7 Reptile: 4.7 Equine: 2.6 Saltwater fish: 2.5

Lard Breeds

Duroc Chester white Poland China Spotted Poland China *typically very very fat*

For an animal to come into estrus...

E2 must be high and P4 must be low

How the pillars are related

Economic -jobs, capital, assets, wealth creation Environment -water, air, land, biodiversity, climate Social -entrepreneurship, education, support systems, law/policies/rules Economic+Environment=Efficiency Environment+social=health Social+economic=equity

types of pig operations

Farrow > finish Farrow > nursery Farrow > wean wean > finish Finishing(will get pigs from 40# to 280#)

Nutrtion and feeding Management opportunities

Feed companies Marketing Research Independent and/or Collaborate with university Sales representatives Supplements! Supplements & more supplements!!!!!

Hindgut fermentation

Fermentation of fiber and other nutrients happens in the horses cecum, converting into usable energy(VFAs). Decreases pH

Welfare tradeoff

Finding a balance between negative and positive factors to make sure the animal is good but you are also getting what you need

Infectious disease

Four requirements for the perpetuation: 1. gain entrance in the body 2. adapt to host environment and multiply 3. exit the host 4. infect another host -infectious diseases have pathogenicity or virulence

______ is the genetic makeup of an animal, whereas the ______ is the observable characteristics.

Genotype, phenotype

Dog

Genus: Canis Species: lupus -Related to wolves and coyotes -One of the earliest species domesticated -Most common pet in the United States

Homozygous

Having two identical alleles for a particular gene

tradeoffs of a cage free aviary

Health -better leg bone strength -more keel bone damage -more severe foot lesions -double mortality rate Feelings -less frustration? -more pain? -more fear? Behavior -freedom of movement -natural behaviors -agression -cannibalism

HERDA

Hereditary Equine Regional Dermal Asthenia

The law of segregation is when...

Hereditary units (alleles) occur in pairs and only one allele of each pair is found in a gamete

Law of segregation

Hereditary units(alleles) occur in pairs and only one allele of each pair(gene) is found in a gamete(egg or sperm)

What type of digestive system do horses have?

Hindgut fermenter

Where is starch digested in horse vs cow

Horse: broken down in stomach and absorbed in small intestine Cow: fermentation in rumen(made into VFA) and absorbed thru wall of rumen

Why were dogs domesticated?

Hunting

HYPP

Hyperkalemic Periodic Paralysis in horses

What does "You manage what you measure" mean? -Temple Grandin

If you do not make any measurements you cannot improve anything

Microminerals

Microminerals Co-factors of metabolism Fe, Cu, Zn, Se

CMT scores

Negative: mixture liquid, no precipitate Trace: slight precipitate, tends to disappear with paddle movement score 1(weak positive): distinct precipitate but does not gel with paddle movement Score 2(distinct positive): distinct gel formation Score 3(strong positive): strong gel formation that tends to adhere to paddle; forms a distinct central peak

Regression of the corpus luteum if an animal is not pregnant is caused by...

PGF2a produced by the uterus

Locomotion score 2(moderate lameness)

Stands well but is noted to favor a limb when walking

Pseudopregnancy in cats

Sterile mating induces ovulation of follicles and formation of CL release P4 which is maintained for 35-45 days

Macrominerals

Structure and metabolism Na, Cl, Ca, Mg, K

Nonessential nutrients

Synthesized by the body in necessary amounts to meet an animal's requirements

wet calf

Young dairy bovine being fed milk or milk replacer

Contractarian view of animal ethics

because animals cannot enter a mutual, contractural agreements, we have, at most, *indirect* ethical obligations Ex: we should avoid certain species like dogs, cats or monkeys for research because most of the public would object-people will experience negative effects

what type of uterus does a sow have?

bicornuate

Hatch

birth of chickens, turkeys, ducks

Water soluble vitamins

body metabolic regulation B,C

additive inheritance

both alleles are expressed and their effects are summed together to determine the phenotype -ex: heterozygotes have an intermediate phenotype as compared with the two alternate homozygotes

Animal Ethics

branch of ethics that examines human-animal relationships, the moral consideration of animals and how nonhuman animals ought to be treated

Digestion

breakdown of food by the digestive system in preparation for absorption

Common Turkey breed for consumption

broad-breasted white

T/F: Horses are considered a livestock species in every state in the US.

false

T/F: eggs are usually handled by humans

false

T/F: estrous is a phase in the estrus cycle

false

True/False. Dogs, cats, and horses are seasonally polyestrous.

false

True or False. Historians believe the initial reason that humans domesticated cats was for companionship.

false, they caught vermin

Band

group of goats

Band

group of horses

What is the key event that happens during estrus?

ovulation

What are the sources of amino acids absorbed in the blood from the digestive tract of ruminants and non ruminants?

ruminants: bacteria non-ruminants: proteins

The bicarbonate secreted into the digestive tract of a cow come from:

salivary glands and pancreas

Omasum

the muscular third stomach of a ruminant animal, between the reticulum and the abomasum -layered -aids in water absorption -has clawlike papillae the increases the time that food is there -stops large particles from passing through

E2, estrus and cattle behavior

*see own notes*

Food Safety for companion animals

-GMP's, VFD, residues, withdraws periods

What cut of meat is bacon?

Sides, belly and back