Animal Science Final

Name 5 grasses.

- Big bluestem - Indian grass - Switchgrass - Smooth bromegrass - Kentucky blue grass

Name 5 legumes.

- Soybeans - Alfalfa - White clover - Sweet colver - Birds foot trefoil

forage:concentrate ratio -

60:40, 50:50, up to 40:60 not beyond, concentrate means corn, sorghum, other cereal grains, by-product feeds, such as brewer's grains, others

What legume is sometimes dehydrated and sold as a meal?

Alfalfa meal

What vitamins are always added to pig, poultry and dog diets? What vitamins are always needed in the diets of ruminant animals?

All except vitamin c Ruminant Animals- A, D and E

Describe the principles and general characteristics of feeding each species that we have covered: beef, dairy, sheep, horse and rabbit, swine, poultry, dogs, cats.

Cats- High protein diet, cannot obtain much of the nutrients they need from plants. True carnivore

What are the reasons for a different set of considerations for feeding horses from those used for beef cattle and hogs?

Cattle and hogs grown for meat, horses grown for athleticism and health/longevity.

What legume is often found growing in lawns?

Clover

What is the most important factor to making and preserving good silage?

Most important factor is keeping it oxygen free.

What are NDF and ADF and what do they pertain to and indicate?

NDF is neutral detergent fiber and it reflects forage intake (negative relationship) indicates bulkiness of feed (contains cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin). Related to intake. ADF is acid detergent fiber. It is a further fraction after NDF. It is the insoluble stuff, so it is quite indigestible. and it is basically cellulose and lignin. It reflects digestibility (has a negative relationship- high ADF= low digestibility). Related to digestibility.

Can horses make use of non-protein nitrogen? Cellulose?

NPN-no Cellulose-yes

Do we expect steers to grow fast and fatten when fed diets of corn stover or corn cobs?

No, for growth we need high energy feeds like corn for calves to fatten.

Do we ever feed dairy cows nearly all corn (90% corn)?

No, max 60%

Do we commonly feed hay to pigs?

No, mostly feed concentrates and they don't digest cellulose

Describe the principles and general characteristics of feeding each species that we have covered: beef, dairy, sheep, horse and rabbit, swine, poultry, dogs, cats.

Poultry- mostly concentrate diets. Will eat to meet energy needs. Lysine and methionine are important.

What grass is found as an annual and also a perennial?

Rye grass

How would feeding sheep be similar to feeding beef cattle and how would it be different. Know some specific characteristics or differences for feeding sheep.

Sheep are ruminant animals therefore are similar to beef cattle but they are smaller so would have smaller needs and smaller feed consumption. Also they have wool, which can change the amount of heat an animal produces.

How does feeding sheep differ from feeding beef cows, and how are they similar?

Sheep are ruminant animals therefore are similar to beef cattle, but they are smaller so would have smaller needs and smaller feed consumption. Also have wool, which can change the amount of heat an animal produces.

Describe the principles and general characteristics of feeding each species that we have covered: beef, dairy, sheep, horse and rabbit, swine, poultry, dogs, cats.

Sheep- most of the year requirements are low due to esters in the fall and lambing in spring. Forage can often meet needs. But near lambing and after will need supplementation with grain, Feed according to life cycle/ production phase. Quantity is more important than quality in terms of energy and protein intake.

What factors affect the quality of forages? Which of these do we have control of and how?

Species of plant, maturity, soil fertility, processing method, storage (exposed to elements), feeding For things like spoilage, making bales tighter and more dense can alleviate spoilage. You can also make sure that the storage site is well drained, like putting bales on crushed rock or wrapping them in plastic, or moving them inside (from video, go with answer above). Species of plant: palatability, composition, digestibility affect this.

What legume is sometimes associated with bleeding problems in animals?

Sweet clover

Describe the principles and general characteristics of feeding each species that we have covered: beef, dairy, sheep, horse and rabbit, swine, poultry, dogs, cats.

Swine- not very fussy, will eat almost anything, generally fed mostly concentrate diets, high corn energy not a lot of fats. Use creep feed during pre-weaning for piglets. Must get colostrum within first 12-18 hours to receive antibodies.

What grass is affected by an endophyte fungus?

Tall fescue

What is colostrum? Why is it so important young animals have it, and when?

The first nursing gives this. They need it for the gamma globulins it contains, for antibodies.

Colic

digestive upset, avoid irregularity. If you feed low fiber diets, change feeding times drastically, abruptly change feeds and begin training, withhold water, feed or water directly before workout, overcron and overgraze pastures, use rubber-nylon fences or carpeted stall, ignore parasites, then colic will result.

fat cow syndrome

fat accumulates in the liver, too much concentrate fed to dry cows, can occur rapidly

grain mix

term for a mixture of concentrate feeds fed together with forage

finishing ration

the last rations fed before the animal goes to slaughter, high grain feeding (feedlot cattle)

Ketosis

too many ketone bodies in the blood, not enough pyruvate to form oxaloacetate to provide citrate, affects mainly cattle and sheep. Treat with glucose or propylene glycol, which is gluconeogenic. Prevent by keeping energy intake levels up and avoiding too much grain in advance so that the animal becomes fat and has etra fat to use. Not self-correcting. Often seen in when near giving birth.

When you balance a ration by algebraic methods, how many feeds can vary (be unknowns) when you are balancing for 100 lbs or 2000 lbs of ration and for Crude Protein, (but not at the same time for energy)?

you would have 2 unknowns which would be the two main ingredients (ie corn and SBM) you should leave ~3% for vit/min.

What differences are there between large and small breeds of dogs?

Amount they can eat and pellet size. Inverse energy/lbs relationship.

What animals have the lowest nutrient requirements, highest nutrient requirements, levels in between? (Not which species, but when does an animal have high requirements, low requirements or levels in between)?

Animals in maintenance have the lowest requirements, young animals levels are high and animals that are in late pregnancy and/or lactating have the highest requirements For the female cows, development does not require the most amount of nutrients. Breeding requires increased amounts of nutrients. Maintenance is always lowest, and early on in pregnancy does not require high amounts. Later in pregnancy and lactation do require high amounts. For male cows, growth requires nutrients. After fully grown, maintenance does not require much nutrients at all. Breeding will increase. Horses and dogs used for draft need an increased nutrient demands.

Why do cats have such a high protein requirement?

Because they have a limited ability to regulate catabolic enzymes of amino acid metabolism. This means that when they eat protein, they rapidly use those amino acids or degrade them right away. They need a continuous supply. Meaning they are constantly being destroyed and are not absorbed, therefore there is no "storage" of them in the cat.

Describe the principles and general characteristics of feeding each species that we have covered: beef, dairy, sheep, horse and rabbit, swine, poultry, dogs, cats.

Beef- crop residues can be used and generally meet all the needs. Lots of grain for the finishing cattle. Beef cows are fed in ways to not spend too much money, and needs are fairly low. DIP -> degradable intake protein, bacterial protein, UIP undegradable intake protein, escapes bacteria, goes directly to cow -> CP that misses rumen breakdown, need both in proper proportion; calcium for bones; phosphorus is usually deficient so use DICAL; magnesium to prevent grass tetany, vitamines A E D, B not needed in toe diet

What legume is not susceptible to the alfalfa beetle?

Birdsfoot trefoil

What feeds is it most practical to utilize, for what purposes, for what classes of animals. eg., what animals is it best to utilize crop residues as feed with? what animals make best use of very high quality alfalfa hay? what stage of production utilizes pastures most economically? etc etc etc

Corn = high in energy, low protein content, low protein-quality feed. Use to boost energy, like when cattle are milking, finishing cattle, starting calves on feed SBM = protein supplement, also high in energy. Feed when you need extra protein. Feed high quality forages to animals that need good quality feeds that are palatable and high in protein (like in young calves and dairy cows. The highest quality forages include the best legumes [alfalfa, clovers, etc]) Feed low quality forages, like mature grass hays, to animals with low requirements, like animals not giving milk, not growing fast, and not close to calving or breeding. Corn silage = roughage that is high in energy, relatively low in protien and calcium and other minerals. Appropriate to feed to ruminants that need high energy. Pastures, whether they be grass, legumes or mixed grass and legume, are good for cattle and sheep. Can be acceptable for some of the forage portion of a dairy ration. Don't provide much need for pigs or poultry, and will not provide the energy needed for cows nor heifers or steers. Crop residue feeds = low in quality, low in energy, low protein feeds. Utilize them to meet part of the feed needs of ruminants, but not when very high production is expected. Not appropriate for dairy cows during production, only acceptable for sheep and cattle. Consider the stage of production of the animal: Breeding season is a critical time and animals should be in positive energy balance (gaining and not losing weight). For cattle though, pasture in spring may be the best and most economical feeding program. During growth you can feed a high energy ration (with lots of corn or corn silage) if you want rapid growth, or lower energy (pasture or hay) if you are backgrounding calves. Pigs and poultry that are growing are always fed for high rate of gain and feed efficiency, requiring high energy feeds with the correct levels of protein supplied by protein supplements. The breeding herd (pigs especially) should be fed the right level of energy, either by limiting feeds or feeding some low energy feeds to dilute the energy concentration (make a bulky diet). Feedlot cattle need a lot of energy, and can consume rations with just a minimum of forage (perhaps 15 or even 10%).

What legume is often found on hillsides along interstates, but is now considered an invasive weed, and if mature is very unpalatable?

Crown vetch

What things in feeds are especially toxic to cats? to dogs?

cats-Benzoic acid dogs-chocolate, coffee, tea, grapes and raisins, onions, walnuts, turkey skin, macadamia nuts, mushrooms, tylenol

Describe the principles and general characteristics of feeding each species that we have covered: beef, dairy, sheep, horse and rabbit, swine, poultry, dogs, cats.

Dairy- have high E demands. Fed a lot of concentrates but no more than 60% can be concentrates... only feed lower quality forages during maintenance, but not very low. Feeding should be phase feeding. (40% forages) Have large amount of energy and protein needs. Need grain to produce more milk - 1 lb grain/2 1/2 to 3 lbs milk. High need for protein. Need vitamins A D and E. Beware of things that can get into and influence milk. Phase feeding: 1 - 1st 10 weeks of lactation - peak production, 2 - 10-20 weeks, max DMI and intake is in balance with requirements, 3 - late lactation, intake exceeds requirements restore body reserves, 4 - dry period, cow recovers, 5 - dry last 1-3 weeks transition period (cow near calving)

Describe the principles and general characteristics of feeding each species that we have covered: beef, dairy, sheep, horse and rabbit, swine, poultry, dogs, cats.

Dogs- increased protein, needs based on age, work, lactation, or pregnant. All grains need to be cooked for digestibility.

What guidelines should you follow when feeding horses?

Feeding rules: -feed at least twice a day -be consistent in the amount and type of feed. If you must change, change only by ¼ of the amount being fed per day. -make sure the horse has salt -provide a good source of water kept at about 40 degrees F -control parasites -check the teeth to see if they need floating (filing off the sharp edges) -regularly monitor the condition (weight of the horse) -provide regular exercise -don't allow the hot horse free access to water - it may founder itself -observe the horse every day for general health (temp, pulse, and respiration)

What grass sometimes is associated with foot problems, abortions and unthriftyness?

Fescue

Which should be fed more protein, boars, gilts, barrows? Why?

Gilts (female pig that has never been pregnant) and boars need more protein than barrows (castrated male pig). Boars and gilts are fed more because they have been chosen for reproduction.

What are the common grass forages? legume forages? You should be able to name 6 or more of each.

Grass Range/Prairie Grass: Big bluestem, little bluestem, sand bluestem, indian grass, switch grass, side-oats gramma, buffalograss Cool season perennial forage: kentucky bluegrass, smooth bromegrass, orchardgrass, timothy, fescue Legumes Alfalfa, red clover, crown vetch, sweet clover, white dutch clover, birdsfoot trefoil, lespedeza, soybean, alsike clover, ladino clover, hairy vetch, cowpeas, peanut hay, crimson clover,

What are the differences between grasses and legumes? advantages and disadvantages of each.

Grasses are mainly a source of Energy and legumes a source of protein. Legumes also improve soil fertility, are high in Ca, Vit a, P and trace minerals. high yield of palatable feed/acre possible. Often there can be a problem with bloat. Grasses have the ability to grow in most environments, stand being trampled on more, tolerant of grazing, prevent erosion, better root structure. low in mineral and vitamin content, might be sufficient though for many animals. Often palatable when immature. Lose a lot of protein/digestibility when they mature. Grasses: don't have as much nutritive value, not as high in protein, provide bulk, grow under wide range of conditions, not as nutritive value as legumes except at extreme maturity conditions, palatable when immature, less palatable when mature, make better pastures because they can stand being walked on better (make a better turf) Legumes: have a higher CP, mineral, and vitamin content. Not much of a difference in TDN, CF, Fat, P. These can be more digestible when young and less digestible when mature, able to associate microbes in nodules in the roots that can fix atmospheric nitrogens, have stem with leaves rather than blade (like grass)

Describe the principles and general characteristics of feeding each species that we have covered: beef, dairy, sheep, horse and rabbit, swine, poultry, dogs, cats.

Horse and rabbit- mostly forages, some grain. Both are non-ruminant animals.

When and for what animals does good pasture meet an animal's needs well?

Horse, beef cows much of the time, sheep much of the time and dairy cows when they are not lactating.

What additives might you add to silage and why?

Might add microbes to increase digestibility of the silage. Can also add ground grain, molasses (adds energy), sulphur dioxide, sodium metabisulfite, formic acid (drop the pH), mineral acids, limestone (acts as a buffer and prevent the pH from dropping too low), urea anhydrous ammonia (for protein) Overall, additives can increase or decrease dry matter, alter rate, amount and kind of acid production, acidify, inhibit microbial growth, change type of microbes, increase nutrient content

What prairie grass grows 5 ft tall?

big bluestem

Or, if you are balancing for total amount (100 lbs or 2000 lbs), CP and TDN, how many feedstuffs MUST you allow to vary and how many equations MUST you have to simultaneously solve?

In this case you would have 3 unknowns and therefore three equations, one for each amount, energy and CP multiply the amount of feed times the % of that nutrient in the feed, and add those up for the ration to determine the % of any nutrient in the ration.

Why and how would you suggest limit feeding gilts and sows? When and why are growing-finishing pigs limit fed?

Individually feeding, interval feeding, low E bulky diets, computerized feed equipment, commercial proprietary feeds that sows consume the correct amount. Because they don't really have appetite control and will just continue feeding. Phase feeding; protein needs change as they get older so decrease amount with age. So we want to avoid fat depositions by overfeeding protein, split sex feeding is used to match protein needs as well as genetic capacity.

What grass is often found in lawns and sometimes horse pastures?

Kentucky blue grass

Which is more important for high milk production in a dairy cow, maximum digestibility or maximum dry matter intake? (The answer can be found late in the powerpoint presentation, and Flash presentation, on feeding dairy cows).

Maximum dry matter intake

What are the characteristics of pastures, silages, hay? what are the principles regarding how they are made?

Pastures: fresh forage (grasses and legumes) eaten by grazing. Silage: preserved wet due to fermentation Hay: dried Silage is a way to feed more animals per acre and harvest more E per acre. Equipment is necessary. Can get high quality feed. However, you are committed to feeding it to your livestock. Disadvantages: dry matter consumption may be lower, cost of equipment and storage, handle more water. Preserved by fermentation. Pastures: Major feed for beef cattle, horses, etc. Should be enduring - last a while. Needs to be a turf that can withstand trampling. It is typically a mix of legumes and grasses so that it is strong and nutritious. Fresh.

What makes feeding horses, cats and dogs (and people) so different in principle from feeding pigs and cattle?

They are companion animals. We are more emotional about feeding our pets. People are anthropomorphic about pets - feeding pets is a very emotional issue

What specific differences are there to feeding cats? Why?

They are true carnivores. They have a limited ability to regulate catabolic enzymes of AA metabolism and therefore have a higher protein requirement. They do not synthesize niacin from tryptophan, cannot convert carotene to Vit A so cannot get it from plants. Can't convert linoleic acid to arachidonic acid. Cannot synthesize taurine from cysteine. Sensitive to arginine need (need it to form urea to detoxify ammonia). No salivary amylase. High need for B vitamins. Water consumption is different - they are less sensitive to thirst. Conclusion: cats have less capability to adapt to most changes in diet because they cannot change quantities of enzymes involved in the metabolic pathways, and therefore have more stringent nutrient requirements.

What special feeds are used in dog foods and why? eg, why tomato pomice? what about corn, or other starch foods?

Tomato pomice is added for the pectins it contains which have water holding capacity to help maintain constant feces Dogs are omnivores - don't digest grain well that hasn't been cooked Corn gluten meal is included because it is high in protein (not in quality), the amino acid balance that is needed is met by other things Tomato pomice provides pectins that help give consistent stool Gains that are not well cooked are not well digested

What vitamin is synthesized in metabolism of all of our farm animals (but not man) so nearly never needs to be added to the diet?

Vitamin C

What percent is 100 ppm?

What percent is 100 ppm? 0.0001%

stocker cattle

calves or older animals maintained, often on pasture of rangeland, to increase weight and maturity before being placed in a feedlot

Describe a life-cycle feeding program for a beef cow herd, for a dairy herd, a feeding program for finishing cattle that includes a 'stocker' or 'backgrounding' period, vs one without. What is 'compensatory gain'; when is it achieved and how do we manage to take advantage of it?

gain improved rate of gain and feed efficiency claves exhibit when they change from a low plane of nutrition to a high one (like when they are backgroundedd and then placed on hot rations) First think about beef cattle. We want to save money, and they can use very fibrous things, and get by on pasture most of the summer. Only if the forages are insufficient do we need to supplement. --- For the calves, if we'll grow them on pasture and low quality forages then we'll place them on high grain diets their last 90-120 days to finish and gain fast, but if we put them on high grain rations soon after weaning we would grow them at their maximum rate of gain directly to market (they go to market sooner but feed costs would be higher). Now think about dairy. When the calf has grown and is old enough to have a calf and lactate (most of the herd) then for 305/365 days of the year they will be producing milk. It takes lots of CP and energy to produce milk, even though it is a very efficient process. The cows need to eat lots of feed, so we feed the highest quality best feeds we can, to meet the CP needs (that are 3 to 5 times higher than a beef cow's) and energy needs.

concentrate mix

grain and protein supplements (usually corn and SBM)

Backgrounding -

growing calves - giving calves enough feed to grow but not enough to grow at the maximum rate or fatten

"hot rations"

high energy rations, based on lots of grains

compensatory gain

increased gain and feed efficiency an animal makes when placed on high energy feeds (grain) after being on low-energy, maintenance diets (best suited for certain types of cattle, take advantage of low cost feed supply)

How do you convert dry matter amounts to as-fed amounts? As-fed concentrations of nutrients to dry matter concentrations? Etc.

lbs of DM/%DM

What prairie grass is beautiful bronze in autumn?

little bluestem

brood cow

mother cow, used for the breeding herd

liver abscesses

necrotic liver tissue - surrounded by pus. Livers are condemned at slaughter. Results from fusobacterium necrophorum in rumen contents. Antibiotics help prevent, and worse on high concentrate diets. Feed more forage to prevent naturally.

Founder

occurs in horses, cattle, sheep goats. Overeating, especially grain. Pain, swelling of hoof soles. Damage comes from tissue edema, which can permanently change the structure in the hoof. Animal may be a loss, dispose.

displaced abomasum

primary dairy cattle, too much grain and/or corn silage, abomasum is displaced from proper position, may be folded, results in blockage. Worse with feed causing excessive gas production. Worse with feeding systems that result in uneven feed intake.

creep feed

providing supplemental feed to calves during the grazing season in order to increase the average daily gain and weaning weight when calves are nursing their dams, feeding young animals in a way that adults cannot get to it

Acidosis

results from too much lactic acid, the acid decreases the bacteria's activity, slowing fermentation and putting the animal off fed. It is somewhat self correcting. Solution is to prevent acidosis by feeding sufficient forage. Buffers can be fed too.