animal tissues

simple squamous epithelium

Function: Allows passage of materials by diffusion and filtration in sites where protection is not important; secretes lubricating substances in serosae. Location: Kidney glomeruli, air sacs of lungs, lining of heart, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels; lining of ventral body cavity(serosae)

hyaline cartilage

Most common type of cartilage; it is found on the ends of long bones, ribs, and nose- characterized by lack of elastic fibers. cannot bounce back into shape. found in cartilage rings of trachea to keep trachea from collapsing

bone tissue

Most rigid connective tissue, Internally supports body structures, very active tissue, heals much more rapidly than cartilage

bone tissue

Most rigid connective tissue, Internally supports body structures, very active tissue, heals much more rapidly than cartilage. Has lacuna, lamella, canaliculi, and haversian canal

actin and myosin

Muscle contraction results from the sliding together of- found in myofibrils

brush border

Surface of a cell covered with microvilli. increases surface area of a cell for absorption

cuboidal epithelium

Type of epithelial tissue with cube-shaped cells.

osteoblasts

bone forming cells using calcium phosphate and collagen.

osteoblasts

bone forming cells- known as osteocytes in the bone tissue

What are the four types of epithelial tissue

cuboidal, simple columnar, simple squamous, pseudostratified columar

what areas do not have their cartilage replaced during development?

ear flaps, trachea, larnx, tip of the nose, and ends of long bones.

columnar

elongated cells resembling pillars or columns' very important in active absorption of the stomach and intestines, can have cilia or microvili on heir luminal side; basal ( base side) usually has the nucleus near it; external and internal sides of them canhave different permeabilities (e.g. intestinal lining)

what kinds of tissues are classified as connective tissue?

fat and other soft padding tissue, bone, and tendons.

squamous

flattened cells shaped like pancake or flagstone located in the outer layer of skin

exocrine glands

gland that releases its secretions through tubelike structures called ducts

endocrine glands

glands that secrete chemicals called hormones directly into the bloodstream

what is the matrix of connective tissues comprised of?

glycoproteins

glandular epithelium that can work individually

goblet cells of the intestine

tissues

groups of similar cells that perform a specific function in an organism

dense irregular connective

has fibers in interwoven bundles and has more space between them.- found in dermis layer of skin

spongey bone

layer of bone tissue having many small spaces found just inside the layer under the compact bone- has no true osteons.- has an irregular lattice wok of thin plates of bone called "trabeculae"

general function of epithelial tissues

lines & covers

what are the types of connective tissue

loose connective tissue, fibrous connective tissue, bone, adipose tissue, cartilage, blood, dense regular connective tissue

cartilage connective tissue

makes up embryonic supporting skeleton of vertabrates. has very dense collagen fibers embeded in chondroitin sulfate.

bone

mineralized connective tissue. has a hard rigid matrix. secretes calcified matrix throughout life.

regular dense connective tissue

more tightly packed apperance, no space between the fibers- tendons and ligmaments

general function of musclular tissue

movement

smooth muscle

muscle tissue in which the contractile fibrils are not highly ordered, occurring in the gut and other internal organs and not under voluntary control.

is bone always solid?

no

matrix

non living material (e.g. basement membrane)

non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

occurs in areas that stay moist but are subject to wear and tear located in: -linings of the anus -vagina -mouth -and esophagus

keratinzation

occurs in the epidermas of the skin

Simple in terms of epithelial tissue means___

one cell thick layer, eg. ____ squamous epithelium usually very leaky- great for diffusion. found in blood vessels and alveoli of the lungs

haversian canal

one of a network of tubes running through compact bone that contains blood vessels and nerves

the three types of bone tissue

osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes

the collective term for a haversian canal and its surrounding lamella

osteon

where are epithelium tissues round?

outer layer of the skin, lining of the digestive tract, lining of the windpipe and lungs, lining the tubules in the kidnesys, lining of the urinary tract, lining of the vagina and anus

functions of epithelial tissue

provide physical protection, control permeability, provide sensation, produce specialized secretions. protects underlying cells from desiccation, mechnical injury, chemicals, and bacteria.

chondroitin sulfate

provides support and adhesiveness in cartilage, bone, skin, and blood vessels- secreted by chondocytes

stratified cuboidal epithilium is found___

rarer than its simple form, found in areas such as sweat glands, occassionally appears as stratified but isn't. it is pseudostratified

what fills the spaces between trabeculae?

red marrow- responsible for enthrocyte. red blood cell production

stratafied in terms of epithelial tissue means

several layers of cells stacked upon each other. found in areas subject to abrasion, e.g. outer layer of the skin - linings of the anus and vagina cateogrized into keratinized vs non keratinized

what are the three types of muscle tissue

skeletal, cardiac, smooth

what are the three forms of matrices?

solid, liquid, or semi-liquidw

lacuna

spaces in the bone tissue matrix. interconnected vis cell extensions called canaliculi.

histology

study of tissues

trabeculae

supporting bundles of bony fibers in cancellous (spongy) bone

what is comprised of nervous tissues?

the brain, spinal cord, nerves

What is the neuron doctrine?

the claim that the network that appears when examining brain tissue under a microscope consists of separate cells

what is the function of connective tissue cell types based upon?

the extracellular matrix.

what are the four tissue groups

1. Epithelial 2. Connective 3. Muscle 4. Nerve

nervous tissue

A body tissue that carries electrical messages back and forth between the brain and every other part of the body.

muscle tissue

A body tissue that contracts or shortens, making body parts move.

where are simple columnar eithelium found?

the intestinal lining( the mucosa layer) -have vili and secrete digestive enzymes

what organs contain epithelial tissue?

the lining of GI track organs and other hollow organs. skin surface (epidermis)

connective tissue

Animal tissue that functions mainly to bind and support other tissues, having a sparse population of cells scattered through an extracellular matrix.

intercalated discs

Attachment sites between the transverse lines between cardiac muscle cells

osteoclasts

Bone-destroying cells

basement membrane

Cells at the base of an epithelial layer are attached to this.

chondrocytes

Cells that secrete cartilage. found in small chambers/ spaces of the ground substance called lacuna

glandular epithelium

Composed of cells specialized to produce and secrete substances into ducts or into body fluids e.g. milk, sweat, wax, or mucous

simple columnar epithelium

Function: Absorption; secretion of mucus, enzymes, and other substances; ciliated type propels mucus (or reproductive cells) by ciliated action. Location: nonciliated type lines most of the digestive tract (stomach to anal canal), gallbladder and excretory ducts of some glands; ciliated variety lines small bronchi, uterine tubes, and some regions of the uterus.

reticular fibers

Fibers made of collagen fibers that are very thin and branched. Forma tightly woven fabric that joins connective tissue to adjacent tissues.. attaches to collagen.

elastic fibers

Flexible and "stretchy" fibers that add elasticity to tissue. comprised of long threads of protein called elastin rubbery in consistency and compliment collagen. yellowish in appearance. can restore its shape after being stretched.

adipose (fat) connective tissue

Forms when adipocytes (fat cells) store fat in droplets in the cytoplasm. Found under skin, around kidneys, in abdomen, and around heart. insulates against heat loss, pads/cushions against injury & provides nutrient storage

myofibrils

Microscopic protein filaments that make up muscle cells.

capillaries

Microscopic vessel through which exchanges take place between the blood and cells of the body

epithelial tissue

Tissue that covers outside of the body and lines organs and cavities.

general function of connective tissues

binds other tissues together

what are the four general groups of animal tissues?

connective, epithelial, bone, and muscle tissues

basement membrane function

- influencing cell differentiation and proliferation - filtration barrier via ionic charges - attachment. - most epithelial cells would have the basement membrane. -not static -capable of organizing metabolic events.

cellular recognition

A function of membrane proteins that allow the protein to bind to a carb 'name tag' on a cell.

collagen

A glycoprotein in the extracellular matrix of animal cells that forms strong fibers, found extensively in connective tissue and bone; the most abundant protein in the animal kingdom. has a whitish appearance. not elastic, does not tear easily when pulled

skeletal muscle

A muscle that is attached to the bones of the skeleton and provides the force that moves the bones.

tight junction

A type of intercellular junction in animal cells that prevents the leakage of material between cells. These ahve specialiszed membrane proteins that bond cells tightly together; usually occur as belts all the way around found in epithelial layers that seperate two kindso f solution (e.g. in intestines, prevents mixing of blood with the contents of the intenstine.)

what are the three cell junctions?

Desmosomes, tight junctions, gap junctions

dense irregular connective tissue

Function: able to withstand tension exerted in many directions; provides structural strength -has a thick interlacing matrix matted with a network of collagen fibers in parallel bundles -can be regular or irregular -includes tendons and ligaments Location: fibrous capsules of organs and joints; dermis of the skin; submucosa of digestive tract

dense regular connective tissue

Function: attaches muscles to bones or to muscles; attaches bones to bones; withstands great tensile stress when pulling force is applied in one direction Location: tendons, most ligaments, aponeuroses

canaliculi

Hairlike canals that connect lacunae to each other and the central canal-

cilia

Hairlike projections that extend from the plasma membrane and are used for locomotion

compact bone

Hard and dense, but not solid, bone tissue that is beneath the outer membrane of a bone.

hydroxyapatite

Hardy crystals consisting of calcium and phosphate that form the bone matrix.

cardiac muscle

Involuntary muscle tissue found only in the heart.

osteocytes

a bone cell, formed when an osteoblast becomes embedded in the matrix it has secreted.- maintains bone tissue and reside in the lacuna

goblet cells

a column-shaped cell found in the respiratory and intestinal tracts, which secretes the main component of mucus.

What is a neuron?

a nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system

pseudostratified ciliated columnar eithelium

appears to be striated but all cells actually attach to the basement membrane. found in -upper respiratory tract, trachea and bronchi. -functions to sweep mucus and foreign objects up and out of the airway. a

where are simple cuboidal epithelim cells found?

areas whose main function is secretion- such as the the thyroid gland.

lamina propria

areolar connective tissue underlying a mucous membrane

desmosomes

button-like welds that join an opposing cell membrane; rivet cells into a strong sheet, but still allow substances to pass freely throug intracellular spaces; have intracellular filaments that penetrate and attach the plasma membrane of both cells; have dense disk inside plasma membrane that is reinforced by intermediate filaments made of the protein Found: in sheets of tissue which are subject to severe stress such as the heart muscle

how do cell recognize each other

by the extracellular matrix secreted by the fibroblasts of connectvive tissue.

the dual action of calcium and collagen in bone

calcium salts make the bone hard, collagen keeps the bone from being too brittle

what is another way cells of a specific tissue type recognize each other?

carbohydrate markers on the cell membrane.

What kinds of tissue make up muscle tissue

cardiac, smooth, and skeletal

elastic cartilage

cartilage with abundant elastic fibers; more flexible than hyaline cartilage- characterized by high number of elastic fibers. -found in ears and esophagus

parts of a neuron

cell body, nucleolous, dendrites, cell membrane, synapse, myelin sheath, schwann cell, node of ranvier, axon`

cuboidal

cell shape resembles dice found in lining of kidney tubules, thyroid, and thymus

Gap Junctions

channels or pores through membranes of two cells and across the intracellular space; allows electrical communication beteen cells and for the flow of irons and small molecules found in areals like the heart which requires rapid communication.

fibrocrtilage

characterized by a scattering of chondrocytes throughout collagenous fibers. Has a wavy appearance. found in the inter-vertabral discs. tend to be arranged in rows

which vertabrates do not replace cartilage by bone?

chondrichtyes and myxini, cephalospidomorphi.q

what are the three types of fibers a matrix can contain?

collagen, elastin, and reticular.

which layer are all epithelial tissues named for?

the outer layer

what is the difference between the outer layer of epithelial tissue and hte inner layer of epthelial tissue?

the outer surface is a free surface either exposed to air or fluid, the inner surface is anchored to connective tissue by a thin non-cellular layer which is extracellular matrix made of collagen fibers. ( basement layer)

loose (areolar) connective tissue

thin delicate tissue. holds organs in place and binds epithelial tissue to underlying tissue. contains all three fiber types. has fibroblasts and macrophages. no distinct pattern or arrangement to the fibers of this tissue

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

tissue that consists of a single layer of irregularly shaped and sized cells that give the appearance of multiple layers; found in ducts of certain glands and the upper respiratory tract

function of connective tissue

to bind and support other cells of the body. includes :bone, adipose, tendon, ligaments, cartilage, and blood. cells of this tissue characteristically secrete a large amount of non living material

general function of nervous tissue

transmits impulses and responds to stimuli

keratin

waterproofing to the tissue, helps resist friction and bacterial invasions

lamella

weight-bearing, column-like matrix tubes composed mainly of collagen