anotha one

Hellenistic culture spread through ____________________.

A huge portion of Eurasia, North Africa, and the Mediterranean to the Indian frontier.

Dar al-Islam

"House of peace" where Sharia law was dominant and Muslims were guaranteed to worship freely.

Dar al-Harb

"House of war" where Islam was NOT established.

What does it mean to learn empirically?

By means of systematic observation.

600 BCE to 600 CE was considered an era of _____.

Classical civilizations; meaning that literature, art, and architecture produced by states like Han China, Gupta India, or Greece and Rome were often longer-lived in their influence than the states themselves.

Wool and hides could be turned into ______.

Clothing.

Rapid expansion caused the ___________.

Collapse of the Roman republic during the 1st century BCE. Small farmers, closest to Rome's middle class, went bankrupt due to falling grain prices and increased use of slave labor by larger landowners. Poverty worsened and many of the urban poor joined violent mobs.

Greco-Roman architecture made distinct use of _______, with the Romans adding _____________.

Columns and facades; archways and domes. Such as the Parthenon, Colosseum, the Church of St. Sophia, etc.

Christ's teachings proved popular among _________.

Common people and the poor.

What was Hammurabi's law code?

Compiled in 1750 BCE by the Babylonian King, it was harsh and death and mutilation were often punishments. It favored the elite over lower classes, the idea that society should be governed by a consistent set of regulations and not by the ruler's arbitrary will.

What is a decimal system?

Complete with the concepts of pi and zero. In Afro-Eurasia, scholars from Gupta India are generally credited with success here, as well as for inventing Arabic numerals.

What are Asia and Europe called, together?

Eurasia.

_______ is a relatively small continent with a large population, is resource rich and has a mild temperate climate.

Europe.

Daoist ritual became interwoven with the architectural art of _______, or harmonious placement, which orients buildings and the items inside them in ways that ensure good fortune.

Feng shui.

Mississippian civilization (700-1500)

Ohio & Mississippi River.

Many of the church fathers described below used the __________ story of Adam and Eve, and the serpent to assign women the blame for humanity's "original sin".

Old Testament.

Some of Greece's city-states were monarchies, but most were ________.

Oligarchies, in which a small elite class of rich, powerful families ruled.

They governed by means of _______.

Oligarchy.

In 184 BCE, the Mauryan empire collapsed due to attacks from outside enemies, and for the next 5 centuries, India reverted to a state of ______.

Political disunity.

Where and when did rice cultivation start?

Southeast Asia around 7,000 years ago and then spread to southern China.

2-3 million years ago, where did members of the genus homo emerge?

Southern and eastern Africa.

Cavalry warfare and the cross gave them military advantages and allowed them to repel _______. Who was their worst threat?

Steppe nomads; the Turkic Xiongnu.

Settlement began as early as 8000 BCE, but the first true civilization emerged among the _______.

Sumerians.

Han turned to Confucianism, with its argument that ____________.

Superiors owed kind treatment to their inferiors. They also expanded China's law code.

East Africa

Swahili city states flourished in the 1000-1500 years. Key ports were Mogadishu, Mombasa, Sofala, and Zanzibar.

It was common for people to blend Daoist, Buddhist, and Confucian practices ___________.

Syncretecially.

Ideal of Christendom

The concept of Europe joined by common allegiance to the Christian church.

Describe how technological aptitude improved.

The crafts of pottery and weaving spread quickly. The invention of the wheel, revolutionized transport and war. The hoes and plows increased labor efficiency and agricultural productivity.

Influence of Islam

The cultural influence of Islam extended from Spain and North Africa to the Middle East and Persia

What is cultural borrowing?

The fusion of two styles.

Why is it called the Stone Age? 2.5 million - 5,000 years ago.

These tools survived best over time; they were also made of stone.

How were they different from most other early civilizations?

They didn't have a large river system nearby.

What happened when pastoralists accumulated wealth?

They experienced social stratification. Warrior elites arose more frequently than among hunter-foragers, and the gender division of labor tended to deepen.

What was trade like?

They made pottery and obsidian carvings; traded widely - including with the Maya.

When did the Olmecs rise and how long did they last?

They rose between 1400 and 1200 BCE and lasted until 400 BCE.

Why were these rivers important?

They supported agriculture, allowing movement and fostering social and political unity.

What was trade like for the Indus Valley River?

They traded cotton and precious stones with their neighbors and perhaps with Shang China for jade.

How was the Shang dynasty's trade?

They traded extensively and their economic network stretched as far as the Middle East. Principal commodities included jade and silk.

What was trade like?

They traded widely throughout the Middle East and North Africa, and their economic network extended as far east as the Indus River Valley. Mesopotamian-Indus trade involved boat travel along the Indian Ocean coastline, with the Mesopotamians exchanging wool, barley, and copper for gems and cotton.

What were the inhabitants of Nubia like?

They were located South of Egypt along the Nile River and settled around 3000 BCE; an important corridor of exchange is between north and south - Nubia traded with Egypt and sub-Saharan Africa.

Describe Romans overall.

They were master architects and engineers, many of their roads, aqueducts, cities, and fortifications proved useful. First to use arches and domes. Roman law remains a keystone of Western legal thought. Twelve Tables and Justinian Law Code, Latin is common language. By legalizing Christianity in the 300s CE, and adopting it as their official faith, the Romans ensured the new religion's survival as a major intellectual and cultural force long after the empire itself had disappeared.

What was life for women like?

They were to obey men, and they were barred from positions of leadership, including priesthood.

What does it mean to be nomadic?

They would follow their favorite game animals on seasonal rounds of migration, or abandon old hunting grounds for new ones, if resources grew scarce.

What is the process of overreach?

When empires overextend themselves in one or more ways, leading to eventual decline and downfall.

Excellent mariners, the Greeks traded widely in the Mediterranean, exporting __________.

Wine and olives.

What are some materials used by early humans to make tools?

Wood, bone, animal skins and sinews.

______ appeared in China in the 200s CE, allowing for faster production and dissemination of information.

Woodblock printing.

Long term effects of the Crusades

Worsening of relationship between European Christians and Muslim Middle East, and technology transfer.

Sumerians were the first people to devise a ______.

Written script; cuneiform. (ca.3300 BCE) Poems gave rise around 2000 BCE, to the Gilgamesh epic, one of humanity's oldest literary works.

Who domesticated camels during the 200s CE?

Desert Berbers of NW Africa.

Egyptians built many cities and a sizable economic network. True or false?

True.

Buddha means?

"Awakened one".

Pax Mongolica

"Mongol peace".

According to the Bible, Jesus was born into a Jewish family of humble background. As a wandering teacher, he sought to reform Jewish laws and traditions. To him, charity and compassion were more important than simply obeying rabbis and observing customs. During his ministry, Jesus claimed to be the messiah foretold by Hebrew prophecy. Although many Jews expected the messiah to restore the Hebrew Kingdom politically, Jesus spoke of a heavenly kingdom instead, calling himself the ______, whose teachings would redeem those who followed him.

"Son of God".

Ming Dynasty

(1368-1644)

How did religion spread?

* cultural borrowing * missionary activity * war/forced conversion

Three new deities attracted the largest followings by 200s BCE. Who were they?

1) Brahma is the masculine personfication of the World Soul. 2) Vishnu the Preserver is a savior figure and a great friend to humanity. 3) Shiva the Destroyer, the dancing god of creation and destruction, reflects the duality of life and death.

Societies were more prone to develop into advanced civilizations if the local geography featured one or more of the following:

1) Climate that was not extremely hot, cold, dry, or wet. 2) A suitable amount of fertile land, preferably flat. 3) Reliable source of water. 4) Topography (shape of the land) that permitted reasonably easy movement. 5) Access to a river, seacoast, or lake for the sake of transport or food supply. 6) The presence of one or more desirable natural resources. 7) Proximity to one or more trade routes.

Name some things that relate to slavery.

1) Debt slavery 2) Indentured servitude 3) Serfdom 4) Prison/Convict Labor

Most civilizations have these basic features in common:

1) Economic system 2) Government 3) Social system 4) Moral or ethical belief system 5) Intellectual tradition 6) Reasonably high level of technological aptitude

Name 2 things related to social stratification.

1) Hierarchy 2) Social mobility

What were the four noble truths?

1) Human existence is inseparable from suffering. 2) The cause of suffering is desire. 3) Suffering is extinguished by extinguishing desire. 4) Desire may be extinguished by following the Eightfold Path, Five Moral Rules.

Name 2 things related to Vedism.

1) Karma 2) Reincarnation

What are 4 distinct classes?

1) Priests 2) Warriors and rulers 3) Farmers and artisans 4) Servants and serfs

What were the two capitals?

1) Susa for administration 2) Persepolis to impress citizens with his power

The tradition is divided into 2 major schools. What are they called?

1) Theravada (Hinayana) is prominent in South and Southeast Asia, it emphasizes simplicity and meditation and remains closer to Buddha's actual teachings. 2) The newer school, Mahayana caught on farther to the north, especially in Japan, Korea, and parts of China. Mahayana involves more ritual and symbology than the Buddha spoke of, mainly due to syncretism.

What challenges bring downfall?

1) Unwise or corrupt political leadership 2) Rebellions and social tensions caused by over-taxation or injustice on the part of the elite. 3) Civil wars 4) Conquest of more territory than one could effectively govern 5) Economic downturns and disruptions of regional trade patterns 6) Neglect of infrastructure, such as roads 7) War with one or more advanced states or the sudden appearance of a powerful enemy 8) Constant, long term harassment by raiding or migrating nomads 9) External environmental factors, such as climate change, natural disasters, or the appearance of new diseases 10) Self-inflicted environmental problems, such as overpopulation, overuse of wood, overuse of water, or the silting of rivers and erosion of soil caused by over farming or large construction projects.

Name a few things that relate to trade.

1) Water transport 2) Overland transport 3) Caravans

What is the spread of diseases impact?

1) mass deaths 2) spreading of illness 3) bubonic plague 4) smallpox and measles

The Silk Road enjoyed 2 periods of peak prominence. When were they?

100 BCE and 800 CE, & again between the 1200s and 1500s CE. Its discovery is credited to a Chinese explorer who crossed the barren lands north of Tibet and came into the lush Ferghana valley in 128 BCE.

Before dying, he had led his army on a journey lasting almost _________ and covering more than __________.

10 years; 20,000 miles.

The domestication of plants, or agriculture became known in many parts of the globe about __________ years ago.

10,000.

How many years ago did modern humans arise and where?

100,000-200,000 years ago and in East Africa. They migrated outward. This is the "Out of Africa" thesis.

When did Chavin emerge?

1000 BCE. It dominated the coastal plain and Andean foothills of Peru. Their chief city, Chavin de Huantar, was located more than 10,000 feet above sea level.

The last of the great ice ages ended about ________ years ago.

12,000.

Magna Carta

1215; guaranteed the nobility certain rights and privileges. Later, the English nobility won the right to form a Parliament.

When did it end and why?

1900 BCE. It is unsure. Thought to be by outside enemies, such as the Indo-European Aryans around 1500 BCE. But it could also be environmental factors.

According to the Judaic traditions, the Hebrews, in the time of Abraham, entered into a convent as the chosen people of the god Jehovah. When did this arise?

2000 BCE, but the term Jewish was not used until after the 900s BCE.

How long has hominid, or human-like life existed on Earth?s

3-4 million years. However, modern humans with immediate ancestors appeared 100,000 to 250,000 years ago.

What are some of their accomplishments?

365-day calendar.

Between _______ miles long, the Silk Road stretched from the Middle East and the ports of the Eastern Mediterranean to China's Pacific coast.

4,000-5,000.

When were the first civilizations formed?

5,500-5,000 years ago.

When did Buddhism emerge?

500s BCE.

Achaemenid Persia fought and lost many wars to the Greeks between the ___________.

500s and 400s BCE.

Around _______, the Chinese learned to make iron weapons and tools.

600 BCE.

When did they decline?

650 CE; their downfall is blamed on war, but it is now thought that the elite overspending caused social tension that led to violent revolts.

When was Rome founded?

800 BCE; Romans dominated the Mediterranean and the adjacent regions.

Who was Ashoka? (269-232 BCE)

A Mauryan emperor and successful warrior, he converted to Buddhism and advocated peace and tolerance. He created the Pillars of Ashoka - columns carved with Buddhist teachings. He encouraged trade with China, especially for silk, and opened trade routes to the North. Ashoka was admired for his justice and wisdom and remains famous for creating harmony between India's Buddhists, Hindus, and other believers. His effort to spread Buddhism played a key role in its establishing as a formal religion.

What is animism?

A belief system that all things in the natural world are thought to be animated by spirits. Religious leaders were called shamans, and supposedly were able to speak to spirits and heal the sick.

Muslim world governed by ___________

A caliph "successor" who combined political and religious power.

Averroes (1126-1198)

A doctor from Muslim Spain who translated and analyzed the works of the Greek philosopher Aristotle.

What were their interests?

A fascination for astronomy,a complicated ball game played for ritual purposes and polytheistic deities, including their jaguar god. They also probably practiced human sacrifice and had a good trade network.

Who were the Phoenicians?

A maritime culture that traded and colonized widely throughout the Mediterranean between 1550 and 300 BCE. From their home cities in Syria and Lebanon, they harvested cedar and manufactured a famous purple dye from shellfish. Their main legacy is the alphabet, which was adopted in modified form by the Hebrews, Greeks, and Romans.

Which continent is considered to be the birthplace of humanity?

Africa; it is home to the world's largest desert, the Sahara.

Describe ancestor veneration.

African peoples placed this at the heart of their religious practice and believed that proper observance of funeral customs and the sacrifice of food and wine would persuade the spirits of departed ancestors to protect their village. It spread widely throughout East Asia.

The populations of Africa and Eurasia interacted constantly. What term is used to describe this?

Afro-Eurasian.

__________ launched one of the most successful military campaigns of all time.

Alexander the Great (356-323 BCE)

In 331 BCE, it fell to the Hellenistic conquerer ________.

Alexander the Great.

Alexander's grand capital, the Egyptian city of ________, with its Great Library, became one of the ancient world's greatest centers of trade, learning, and culture.

Alexandria.

The Mediterranean Sea facilitated communication and exchange ____________.

All along the southern coast of Europe, the shores of present-day Turkey and the Levant, and the entirety of North Africa, including Egypt.

Toltecs

An aggressive warrior society that ruled between 800s-1100s.

His teachings, compiled by followers after his death, are contained in the _________.

Analects.

They buried their dead and offered sacrifices. What did they practice?

Ancestor veneration.

Why is writing important?

Ancient societies developed oral traditions, but the written word enabled people to keep records and pass on learning and information more effectively than before.

Among many peoples, especially hunter-foragers, spirit-based belief systems like ___ and ______ remained popular.

Animism, shamanism. Shamans attempted to heal the sick, prayed to the spirits for success in hunting, and enforced taboos, or forbidden behaviors.

Which continent has no human population?

Antarctica.

The Sassanid Shahs earned riches from the Silk Road, but also from commerce generated by __________.

Arab traders.

Copper, myrrh, frankincense, and dates came from ________.

Arabia.

Gupta India traded by boat with Malaysia and Indonesia, exchanging cotton, metal wares, and salt for spices, and also with China for silk. Their economic network also included the _____________.

Arabian Sea and eastern Mediterranean.

Language

Arabic is Islam's holy language; Persian is important for Islamic Eurasia. Migration of Bantu peoples affected linguistic development

Islam's Holy Language

Arabic is the religion's holy language and they started imposing taxes (jizya) on those who did not convert.

Because written sources from prehistory are rare to nonexistent, much of what we know about it comes from the work of _________, _________, __________, and other scholars who specialize in studying the distant past.

Archaeologists, paleontologists, physical anthropologists.

Who are some leading figures who outlined basic laws of geometry, geography, astronomy, medicine, and natural history?

Aristotle, Ptolemy, Euclid, Archimedes.

In 1500 BCE, the Indo-Europeans or ______ invaded northern India.

Aryans. The lighter-skinned horseback warriors conquered darker-skinned natives (Dravidians), forming a common culture with them as they expanded southward.

What is the largest and most populous continent on Earth?

Asia; it contains the world's most diverse mix of climates, languages, and cultures. Its sub-regions include the Middle East, Central Asia, South Asia (Indian subcontinent), Southeast Asia, and East Asia (core is China, Korea, and Japan).

Starting in the 700s BCE, the Hebrew kingdoms were conquered by a succession of overlords, including the __________________________.

Assyrians, Neo-Babylonian empire, the Persians, and the Romans.

Technology

Astrolabe, compass, and gunpowder weaponry. China invented printing (movable type printing). Gutenberg invents the printing press in the 1430s.

Which were the most influential classical city states?

Athens and Sparta.

Democracy, or rule by the people, began in ___________ and reached its peak during the 400s BCE - although even in Athens women and slaves were excluded from political life.

Athens, 508 BCE.

_______ focused on cultural and political advancement, relying on maritime trade for wealth and basing its military might on naval power.

Athens.

The Moche used the quipu or knot-tying system of record keeping; they lived in clans called _______, which owned land communally.

Ayllu.

The Phoenicians worshipped a polytheistic pantheon headed by the storm deity ____ and are known to have sacrificed children to their gods.

Baal.

As time passed, other groups, especially the Akkadians, _______, and Assyrians (911-612 BCE) achieved political dominance.

Babylonians (1900-1600 BCE)

____ herders began their long migrations from the Niger River basin.

Bantu.

Keen astronomers, they developed a high level of mathematical knowledge, and originated the ________ that is still used today to measure time and for navigational calculations.

Base-60 number system.

The Qin state ended slavery and serfdom. Why?

Because free peasants had to pay taxes and serve in the army.

Describe wheat and barley cultivation.

Began in the Middle East around 8000 BCE, spreading to Europe, Egypt, and North Africa over the next 4,000 years.

Humans most likely moved into the Americas around 15,000 years ago, with settlers from Eurasia migrating across the _______ that spanned Siberia and Alaska during periods of heavy glaciation.

Bering land bridge.

They compiled the books of the _______, combining the texts from Jewish scripture (Old Testament) with the four Gospels and other materials (New Testament).

Bible.

Other elements appeared as well, such as the concept of hell and complex pantheons of gods and other ____________.

Bodhisattvas, saintlike souls who had achieved nirvana but chose to remain in the earthly realm to help living humans.

The Moche produced excellent ______________.

Ceramics and textiles.

Incas (1300s-1500s)

Built a massive empire, stretching 3,000 miles. They had a road network, elaborate bureaucracy, extreme social stratification. Their ruler, known as the Great Inca, was considered the descendant of the sun god. Defeated by Spanish conquest in the early 1500s.

The Zhou made effective use of ________ to run their affairs and one of the Zhou's central political principles was the Mandate of Heaven, the idea that as long as a leader governed wisely, he could claim a divine right to rule.

Bureaucracy.

What were some permanent sites of worship and ritual that were erected?

Burial mounds, megaliths, shrines, and temples.

Bushido

Bushido = strict code of honor, loyalty, and bravery "way of the warrior"

During the 300s CE, the eastern half of the empire split from the western half, becoming the ____________________.

Byzantine (Eastern Roman) Empire, headquartered in the city of Constantinople.

Theme System

Byzantium granted land to soldiers serving in frontier zones; proved a clever way to protect the empire's borders.

The Roman Empire (ca. 30 BCE-476 CE) was founded by Caesar's adopted son, _______________.

Caesar Augustus; he revived Rome's strength and wealth, and created the position of emperor.

Mayans were great astronomers and mathematicians; they understood the concept of zero and invented an accurate _____________.

Calendar.

They built ________ and were accomplished at pottery and metallurgy.

Canals and dams.

What was the first city in the Americas?

Caral, founded in central Peru in 2600 BCE.

What type of skills did they need to build tents, huts, and other structures of wood/stone?

Carpentry and construction.

In western Africa, a trickle of overland trade made its way from the south to ports like _______, both before and after its conquest by the Romans.

Carthage.

Gautama rejected the _______ and argued that anyone could achieve ______________.

Caste system, nirvana.

Another legacy was the ______, thought to have originated after 1500 BCE, when Indo-European invaders from the North relegated menial tasks and manual labor to the darker-skinned natives.

Caste system.

Representative works from India include huge _________ built in honor of Buddhist and Hindu deities.

Cave temples. Ex. Pillars of Ashoka.

Confucianism took for granted the existence of the _________ of traditional Chinese gods but was most concerned with wise and ethical conduct in this world.

Celestial bureaucracy.

The Han dynasty built on the Qin state's foundations to create a ____________.

Centralized, efficient empire.

Who founded the Mauryan (South Asia) empire? (324-184 BCE)

Chandragupta Maurya; ruled from the capital of Pataliputra on the eastern Ganges.

Aztecs (1200s-1500s)

Chief city was Tenochtitlan; they adopted practices of pyramid building and human sacrifice. Tributary system provided them with foodstuffs and gold. Defeated by the Spanish in the early 1500s.

China early 1300s

China faces Black Death.

Under warrior-emperors like Wu Ti (156-87 BCE) its armies expanded hundreds of miles in all directions, absorbing most of _______ and parts of _______________.

China; Vietnam, Korea, Manchuria, and Mongolia.

In shallow lakes, they built floating islands called _________, which created more space for crops (most importantly corn)

Chinampas.

Travel

Chinese monk Xuanzang journeyed to India to learn more about Buddhism. Ibn Buttuta of Morocco began a pilgrimage to Mecca in 1325 and embarked on a journey lasting 30 years and covering 70,000 miles. Zheng He was a Chinese captain who took ships of the Ming navy on 7 voyages through the Indian and Pacific ocean during the early 1400s.

Describe the emergence of cities.

Cities offered protection to large numbers of people and served as centers for trade, religious worship, and political leadership. More so than villages, they permitted people with different skills and talents - political elites, professional warriors, artisans, merchants and farmers. This brought labor specialization and class distinctions. They enabled the exchange of goods, ideas, technologies, religious beliefs, and cultural values. The first cities date back to 8000-7000 BCE and include Jericho on the Jordan River and Catal Huyuk in present-day Turkey.

________ grew out of a philosophy founded by an individual who made no claim to divinity.

Confucianism.

A government official who served China's Zhou dynasty, ____________ lived through political chaos and war and in retirement, began to ponder the proper relationship between society and the individual.

Confucius (ca. 551-479 BCE)

His claims to be the messiah and questioning of tradition angered ________ within the Jewish religious establishment, and rumors that he had named himself "king of the Jews" raised anxiety among the Jews' Roman overlords.

Conservatives.

In 313 CE, Roman persecution ended when the emperor ________ legalized Christianity with the Edict of Milan.

Constantine.

Why did it take longer for people to move into Europe, Central Asia, and Siberia?

Cooler climates caused by the periodic ice ages; lasted until about 12,000 years ago. Better tools and warmer clothing allowed numerous communities to push into these places about 40,000 years ago.

What were the Maya's staple crops?

Corn, squash, beans, cacao, cotton.

What was their diet consisted of?

Corns, beans, and squash.

When Jesus came to preach in Jerusalem during the Passover season, Jewish religious authorities demanded that the Romans arrest him. They did so and put him to death by ________.

Crucifixion.

What did Daoism influence?

Cultural practices, martial arts, traditional medicine, the sciences of metallurgy and astronomy.

Daimyo

Daimyo received control over parcels of land called shoen. Both the shogun and daimyo belonged to the warrior elite known as the samurai.

Confucianism coexisted and sometimes completely against with ___________.

Daoism, and Buddhism.

_________ took shape in China during and after the 500s BCE.

Daoism.

Under the third Archaemenid ruler, __________, Persia's empire stretched from North Africa to India and measured more than 2 million square miles.

Darius the Great.

Followers believed not just in the Resurrection, but also a Second Coming, when all souls would be subjected to a ___________.

Day of Judgement, virtuous Christians were admitted to heaven and nonbelievers were damned to hell.

By 200 CE, the Han state was in ________.

Decline. Agricultural downturn and an overall economic slump sapped its strength, as did governmental corruption and ineffectual leadership. Bandits, rebels, and nomadic invaders made it difficult for the Han to protect its borders. A smallpox epidemic, arriving from the West in the late 100s CE, also weakened the country. In 220 CE, Han rule finally collapsed.

Not only did the Gupta strengthen the caste system, they were more patriarchal than the Mauryans and the status of women _______.

Declined; women lost the right to own property and were forced to become more obedient to males. The Sati ritual became more common.

The Qin taxed so heavily that shortly after Shi Huangdi's death, rebellions __________.

Destroyed the dynasty.

Popes had the right to ___________________.

Determine heresy and excommunicate worshippers.

_______ of foreign traders began to settle permanently in cities throughout India's trade network.

Diasporic communities.

Discuss the lifestyle for the Jews.

Dietary restrictions were strict. Marriage outside the Jewish community was discouraged. Hebrew society was patriarchal, and they even practiced slavery. They treated slaves humanely. Jews also believed that a messiah, (anointed one) would someday appear as a savior to free them from foreign oppression.

The Gupta empire was smaller and less centralized than the Mauryan, and depended more on __________.

Diplomacy to maintain its authority.

The __________ was a key state priority.

Distribution of grain.

China's history between the 1700s BCE and 1911 CE is measured in _________.

Dynasties; the successions of emperors.

Taira-Minamoto War (1156-1185)

Each side supported a rival claimant to the emperor's throne. Minamoto victory marked Japan's transition to medieval feudalism.

Americas

Earth mounds, pyramids, human sacrifice; Quipu, Machu Picchu, Temple of the Sun.

In the Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East, the church evolved into _________.

Eastern Orthodoxy.

From East African ports came _________.

Ebony, ivory, animal products, and wood carvings.

Describe the Shang Dynasty.

Emerged on the banks of the Huang He and established a rapidly growing state around 1750 BCE. Led by a warrior aristocracy and able to feed and equip an army of thousands, the Shang fought their northern and western neighbors, whom they considered barbarians and expanded their borders by conquest. It originated from the Shang and led to divination (fortune-telling) and ancestor veneration (which reinforced a strong sense of patriarchalism). Shang rulers exercised religious as well as political authority, performing sacrifices and rituals of divination.

The Mauryan empire developed an elaborate bureaucracy that collected 25% tax on agricultural production and maintained a network of informers to spy on its own people and _______.

Enforce obedience.

Who were the most stable states at this time?

England and France. The Norman Conquest of 1066 brought French-style feudalism to England and fused Latin-based culture with the Celtic and Anglo-Saxon traditions present in the British Isles.

Hundred Years' War (1337-1453)

England vs France. French win, with the help of Joan of Arc.

Monumental architecture required _______________.

Enormous expenditures of resources and labor.

Chivalry

Ensured that knights acted as virtuous, Christian warriors, dealing fairly with lower classes and treating women with delicacy and respect.

Abbasid caliphate (750-1258)

Established Baghdad as capital, built libraries and madrasas (centers of learning).

Deprived of the east's wealth and suffering from military and political overreach, the western half of the empire found it difficult to govern itself and to pay the ___________.

Even larger amounts of money it owed its army.

From their capital at Chang'an, Han rulers put into place an efficient postal system, tax-collection system, and bureaucracy, staffed by civil servants who had to pass a rigorous _________.

Examination system.

What is metallurgy and metalsmithing?

Extracting metal from raw ore; shaping metal into tools. Metallurgy began in the Middle East and China between 4000 and 3000 BCE; they mixed copper and tin to create the alloy bronze. This gave way to the Bronze Age (ca. 3500-1200 BCE).

What did they rely on?

Feudalism (a form of rulership in which a weak monarch loosely governs a number of decentralized and militarized political units) caused the Zhou to steadily crumble from within, eventually collapsing after the civil strife of the "Warring States" period (480-221 BCE).

China's emphasis on _________________ stem in large part from Confucianism and has lasted into the modern era.

Filial piety

Confucian thought emphasized _______.

Filial piety.

Above all, Confucianism stressed _______ and envisioned society as a perfect family, with junior members paying respect to their elders. This made it a good fit with China's tradition of _________.

Filial piety; ancestor veneration.

What was diet like?

Fish, corn, quinoa, and potatoes.

Decline in population growth due to ___________

Fluctuating climate and human susceptibility to insect-borne diseases.

Oceans, seas, lakes, and rivers not only provided _________, but enabled the transfer of people, goods, ideas, technology, religious beliefs, and cultural practices.

Food and other resources.

_________, which allowed people not directly involved in food production to develop other skills, and encouraged the _____________.

Food surpluses, specialization of labor. This resulted in greater hierarchy and social stratification.

What were Stone Age humans most concerned about?

Food, clothing, and shelter.

Tang Dynasty (618-906)

Forced many of its neighbors into a tributary system. Emperor Xuanzong (712-755) extended China's rule. Tang rulers expanded the Grand Canal, and they stimulated the Chinese economy by taking advantage of Silk Road and Indian Ocean trade. The An Shi Rebellion started in the 700s and in 907, the dynasty collapses.

Practices such as ______ and _______ vastly increased humanity's egological footprint on the land.

Forest clearing, irrigation. The same is true of mining, as well as engineering projects such as swamp dredging, dam building, canal digging, road building, and urban planning - all more common as agricultural communities grew larger and more advanced.

Wide expanses of tundra were transformed into grassland, and former grasslands became ________.

Forest.

Muslim scholars

Formation of algebra; philosophy and science

________ was crucial to Daoism, and the ________, one of its key texts, teaches how to read the future.

Fortune telling; I-Ching (Book of Changes)

________ sacked the city of Rome in 410 CE, and another wave of Goths took it over completely in 476 CE - the year Rome's empire falls.

Germanic Goths.

How were the earliest clothes made?

From furs and animal hides; sewn with bone needles.

This gender division continued later on too, and gave rise to ___________.

Gender inequality.

China 1200s

Genghis Khan rose up in the early 1200s and Mongols began moving into Chinese territory. The Song fell in the 1270s to Kublai Khan, and he proclaimed the Yuan Empire (1271-1368). He reigned until 1294 and made Yuan China rich and powerful. Marco Polo visited China.

1227

Genghis Khan's death

Waves of _________ whom Romans called barbarians, attacked from the east and north in growing numbers.

Germanic, Asiatic nomads.

Ghana and Mali (W. Africa)

Ghana and Mali (mid 1200s to 1600s) became Islamic. Ghana played a prominent role in trans-Saharan trade, and so did Mali.

Organized states, such as _____, began to take shape in sub-Saharan Africa and wished to trade northward.

Ghana.

What were sources of meat?

Goats, sheep, pigs, cattle, poultry, eggs, milk.

Khmer empire (500s-1400s) in Cambodia and Srivijayan Empire (500s-1100s)

Governed Indonesian lands and parts of the Malay Peninsula.

What is theocracy?

Government dominated by a few religious elite.

What are some large building projects?

Great Library of Alexandria in Egypt, Hanging Gardens of Babylon.

The split between the two became final in the _________ of 1054 CE.

Great Schism.

What is ancient Rome's legacy?

Greco-Roman classicism.

Victory over Carthage made Rome the strongest state in the western Mediterranean. It then turned east, taking ______________.

Greece and parts of Turkey, setting the stage for future conquests in Egypt and Asia.

The Parthian empire combined elements of ____ and _______ culture and grew wealthy from trade along the Silk Road.

Greek and Persian.

Alexander's generals split his empire among them, preserving ______________.

Greek-Macedonian rule for many years in places like Egypt, Persia, and Central Asia.

Why did the religious crisis arise?

Growing discontent with the priestly brahmins, who taught that only through unquestioning obedience to them could worshippers be reincarnated into better lives.

Jewish thinker Maimonides (1135-1204)

Guide to the Perplexed attempted to reconcile the rationality of Greco-Roman thought with Jewish theology.

Describe Egyptian religion.

Had an elaborate polytheistic religion. The chief of gods was Ra, the sun deity. The principal religious text was the Egyptian Book of the Dead. Pyramids were built as resting places for pharaohs after they died.

Daoists seek _________ with the universe and care little for politics or material possessions.

Harmony.

Charlemagne (r. 768-814)

He defeated Vikings, Muslims, and barbarians; sponsored education and culture, created a network of administrators and local officials to supervise territories and formed the Holy Roman Empire. His empire was split by his grandsons; however his example was followed by later monarchs.

Describe Judaism.

Hebrews migrated to Egypt around 1700 BCE, were enslaved, and then escaped under the leadership of Moses around 1300 to 1200 BCE, which is celebrated during Passover. The holy books are the Ten Commandments and Torah. The Hebrew Kingdom rached its zenith under David (ca.1000-961 BCE) His son Solomon (ca. 961-922) the two of whom established a capital at Jerusalem and built the First Temple. After Solomon's death, the Hebrew kingdom split up and suffered invasions, starting with the Assyrians in 722 BCE, followed by the Babylonians in 587 BCE.

__________ gave rise to philosophy, scientific thinking, Greek dramas, and some of the world's finest architecture and sculpture.

Hellenistic culture.

Order and ____ are paramount, and the well-being of the group comes before that of the individual. As long as the ruler performs his duties well, his people are obliged to obey him.

Hierarchy.

Hunter-forager societies were free of ________.

Hierarchy. Cheifs or councils of elders provided leadership, some even exercised religious authority. But most had similar functions and skills. No distinction of poor vs rich because little property/land was owned. Teamwork on a high level was needed in order to hunt large creatures.

The Maya devised an elaborate ________ script, the most advanced system of writing in the pre-Columbian Americas.

Hieroglyphic.

What were the written characters known as?

Hieroglyphs.

What was Hindu society like?

Highly patriarchal. Women were considered to be legal minors even as adults, with no right to divorce or to own property. It was believed that women could not achieve spiritual union with the Brahman in their lifetimes, but had to wait to be reincarnated as a man. The sati ritual was when widows of certain castes were required to burn themselves to death on the funeral pyres of their deceased husbands. This practice is now outlawed.

What was society like in the Moche?

Highly stratified, but not politically united under a single state.

Vedism absorbed into the larger set of beliefs known as _______.

Hinduism.

What was the Jewish diaspora?

Historical exile and dispersion of Jews from the region of the Kingdom of Judah and Roman Judaea, as well as the later emigration from wider Eretz Israel.

The peopling of the earth by _______ began around 100,000 years ago.

Homo sapiens. The first step was the hunter-forager groups migrating from Africa to the Middle East and from then on, human populations spread through the relatively warm southern parts of Asia, reaching places like India and Southeast Asia around 70,000 years ago, and China not long after. Around 50,000 years ago, settlers crossed from Southeast Asia to Australia and other parts of Oceania.

What was the primary cause for the population growth?

How communities fed themselves; many continued hunting and foraging, however certain peoples started to learn how to domesticate animals and plants - to produce their own food.

The 4th river valley civilization emerged in China, along what river?

Huang He (Yellow) in the North. Yangzi River too.

How did Stone Age societies in the paleolithic support themselves?

Hunting and foraging. Rather than produce food themselves, they lived off resources taken directly from the land; birds, animals, fish, nuts, berries, and roots. Tools helped them adapt to a variety of climates and terrains, from jungles and forests, to deserts, mountains, and tundra. Most favored habitats = grasslands, savannas, and steppes.

Who was Egypt conquered by in the 1600s BCE?

Hyksos people (Greek for "shepherd kings").

When and why were the Sassanids swept away?

In the 600s CE, by the rapid military expansion of Islam out of the Arabian Peninsula.

Over the next 5,000 years, a combination of ______ and cultural diffusion led it to be adopted worldwide.

Independent innovation.

India

India remained in disunity. Small states and independent cities governed through the subcontinent.

What are some famous texts?

India's Mahabharata, composed 200 BCE and 200 CE, a grand epic of 90,000 stanzas, is the longest poem in the world. It depicts a war between two royal houses. China's Tao-te Ching, the Art of War Greece's Iliad and Odyssey, dramas, Aeneid.

The sea lanes of the _________, connected East Africa, the Middle East, South Asia, and southeast Asia with China and Japan.

Indian Ocean maritime network.

Rome was shaken by a series of civil wars and slave revolts from 91 to 30 BCE, and political power began to fall into the hands of __________.

Individual politicians.

Spread of Religion

Influence of Buddhist culture spread throughout East Asia From China, Neo-Confucian principles of hierarchy and filial piety spread widely. In South and Southeast Asia, Buddhist and Hindu influences radiated from India.

Peasants engaged in ________.

Intensive farming, making the most of limited space by draining swamps, elaborately irrigating their fields, and terracing hillsides.

Daoist belief maintiains that the universe is governed by the dao (the way or path), an _________.

Invisible yet irresistible force.

Africa

Islamic culture shaped artistic and intellectual life; Islam blended with indigenous African traditions in the Swahili ports. Mud-and-timber constructions, Great Zimbabwe, oral tradition preserved African Literature; griots. Most famous epic was Sundiata.

What was the Egyptian-Nubian trade?

It brought gold to Egypt and gave it access to ivory, ebony, and exotic animal skins from the sub-Saharan Africa. Egypt raided Nubia for slaves, built border forts to regulate commerce, and conquered Nubia during the New Kingdom period.

Spices, jewels, and cotton went west from India and SE Asia, as did porcelain and silk from China. Glassware, perfumes, and slaves were transported along the route as well. So what was the road's impact?

It impacted technology throughout Eurasia and shared cultural traditions and religions.

What was the Law of Manu?

It is a Hindu text compiled between 200 BCE and 200 CE, and it justified the caste system by arguing that acceptance of one's social status was a moral duty: good behavior as a member of a lower caste would result in good karma, increasing the likelihood of rebirth into a higher caste.

What caused the end of this empire?

It is theorized that environmental factors and interference with its trade routes by a military rival were causes.

Pastoralism had a considerable impact on the environment. Describe it.

It led to an artificial selection of certain species over others, and the grazing of large numbers of herbivores taxed the growing capacity of grasslands, sometimes severely. Overgrazing lead to erosion and occasionally caused the transformation of grassland to desert.

What was the effects of the Chinese system of writing, pictographs?

It originated from the Shang and led to divination (fortune-telling) and ancestor veneration (which reinforced a strong sense of patriarchalism).

What was the reason for their collapse?

It remains a mystery. But theories include nearby volcanic activity, intercity warfare, disease, and environmental degradation caused by overpopulation or overuse of land.

How was population?

It rose steeply, from 2 million worldwide to 10 million by 5000 BCE and again to somewhere between 50 million and 100 million by 1000 BCE.

How is the Indian Ocean trade different from the Mediterranean?

It uses open-water navigation. Ships like dhows, using lateen sails, crossed large marine expanses, especially after sailors took advantage of monsoon winds.

Vedism influenced what?

It was a precursor to Hinduism. It set into place a rigid caste system; at the top were priest-scholars called brahmins, followed by warriors and political rulers, then traders, peasants, and artisans, finally the lower classes, including servants and laborers. Vedism taught that all creatures possessed a soul that yearned to be reunited with the world soul in spiritual perfection.

Describe the trade in this civilization.

It was conducted between the seacoast and the mountain valleys.

Why was the development of iron important?

It's a metal of great strength and usefulness.

The sea connection of ______ was crucial for a source of grain for the Roman Empire.

Italy and Egypt.

Describe Egypt.

Its history as a civilization began in 3100 BCE, when Upper (Southern) and Lower (Northern) Egypt were united. During the Early Dynastic and Old Kingdom (2575-2134 BCE) periods, basic social and poltical features took shape. Civil war tore Egypt apart during the First Intermediate Period, but a culturally dynamic Middle Kingdom arose around 2040 BCE. It lasted until 1640 BCE, when outside invadors, the Hyksos, ushered a Second Intermediate Period. After rebelling in 1532, Egyptians formed a New Kingdom that lasted until 1070 BCE. It eventually collapsed due to internal disorder and foreign invasions. By the 900s BCE, most of Egypt lost its independence. They developed a centralized society presided over by a monarch and a small caste of priests. The monarch, or pharaoh, was considered the living incarnation of the sun god.

Heian Period (794-1185)

Japan's classical era.

Who are the most famous church fathers?

Jerome (347-420), who completed the first Latin translation of the Bible. Augustine (354-430) whose City of God provided the intellectual basis for further Christian doctrine.

Christianity was founded by who?

Jesus of Nazareth (ca. 4 BCE - 29 CE) later known as the Christ, from the Greek translation of the Jewish term "messiah."

What was the main source of Roman & Jewish tension?

Jews' monotheistic refusal to worship the Roman emperor as a living god.

_______ tradition was and remained for centuries a bedrock of Western culture.

Judeo-Christian.

________ assumed dictatorial powers during the civil war of 49-45 BCE and was assassinated in 44 BCE by aristocratic republics who feared he would crown himself king. More war followed, ending the republic by 30 BCE.

Julius Caesar.

From Vedism, Hinduism inherited the concepts of ___________.

Karma and reincarnation.

Fielding better-armed and better-organized military forces, and with stronger bureaucratic and record keeping mechanisms at their disposal, a number of ___________ brought political, economic, and social unity to wide-ranging territories.

Key states and empires.

Empires

Khmer rulers built the Angkor Wat. Srivijayan Empire built the temple complex of Borobudur between 770 and 825.

Cities tended to be governed by _______.

Kinglike figures supported by a small ruling class of priests. Sometimes, individual city-states enjoyed autonomy.

What was society like?

Kings and priests ruled in extremely hierarchical fashion. Women were subject to gender roles although upper-class women gained status as priestesses or by exerting informal influence over noble husbands. 2 Mayan kingdoms allowed women to rule. Human sacrifice was practiced.

Social organization was based on what?

Kinship groups; extended families clustered together to form clans and larger units.

What was used for hunting and fishing?

Knives, axes, spears, harpoons, and hooks.

Who is Daoism's founder?

Laozi

After the collapse of Rome in the 400s CE, the Christian church drifted apart in terms of _______________.

Leadership and doctrine.

What is nirvana?

Liberation from the wheel of life, without the aid of priests or rituals.

Anasazi (400-1300)

Lived in pueblos in the Southwest.

Groups that domesticated animals but not plants developed ______ or herding societies.

Pastoralist.

The first dynasty, Archaemenid (550-331 BCE) conquered who?

Lydians (invented metal coinage around 600-500 BCE), the Neo-Babylonians, and the Egyptians.

The Sassanids practiced Zoroastrianism, but _________ and were not as tolerant as the Archaemenids.

Made it an official state faith.

Zheng He

Made seven voyages and expanded trade, learned about the world, and forced 50 states and cities to pay tribute.

Mali

Mali's chieftain was Sundiata and the chief commercial and cultural hub was Timbuktu. The most powerful ruler was Mansa Musa (1312-1337) a devout Muslim who centralized the government and expanded trade. His hajj or pilgrimage to Mecca was an international sensation. Due to foreign attacks, Mali weakened in the 1400s and 1500s.

What remained central to Chinese political thought?

Mandate of Heaven.

It seems highly centralized and unified. Why?

Many cities look identical. Most cities featured a large baths, central granaries for food storage, and covered drainpipes for sewage disposal. They domesticated cattle and water buffalo and grew wheat, barley, and cotton.

What are some types of transregional trade routes?

Many different goods were exchanged among the societies of Mesoamerica. In the Andes, local trade connected people living on the coast with those living in nearby mountain valleys, and regional trade linked both with the tribes of the Amazon River basin. The principal pack animal was the LLAMA.

Moche (200-700)

Many people used the knot-tying method of quipu to keep records.

Trade led to the formation of ___________.

Marketplaces; it also strengthened contacts among villages, cities, and rural communities.

After Gautama's death, who became a supporter of Buddhism?

Mauryan emperor Ashoka (269-231 BCE) spread it throughout India and beyond its borders.

During the classical period (ca. 500s-300s BCE) they built a society of Greek city states and colonies not just in Greece itself, but throughout the _______________.

Mediterranean, from Italy to the Turkish coast. Polis, the Greek word for city-state is the root word in politics.

Originators of the alphabet and great seafaring traders, the Phoenicians starting in the 800s BCE, spread westward from present-day Syria and Lebanon to establish city-states throughout the _____________.

Mediterranean.

North and South America were originally settled by _________, who crossed a land bridge that existed only temporarily.

Migrating peoples from Asia.

The gender division of labor was felt as early as the hunter-forager stage, with tasks assigned based on sex or physical differences. Give examples.

Men hunted large animals, fought, and performed heavy labor. Women gathered plants and hunted small game, hauled and prepared food that men had hunted, also looking after the home and children.

At many points, the Mediterranean trade network ____________.

Meshed with other trade networks.

Between 3500 and 2000 BCE, the river systems in the Middle East, India, and China gave birth to the world's oldest civilizations. What are they?

Mesopotamia, Egypt, Indus River Valley, Shang China. The 2 American civilizations were the Olmecs and the Chavin, who arose between 1200-850 BCE.

One of the world's two oldest civilizations was the Sumerian-Bablyonian culture that arose in the region of ________.

Mesopotamia.

When did the Gupta emperors fall?

Mid-500s CE. The main cause was military pressure, especially from the nomadic White Huns on the northwest frontier. From then on until after 1000 CE, India remained decentralized. Muslim invaders then moved into the subcontinent, decisively reshaping Indian politics and culture.

Black Death

Middle East suffered from the Black Death. But later on, the Ottoman Turks settled in Asia Minor and founded their own state under Osman I (1280-1326).

The Persians (Southwest Asia) of present-day Iran dominated the ________.

Middle East.

Religious beliefs crossed borders, sometimes peacefully through trade and _________, sometimes by _________.

Missionary activity, forced conversion.

The warrior priests who governed the Moche compelled ayllu to perform labor according to the ____ system.

Mit'a, which combined elements of serfdom and corvee labor. Members of an ayllu would typically farm land owned by the elite, tend llama and alpaca herds, or build roads, bridges, or hillside terraces. Those living in the valleys grew quinoa, corn, and potatoes, which coastal settlers fished. Trade with the Amazon river basin provided fruit.

Where is the Indus River Valley civilization located?

Modern day Pakistan and northwestern India. Arose 2600 BCE and lasted 7 centuries.

Islam

Mohammed (570-632) was a merchant from Mecca; his teachings are contained in the Qur'an and the holy language is Arabic. Sharia is the codification of traditional Islamic law; 5 pillars of faith.

What were the two largest cities?

Mohenjo-Daro sat on a floodplain, 500 miles to the NE, Harappa was a gateway into the less settled but resource-rich frontier. (modern names - original lost)

Feudalism

Monarchs awarded land to loyal followers, or vassals. In exchange, these vassals guaranteed that their parcels of land (fiefs) would be governance.

The Hebrews of the Middle East emerged around 2000 BCE and gained a homeland in Israel around 1000 BCE. They developed the first major ______ religion, Judaism.

Monotheistic.

The _________ and ______ clearly had an impact on peoples within a large radius.

Monumental architecture, religion.

Agriculture's greatest advantage was that it provided a _________.

More dependable supply of food. In exchange, it required intensive labor, cooperative effort, and a shift from nomadism to a sedentary, or settled lifestyle.

What delineates that these people enjoyed a rich, artistic, and religious life?

Musical instruments, cave paintings, and carvings; they date back to at least 30,000 years ago.

North America

Native Americans began to form hunter-forager groups that evolved into major tribes that remain today.

By the 600s BCE, _________ appeared.

Neo-Confucianism.

The earth shaking importance of this change has made it traditional to refer to a ______.

Neolithic Revolution

New technologies and greater familiarity with the larger parts of the world facilitated movement. Such movement led up to greater trans-regional interaction among states, as well as between states and nomadic societies. What else happened?

Networks of communication and exchange grew in number and size.

Did these societies live in isolation?

No, in fact, they have traded and interacted over great distances, exchanging goods, ideas, and religious beliefs.

What's another name for a small, elite class?

Nobility, aristocracy.

Berbers

Nomadic herders and hardened warriors who embraced the new faith with enthusiasm.

Because livestock consumed huge quantities of grass or fodder, pastoralists lived _______ lifestyles.

Nomadic. Highly mobile, they were often expert horse back riders, and many invented or used wheeled vehicles such as carts and chariots, pulled by herd animals.

Christianity caught on among many groups, especially those who felt powerless in Roman society, such as ________________.

Non-citizens, slaves, commoners, and women. The new religion was open to all and held out the hope of a happy afterlife to those who present lives were drab and miserable.

Daoism is deliberately anti-rational, using parables to understand the world in ________ ways.

Non-logical.

______ served as an avenue for north-south trade between Egypt and the southern half of the continent.

Nubia.

What are galleys?

Oared ships with small, square sails. Suitable for coastal navigation, galleys tended to travel short distances, relying on the growing number of port cities to support trade.

The thousands of islands in the Pacific Ocean form no continent but are often referred to, along with Australia, as _____.

Oceania.

In Mesoamerica, many societies emerged from the religious and cultural foundations left by the ______ who faded around 400 BCE.

Olmecs; these city-states shared a common culture and interacted economically, but remained disunited and frequently warred with each other.

Between 1150 and 800 BCE, the ancient Greeks formed a distinct culture, united by a common language and the worship of the _________.

Olympian gods.

The new skills gave birth to ______ and _______.

Pastoralism, agriculture; it caused humans to manipulate their environments.

Although ______ was harder and more time-consuming, overland caravans were cheaper.

Overland trade.

What were some animals used to carry loads?

Ox, camel, horse, llama.

In East Asia, temples were built in a unique ________ style.

Pagoda.

The Stone Age is divided into the _______ and _________. When were they?

Paleolithic (early stone age, ending 12,000 to 10,000 years ago) and Neolithic (recent stone age, beginning around 800 BCE.) The paleolithic overlapped with the recurring ice ages whose end began the transition to the Neolithic.

Using the fiber of ______ reeds, they pioneered the craft of paper-making.

Papyrus.

Where may have smallpox first appeared?

Parthian Persia, then spreading to Rome and Han China.

A highly _______ system, Confucianism established women as subservient.

Patriarchal. Men ruled, fought wars, and received education. They could keep more than one wife, as well as concubines, and were free to divorce.

Male dominated ______ tended to be the norm, with _______, and the ___________ more pronounced than among hunter-foragers or pastoralists.

Patriarchalism, gender inequity, gender division of labor.

_____ began as a persecutor of Christians, but suddenly converted and between 45 and 64 CE, worked with Christ's chief disciple Peter to establish new centers of worship.

Paul; his main contribution was to widen Christianity's appeal beyond its original community of Jewish followers. Paul made it easier to convert Greeks, Romans, and other populations within the Roman Empire.

During the ______, the Mediterranean became virtually a private lake for the Romans, who used it to move goods, passengers, and armies over long distances with relative ease.

Pax Romana.

Rome, between the reign of Augustus and the early 200s CE, experienced an age of peak power and prosperity known as the ________.

Pax Romana. Its economic and military might increased, and its huge territory extended from Spain in the west to Asia minor in the east, from northern Africa in the south to the British isles in the North.

Serfs

Peasants who weren't slaves but were tied to a feudal lords' land and had no right to change profession or residence without permission. Serfs spent a number of days per month working directly for their lords and also owed them a portion of their crops and livestock.

Rivalry between Athens and Sparta led to the _________.

Peloponnesian War (431-404 BCE) Although Sparta and its allies triumphed, both sides were exhausted, leaving Greece open to domination by its neighbor to the north, Macedonia.

Because it required greater effort and organization, agriculture promoted closer social ties and the formation of ________.

Permanent settlements.

The Greek city-states remained decentralized, but banded together to resist conquest during the _____________.

Persian Wars (492-479 BCE).

Which societies took advantage of the Mediterranean?

Persians, Greeks, Phoenicians, and Romans.

What led to the weaving of cloth and textiles?

Plant fibers.

Roman society faced tensions between what two classes?

Plebeian (lower) and patrician (upper). Two executive leaders were elected annually from the patricians.

Mayan kings served as both __________.

Politicians and priests.

They honored their ________ gods in terrace-stepped temples called ___________.

Polytheistic, ziggurats.

Hinduism recognizes tens of thousands of gods and goddesses, making it the most _________ religion in the world.

Polytheistic.

Spices and foodstuffs were traded by India, the Malay Peninsula, and Indonesia, as were jewels and cotton textiles. So, China was the home to _______.

Porcelain and silk.

The peoples of the Americas, starting in the Andes, developed agriculture between 12,000 and 7,000 years ago. What were some early crops?

Potatoes, corn, beans, and squash. The Americas remained isolated from Afro-Eurasia.

The Olmecs were skilled ______ and canal builders.

Potters.

______ for cooking and storage become common during the late Paleolithic.

Pottery.

Sunni-Shiite split (656-661)

Power passed to the Umayyad caliphate (661-750) which governed from the Syrian city of Damascus.

When and where did the Maya emerge?

Present day Guatemala (ca. 250-900 CE).

When and where did the Moche emerge?

Present day Per between 200 and 700 CE. Andes Mountains.

When and where did Teotihuacan emerge?

Present-day Mexico City (ca. 100 BCE - 750 CE).

The concept of ______, along with sharper distinctions between wealthier and poorer social classes, came to seem more natural.

Private property.

The Romans masterfully administered a huge bureaucracy, dividing the empire into provinces governed by regional officials called _______, and building a tremendous network of roads, sea lanes, aqueducts (carry water over long distances) and fortifications.

Proconsuls.

The Persians ruled with the help of an advanced postal system, an excellent network of roads, a single currency, and a form of __________ that divided the empire into 20 or so regions and delegated local authority over them to officials called satraps.

Provincial administration.

Carthage possessed a large and technologically advanced navy, and proved a powerful foe to Rome in the 200s BCE. The ______ between Carthage and Rome determined the destiny of the Mediterranean world for centuries.

Punic Wars.

They built _______ that symbolized sacred mountains with roots in the underworld, but reaching to the heavens as well.

Pyramids.

What were the 2 most notable Chinese (East Asia) dynasties?

Qin (221-206 BCE) and the Han (206 BCE-220 CE).

The people built temples to the sun and moon, and even to the god ___________.

Quetzalcoatl, a bird-serpent.

Written languages did not develop here, but a system of _______ called quipu evolved, using knots tied into strings.

Record keeping.

Trade in Middle East

Relationship of cultural & economic exchange with the Tang emperors in China.

What motivated these projects?

Religion, defense, entertainment, and public display of political power.

Buddhism is less of a ________ and more of a _________.

Religion, philosophy.

Jesus claimed that he would return from the dead before going to heaven. His disciples began to preach that this truly happened, and a new ________ dedicated to him began to spread.

Religion.

Although the Gupta were Hindu, they practiced _________.

Religious toleration.

Medieval and Renaissance Europe

Renaissance Christian church shaped Europe's medieval culture Promoting Latin as international language of learning Ideal of Christendom Great Schism of 1054 - Roman Catholicism & Eastern Orthodoxy Dominant philosophy of Middle Ages = scholasticism Geocentric theory Castles & cathedrals Troubadour poems, chivalry, and the adventures of heros First universities appear Vernacular instead of Latin Humanism

Jewish law operated on ________.

Retributive principle.

Sui Dynasty (589-618)

Reunified China and expanded its borders.

India's ______ is a collection of Vedic hymns composed in Sanskrit between 1700 and 1100 BCE.

Rig Veda.

Until the invention of railroads and modern highways, water transport remained easier than land transport and trade tended to flourish along ________________.

Rivers, lake-shores, and coastlines.

In the West, ______ remained dominant and provided much of Europe with a badly needed force for cultural unity.

Roman Catholicism.

Parthians were enemies of the _______ as it expanded eastward.

Roman Empire.

Rome remained a monarchy until around 500 BCE, when rebellion created the ___________.

Roman republic; a state without a monarch and one in which all or most adult citizens play some role in the political system.

The Sassanid empire (224-651 CE) was a rival of ____________.

Rome and the Byzantine Empire.

What is oligarchy?

Rule by the few; aristocratic elites wield power without a monarch.

Song Empire (960-1279)

Ruled east-central China. Enjoyed steady population growth, increased urbanization, thriving trade, and great cultural and technological advancement. They relied heavily on doctrines of Neo-Confucianism and followed the mandate of heaven concept.

What were the languages of widespread religions?

Sanskrit, Mandarin Chinese, Latin, Greek.

Describe Egyptian women.

Secondary to men in terms of power and status; managed household finances, education of children. Had the right to divorce husbands and receive alimony. They could own property, and some managed businesses. Upper-class women could serve as priestesses.

Holy Inquisition

Set of special courts with wide-ranging powers, to seek out and punish non-conformity. Holy wars = crusades.

Who is Hinduism's great mother goddess?

Shakti.

What faith did most hunter-foragers favor?

Shamanism.

Who was the founder of the Qin dynasty?

Shi Huangdi

Shogun

Shogun = "great general". Two shogun regimes, the Kamakura and Ashikaga ruled between the late 1100s and late 1500s.

Buddhism was based on the teachings of who?

Siddhartha Gautama (ca.563-483 BCE), a nobleman from northern India. Appalled by the pain and poverty suffered by common people, he abandoned his aristocratic life to seek an answer to the question of human suffering. This search caused his spiritual enlightenment.

During most of the Han period, China's economy was strong, spurred by improved agricultural techniques (including better irrigation and the invention of the horse collar, which allowed heavier loads to be pulled), and the country's monopoly on silk production, which made it a dominant player in _____________.

Silk Road trade.

Where did the Assyrians conquer?

Sizable parts of the Middle East, including Mesopotamia, and Egypt; holding their empire together by means of a deliberate policy of cruelty.

Describe society in Rome.

Slavery was very common. Women's role changed over time. Republican Rome was strictly patriarchal, giving the paterfamilias (male family head) absolute power over his wife & children. By the late republic period and early empire, women gained more economic rights and greater freedom to divorce; but still no right to vote.

______ was common, with most slaves taken captive during wartime.

Slavery.

What was common in all Greek city-states?

Slavery; as much as 25% of the population.

In most city-states, women were treated as distinct ________. However, in Sparta, women had the most rights.

Social and political inferiors.

What did Confucius propose?

Social harmony could be created by a combination of benevolent ruler-ship from above and good behavior from below.

The North African port of Carthage enjoyed a high degree of ________, electing an oligarchic government from a merchant aristocracy that was not restricted by birth.

Social mobility.

Who were some philosophers?

Socrates (470-399 BCE), Plato (428-347 BCE), and Aristotle (384-322 BCE).

During the late 100s CE, the epidemic of smallpox severely depleted the empire's population and economic production. Where did this come from?

Soldiers returning from the Middle East.

Asia and Oceania

Song Chinese invent the compass, gunpowder, and popularized paper currency, improved printing techniques,civil service examinations. New form of Buddhism in China: Chan or Zen in Japan. Forbidden City, Silk and porcelain, The Tale of Genji by Lady Murasaki, Code of Bushido, Outrigger canoes, Australia's Aborigines followed animism that tried to enter and understand a spiritual state known as the dreamtime.

The First Crusade (1096-1099)

Sparked by Byzantine requests for military aid against the Seljuk Turks.

______ exploited the labor of agricultural slaves called helots and subjected all freeborn males to a regimented, militaristic upbringing - producing Greek's finest and most feared army.

Sparta.

Buddhism postulates that souls evolve toward ______ by means of birth, death, and reincarnation, and according to the law of karma.

Spiritual perfection.

What technologies heightened the usefulness of pack animals?

Stirrup, yokes, collars, pack saddles.

When did the domestication of animals begin?

Stone Age. First to be tamed was the dog, which provided companionship, security, and help in hunting. Next came goats, sheep, and pigs. As the Neolithic era progressed, more animals were domesticated. Horses, water buffalo, oxen, camels, and in the Americas, llamas provided transport and labor. Animal droppings made useful fertilizer.

What are caste systems?

Strict hierarchies, where movement between classes is all but impossible.

In Asia, ____ was harvested in Papua New Guinea 9,000 years ago and as early as 8,000 years ago, millet and rice were grown in India.

Taro.

Cultural diffusion helps spread new _________.

Technologies; especially the chariot, the compound bow and arrow, and iron weapons, even religious beliefs.

The Code of Hammurabi influenced the __________.

Ten Commandments.

Delhi Sultanate (1206-1526)

Tension between Hindus & Muslims.1398, Timur attacked Delhi from the north, capturing it and plundering it for a year.

Austria is home to the Earth's oldest surviving ethnic group. Who are they?

The Aborigines.

The region's first empire was forged by who?

The Akkadian conqueror Sargon, who proclaimed himself "King of Sumer and Akkad" sometime around 2200 BCE.

In 320 CE, what empire rose up, along the eastern Ganges?

The Gupta, which controlled most of north-central India, with vassal states to the east and northwest.

What is a tributary system?

The Han rulers exacted payment from neighboring states.

Who came to rule in the 1300s and 1200s BCE?

The Hittites. Adept at chariot warfare, they are notable for being among the first to systematically use iron weapons. Even more powerful were the Assyrians, who created one of the largest early empires.

Name an example of a migrating pastoralist.

The Indo-Europeans, specifically the Aryans, who played a huge role in the prehistory of India, by invading the north around 1500 BCE.

Transregional trade spanned greater distances and required more effort but was typically more lucrative. During this era, four major transregional trade routes came into being. What were they?

The Mediterranean, Indian Ocean Basin, Trans-Saharan Caravan routes, and Eurasia's Silk Roads.

Where was writing developed?

The Middle East by the Sumerians, between 3500 and 3000 BCE, followed by the Egyptians at about 3000 BCE, the Indus River valley people around 2200 BCE and the Chinese before 2000 BCE.

What was going on in the Mediterranean?

The Minoan civilization took shape on the island of Crete between 2000 and 1450 BCE, influencing the Greeks who emerged later. The Mycenaeans reached their peak between 1600 and 1200 BCE and fought the real-life version of the Trojan War (ca.1250 BCE) immortalized in the Homeric epics (the Iliad and the Odyssey) Greek culture grew more cohesive between the 1100s and 500s BCE. In Italy, the city of Rome is founded in 753 BCE.

Mongols

The Mongols imposed a single political authority, revived Silk Road trade, and enforced law & order; they were cultural borrowers.

What were some key transregional routes?

The Nile for Egypt-Nubia trade, Mediterranean supported a network of trade among N. Africa and the Middle East, Mesopotamian-Indus trade.

What did Egypt depend on for survival?

The Nile's water. Agricultural settlements emerged as early as 5500 BCE.

Rabbis codified Jewish scripture. Name some.

The Tanakh (included the Torah) and added their own commentaries.

Toltecs, Aztecs, Incas

The Toltecs and Aztecs practiced pyramid building and human sacrifice. The Incas practiced worship of the sun god and use of quipu knot tying instead of a written script.

What is seigecraft?

The art of capturing cities.

What is syncretism?

The blending of old and new religious beliefs; mixing of practices from more than one religion.

What are they known for?

The elaborate textiles.

What was the most important domesticated animal?

The llama.

A new dynasty, the Parthians (247 BCE-224 CE) liberated Persia from what?

The regime founded by Alexander's generals after his death.

Describe the river.

The river was rich with silt, flooded regularly, allowing irrigation and widespread agriculture.

What is intensive agriculture?

The use of technology to maximize productive potential of every square foot of a given area. *swidden/slash and burn * terracing of hillsides * rice-paddy cultivation * draining of swamps and wetlands * building of elevated fields

What is polytheism?

The worship of multiple gods; religious practices grew more elaborate.

Daoism's most famous symbol is what?

The yin-yang; it is a circle whose dark and light halves are divided by a double-curved line, illustrating that nothing is absolute.

Political unity began to disintegrate; what happened as a result?

This weakness made it easier for the European Crusades to wreak havoc on the Middle East.

What rivers gave life to the Fertile Cresent?

Tigris and Euphrates.

What did they use fire for?

To cook food, heat their dwellings, and as protection against predators.

During the 500s BCE, Neo-Babylonians uprooted Hebrews from their land and __________.

Tore down the First Temple built by Solomon.

The Han built defensive fortifications, canals to link the nation's rivers, and roads. True or false?

True.

Along with war and migration, the most powerful force driving this process was ______.

Trade.

Classic Islamic literature

Travels, the Arabian Nights, Rubaiyat, Sufism

Alexander crossed into Asia, toppled the Archaemenid Persian empire, and conquered territory all the way to India's northwest border. True or false?

True.

The Maya built pyramids that satisfied their polytheistic gods, which included jaguar deities and the winged serpent Quetzalcoatl - by means of human sacrifice. True or false?

True.

The Mongols captured Baghdad in 1258 and killed the last caliph. True or false?

True.

The ruler was known as the "king of kings" (shuhan-shah) and referred to his subjects as "my slaves". True or false?

True.

The Mauryans' powerful army deployed elephants in addition to chariots and cavalry, and their trade network was extensive. True or false?

True. They even issued a standard currency and traded not just with East and Southwest Asia, but as far away as the Middle East and the eastern Roman empire. Key exports included salt, iron, and cotton cloth.

A series of essays and poems called the ______ raised the possibility that people could liberate themselves from the cycle of life, death, and reincarnation without relying so heavily on the brahmins.

Upanishads.

All cities are the product of _____.

Urban planning.

What type of gods did they worship?

Variety of polytheistic. Some include a jaguar deity and the "Walking Sticks" God.

In India, where ______ had dominated since around 1500 BCE, a religious crisis arose after 700 BCE.

Vedism.

Fourth Crusade (1202-1204)

Venetian-backed trade war against Christian Constantinople.

What is legalism?

Viewed people as innately immoral, and advocated harsh punishments as the only way to control them.

Agriculturalists gathered into larger communities, forming ___________.

Villages, cities.

The Han revived the Zhou ideal of the Mandate of Heaven, which proposed that only ____________.

Virtuous rulers deserved to rule.

Persian society was patriarchal and rigidly stratified, what castes were there?

Warriors, priests called magi, and peasants.

What remained easier and more efficient than overland travel?

Water transport.

What were Andean cultures skilled at?

Weaving and metalworking.

Sub-Saharan Africa developed its own agricultural tradition, growing plantains, dates, and _____.

Yams.

What was the 2nd and longest lasting Chinese dynasty?

Zhou; founded in the mid-1000s BCE by a herding society that rebelled against the Shang. The Zhou lasted until 221 BCE, although it did slip into decline before that, about 800 BCE.

Who founded Zoroastrianism?

Zoroaster, in 1700 to 500 BCE. He probably lived in E. Iran. The scripture, Avesta, was compiled over many centuries, and emerged as a major religion in Persia by the 500s BCE. It is monotheistic.

Under Darius, Persia embraced _________ but Archaemenid rulers were tolerant of other faiths.

Zoroastrianism.

What are methods of water management?

a) irrigation systems b) aqueducts c) qanat

What are the common consequences of trade?

a) technology transfer b) environmental impact c) medical impact d) religious borrowing e) cultural borrowing