ANSC 223 Final Exam (1-3)

Methane produced during normal fermentation of feed i the rumen can represent a loss of energy of the diet from up to _______%

10

These fatty acids are the primary ones found in the lipids of forages fed to ruminants: -18:1, 18:2 -18:3, 18:2 -18:3, 22:6 -18:1, 20:5 -18:0, 18:1

18:3, 18:2

What is the expected Ca:P ratio in bone?

1:67:1

What problemS occur when feeding too much fat to the ruminants?

Unsaturated fatty acids are detrimental, fiber digestion impaired, feed intake can be reduced

The ____________________ accounts for the greatest portion of the fore-stomach in the newborn calf

abomasum

This compound is the primary source fro lipogenesis in ruminants:

acetate

These VFA are the primary source of energy for the ruminant:

acetate, butryate

The lecithin molecule is important during lipid digestion and is also considered to be an important source of the methyl donor _________________

choline

Optimal activity of pancreas lipase requires the presence of:

co-lipasde

Which is NOT a function of Cl? regulation of osmotic pressure component of gastric juice activity of pancreatic amylase part of bile and intestinal secretions constitute of the myo-inostiol ring

constitute of the myo-inostiol ring

True or False: Linoleic acid is considered a "diene" because it has one double bond in its structure

false

True or False:Synthesis of 1,25-di-OH-Vitamin D3 results from two hydroxylation steps in the kidney

false

True or false: Grass tetany is commonly associated with excess magnesium consumed in forages

false

True or false: Lactose is an example of a carbohydrate derived from photosynthesis

false

True or false: acetate does not contribute to the synthesis of cholesterol in the body

false

True or false: limestone and dical are both mined sources inorganic phsophorus

false

True or false: on a weight basis lipids provide less than 2.25 times the energy of carbs and proteins

false

True or false; A pseudo-rumen has 1 gastric compartment and can ferment carbohydrate in the cecum

false

True or false; simple diffusion is a mechanism of nutrient absorption that requires ATP

false

True r false: The term ration refers to the mixture of feedstuffs used to supply animals with nutrients

false

An excellent source of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) would be:

fish oil

The _______________ in the small intestine is important for digestion and absorption

jejunum

Example of high quality lipid sources for milk replacers fed to young calves

lard, tallow

The _______________________ synthesizes ____________________ which are stored in the ________________ and are important for the digestion of dietary ________________

liver; bile salts; gall bladder; lipid

The pyloric region secretes what?

mucus ad gastrin

Sodium is one of the main nutrients for which animals are able to detect a deficiency and therefore seek out a source of that nutrient. What is the phrase of this phenamenon?

nutritional wisdom

The formation of insoluable complexes within the intestinal lumen and associated issues of nutrient absorption may result when calcium is added to the diet at too high of a level due to interactions between calcium and what mineral?

phosphorus

Phytase is an enzyme than be produced by bacteria and fungi and added to the diets of pigs and chicken so it can digest _________________________

phytate phosphorus

This compound is the primary source for gluconeogenesis in ruminants:

propionate

Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) are precursors of eicosanodes and ____________________________ in important in the regulation of blood pressure and clotting and estrous synchronization

prostaglandin

The _____________ in the avian performs the same digestive function as the ____________________ in rumiants

proventriculus; abomasum

Pica or depraved appetite is a condition than can be induced by deficiency of multiple minerals and causes animals to consume:

substances that have no nutritional value

Conjugated bile acids include the following:

taurocholic acid and glycocholic acid

Carbon chain length and degree of unsaturation determine the melting point. From the following, select the fatty acids from highest melting point to lowest: -20:0, 18:0, 16:0 -18:0, 16:0, 14:0 -18:3, 18:2, 18:1 -20:5, 18:3, 18:2

20:0, 18:0, 16:0

Bone is composed of water, minerals, proteins, and fat. One kilogram of dry bone (water removed) contains 460 g of pure mineral, also known as bone ash. What proportion of this bone ash is calcium? (%)

60.8%

Blood Ca concentration are tightly regulated at approx ______mg/dL and a condition known as _________________________ occurs when dysregulation causes the circulation of Ca concentration to fall below this level

9.5; hypocalcemia

Fat soluable vitamins:

A D E K

Enzyme activation, blood clotting, cell membrane permeability, impulse transmission at the neuromuscular junction, and muscle contractions are all functions of what mineral?

Ca

True or false; Starch and sucrose in milk replacer fed to calves are readily digested and excellent sources of carbohydrates

FALSE

True or False: Deoxycholic acid, a secondary bile acid, can be made from dehydroxylation of cholic acid

False

Examples of digestive enzymes originating in the small intestine include:

enteropeptidase, maltase, sucrase, lactase

Which mineral is NOT a macromineral? Ca Fe P Cl S

Fe

Concentration gradients involving which of the following macrominerals are necessary to produce ATP in the body?

K and Na

Hydroxynpatite crystals are found in bone contain which of the following: Ca Mg P F all of the above

all of the above

What enzyme in carbohydrate digestion is synthesized in the pancreas?

amylase

Examples of structural carbohydrates: -starch and sugars -cellulose -hemicellulose -b and c -lignin

b and c

The omega 3 omega 6 and omega 9 fatty acids compose the family of polyunsaturated fatty acids. What is NOT TRUE about omega 9 fatty acids? -abundant during essential fatty acid deficiency -abundant under normal healthy conditions -most abundant among all PUFA -none of the above -b and c

b and c

A high amount of saliva production in the ruminant is important to:

buffer the rumen from low pH during digestion (when VFA production is high)

Three regions of the stomach:

cardiac, fundic, pyloric

Immediately after food leaves the esophagus, it enters the _______________ region, followed by the __________________ region

cardiac; fundic

Linoleic acid is considered a truly essential fatty acid. However in _______ there is a low synthesis of _____________________________ thus it needs to be supplied in the diet

cats; arachidonic acid

Organ of the avian where fermentation and water absorption occur:

ceca

Cellobiose is produced in the rumen upon microbal degradation of:

cellulose

Which of the following accurately described a ruminant? -contribute >20% methane in the atmosphere -they derive 70-80% of energy from VFA -they are born with a functional rumen -they do not require forage in diet

derive 70-80% of energy from VFA

The rumen undegradable protein fraction of dietary protein can be subdivided into:

digestible and indigestible

The __________________ of chickens performs a similar digestive function as the _____________ in ruminants

gizzard; omasum

Components of the lecithin molecule:

glycerol, fatty acids, choline, and phosphate

Optimal development of the rumen of the growing calf would most likely be achieved with what diet?

hay, milk, grain

A rumen sample fluid from a goat was analyzed and found to contain 65% acetate 20% propionate and 10% butryate, what type of diet was this goat fed?

high in forage

Unsaturated fatty acids in lipids of forages and oilseeds fed to ruminants undergo the following steps during digestion in the rumen:

hydrolysis, hydrogenation

The __________ in ruminants performs a similar function as the ___________ in hind-gut fermenters

rumen, cecum

Hormones secreted by the duodenum during digestion:

secretin, cholecystokinin

The fat tissue of ruminants is characteristically harder/firmer than that of fish because it has a greater content of:

stearic acid

If urea accounts for 4% of the grain mix for a dairy cow, what describes the risk of feeding it? (no risk, too risky, high risk)

too risky

True or False: Prostiglandins are unique in that they contain 20-carbons and a 5-carbon ring in their structures

true

True or False: The main trans 18:1 fatty acid produced in the rumen is called vaccenic acid

true

True or false: Fat transports out of the liver in the form of lipoprotein is affected by essential fatty acid deficiency

true

True or false: Rickets and osteomalacia have the same etiology and are simply named differently because they affect different stages of life

true

True or false: Ruminal degradability (%h) of the carbohydrate fraction containing starch is higher than hemicellulose

true

True or false: Salivary lipase (or lingual lipase) is an important enzyme for lipid digestion in neonates

true

True or false: The K content of animal and vegetable ingredients alike is generally high (.3-2%)

true

True or false: The hormone Secretin synthesized by the duodenum can enhance biocarbonate secretion into the small intestine through its effect on the pancreas

true

True or false: arachidonic acid is not considered a truly essential fatty acid because tissues can synthesize it from linoleic acid

true

True or false; Linolenic acid in tissues can be used to synthesize docosahexenoic acid (DHA)

true

The function of enteropeptidase is to convert ___________________ to _____________

trypsinogen, trypsin

Dietary urea is rapidly broken down in the rumen by the enzyme ____________ resulting in the formation of _________________

urease; ammonia

Major excretion route for many minerals:

urine