ANSC 223 Final Exam (1-3)
Methane produced during normal fermentation of feed i the rumen can represent a loss of energy of the diet from up to _______%
10
These fatty acids are the primary ones found in the lipids of forages fed to ruminants: -18:1, 18:2 -18:3, 18:2 -18:3, 22:6 -18:1, 20:5 -18:0, 18:1
18:3, 18:2
What is the expected Ca:P ratio in bone?
1:67:1
What problemS occur when feeding too much fat to the ruminants?
Unsaturated fatty acids are detrimental, fiber digestion impaired, feed intake can be reduced
The ____________________ accounts for the greatest portion of the fore-stomach in the newborn calf
abomasum
This compound is the primary source fro lipogenesis in ruminants:
acetate
These VFA are the primary source of energy for the ruminant:
acetate, butryate
The lecithin molecule is important during lipid digestion and is also considered to be an important source of the methyl donor _________________
choline
Optimal activity of pancreas lipase requires the presence of:
co-lipasde
Which is NOT a function of Cl? regulation of osmotic pressure component of gastric juice activity of pancreatic amylase part of bile and intestinal secretions constitute of the myo-inostiol ring
constitute of the myo-inostiol ring
True or False: Linoleic acid is considered a "diene" because it has one double bond in its structure
false
True or False:Synthesis of 1,25-di-OH-Vitamin D3 results from two hydroxylation steps in the kidney
false
True or false: Grass tetany is commonly associated with excess magnesium consumed in forages
false
True or false: Lactose is an example of a carbohydrate derived from photosynthesis
false
True or false: acetate does not contribute to the synthesis of cholesterol in the body
false
True or false: limestone and dical are both mined sources inorganic phsophorus
false
True or false: on a weight basis lipids provide less than 2.25 times the energy of carbs and proteins
false
True or false; A pseudo-rumen has 1 gastric compartment and can ferment carbohydrate in the cecum
false
True or false; simple diffusion is a mechanism of nutrient absorption that requires ATP
false
True r false: The term ration refers to the mixture of feedstuffs used to supply animals with nutrients
false
An excellent source of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) would be:
fish oil
The _______________ in the small intestine is important for digestion and absorption
jejunum
Example of high quality lipid sources for milk replacers fed to young calves
lard, tallow
The _______________________ synthesizes ____________________ which are stored in the ________________ and are important for the digestion of dietary ________________
liver; bile salts; gall bladder; lipid
The pyloric region secretes what?
mucus ad gastrin
Sodium is one of the main nutrients for which animals are able to detect a deficiency and therefore seek out a source of that nutrient. What is the phrase of this phenamenon?
nutritional wisdom
The formation of insoluable complexes within the intestinal lumen and associated issues of nutrient absorption may result when calcium is added to the diet at too high of a level due to interactions between calcium and what mineral?
phosphorus
Phytase is an enzyme than be produced by bacteria and fungi and added to the diets of pigs and chicken so it can digest _________________________
phytate phosphorus
This compound is the primary source for gluconeogenesis in ruminants:
propionate
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) are precursors of eicosanodes and ____________________________ in important in the regulation of blood pressure and clotting and estrous synchronization
prostaglandin
The _____________ in the avian performs the same digestive function as the ____________________ in rumiants
proventriculus; abomasum
Pica or depraved appetite is a condition than can be induced by deficiency of multiple minerals and causes animals to consume:
substances that have no nutritional value
Conjugated bile acids include the following:
taurocholic acid and glycocholic acid
Carbon chain length and degree of unsaturation determine the melting point. From the following, select the fatty acids from highest melting point to lowest: -20:0, 18:0, 16:0 -18:0, 16:0, 14:0 -18:3, 18:2, 18:1 -20:5, 18:3, 18:2
20:0, 18:0, 16:0
Bone is composed of water, minerals, proteins, and fat. One kilogram of dry bone (water removed) contains 460 g of pure mineral, also known as bone ash. What proportion of this bone ash is calcium? (%)
60.8%
Blood Ca concentration are tightly regulated at approx ______mg/dL and a condition known as _________________________ occurs when dysregulation causes the circulation of Ca concentration to fall below this level
9.5; hypocalcemia
Fat soluable vitamins:
A D E K
Enzyme activation, blood clotting, cell membrane permeability, impulse transmission at the neuromuscular junction, and muscle contractions are all functions of what mineral?
Ca
True or false; Starch and sucrose in milk replacer fed to calves are readily digested and excellent sources of carbohydrates
FALSE
True or False: Deoxycholic acid, a secondary bile acid, can be made from dehydroxylation of cholic acid
False
Examples of digestive enzymes originating in the small intestine include:
enteropeptidase, maltase, sucrase, lactase
Which mineral is NOT a macromineral? Ca Fe P Cl S
Fe
Concentration gradients involving which of the following macrominerals are necessary to produce ATP in the body?
K and Na
Hydroxynpatite crystals are found in bone contain which of the following: Ca Mg P F all of the above
all of the above
What enzyme in carbohydrate digestion is synthesized in the pancreas?
amylase
Examples of structural carbohydrates: -starch and sugars -cellulose -hemicellulose -b and c -lignin
b and c
The omega 3 omega 6 and omega 9 fatty acids compose the family of polyunsaturated fatty acids. What is NOT TRUE about omega 9 fatty acids? -abundant during essential fatty acid deficiency -abundant under normal healthy conditions -most abundant among all PUFA -none of the above -b and c
b and c
A high amount of saliva production in the ruminant is important to:
buffer the rumen from low pH during digestion (when VFA production is high)
Three regions of the stomach:
cardiac, fundic, pyloric
Immediately after food leaves the esophagus, it enters the _______________ region, followed by the __________________ region
cardiac; fundic
Linoleic acid is considered a truly essential fatty acid. However in _______ there is a low synthesis of _____________________________ thus it needs to be supplied in the diet
cats; arachidonic acid
Organ of the avian where fermentation and water absorption occur:
ceca
Cellobiose is produced in the rumen upon microbal degradation of:
cellulose
Which of the following accurately described a ruminant? -contribute >20% methane in the atmosphere -they derive 70-80% of energy from VFA -they are born with a functional rumen -they do not require forage in diet
derive 70-80% of energy from VFA
The rumen undegradable protein fraction of dietary protein can be subdivided into:
digestible and indigestible
The __________________ of chickens performs a similar digestive function as the _____________ in ruminants
gizzard; omasum
Components of the lecithin molecule:
glycerol, fatty acids, choline, and phosphate
Optimal development of the rumen of the growing calf would most likely be achieved with what diet?
hay, milk, grain
A rumen sample fluid from a goat was analyzed and found to contain 65% acetate 20% propionate and 10% butryate, what type of diet was this goat fed?
high in forage
Unsaturated fatty acids in lipids of forages and oilseeds fed to ruminants undergo the following steps during digestion in the rumen:
hydrolysis, hydrogenation
The __________ in ruminants performs a similar function as the ___________ in hind-gut fermenters
rumen, cecum
Hormones secreted by the duodenum during digestion:
secretin, cholecystokinin
The fat tissue of ruminants is characteristically harder/firmer than that of fish because it has a greater content of:
stearic acid
If urea accounts for 4% of the grain mix for a dairy cow, what describes the risk of feeding it? (no risk, too risky, high risk)
too risky
True or False: Prostiglandins are unique in that they contain 20-carbons and a 5-carbon ring in their structures
true
True or False: The main trans 18:1 fatty acid produced in the rumen is called vaccenic acid
true
True or false: Fat transports out of the liver in the form of lipoprotein is affected by essential fatty acid deficiency
true
True or false: Rickets and osteomalacia have the same etiology and are simply named differently because they affect different stages of life
true
True or false: Ruminal degradability (%h) of the carbohydrate fraction containing starch is higher than hemicellulose
true
True or false: Salivary lipase (or lingual lipase) is an important enzyme for lipid digestion in neonates
true
True or false: The K content of animal and vegetable ingredients alike is generally high (.3-2%)
true
True or false: The hormone Secretin synthesized by the duodenum can enhance biocarbonate secretion into the small intestine through its effect on the pancreas
true
True or false: arachidonic acid is not considered a truly essential fatty acid because tissues can synthesize it from linoleic acid
true
True or false; Linolenic acid in tissues can be used to synthesize docosahexenoic acid (DHA)
true
The function of enteropeptidase is to convert ___________________ to _____________
trypsinogen, trypsin
Dietary urea is rapidly broken down in the rumen by the enzyme ____________ resulting in the formation of _________________
urease; ammonia
Major excretion route for many minerals:
urine