ANSC 4086: Herd Health

4 (up yo you at 3)

At what FAMACHA level must you deworm?

1 and 2 months of age, 6 months, Annually, 1 month before parturition

At what times should a CD&T vaccine be given to small ruminants?

copper toxicity (ovine)

Chronic ingestion usually Rapid release from liver Jaundice, intravascular hemolysis Px: avoid extra Cu in feed (i.e. horse feed, minerals, poultry litter), foot bath Tx: supportive

tetanus

Clostridium tetani Soil dweller Small ruminants highly susceptible Sawhorse stance, 3rd eyelid protrusion, hyperesthetic Px: vaccinate Tx: Difficult, Antibiotics, Tetanus antitoxin

Caseous Lymphadenitis (CL)

Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis • Older animals typically • Enters via broken/intact skin, mucous membranes, inhalation, ingestion • Abscesses - Cheesy, greenish, odorless pus - Thick capsule • Px: Closed herd (PCR, blood, test new stock), Cull affected, Clean equipment, Vaccine available • Tx: Remove abscess, Flush abscess, Systemic antibiotics

Don't want to kill all worms, need some worms that you will always be able to kill. Worms unaffected by dewormer are not the worms you want as the major population, want population of worms you can kill.

Describe the concept of refugia in deworming.

hot iron is pressed for 8-10 seconds on each bud to disrupt the germinal epithelium so they don't grow horns

Describe the process of dehorning.

lice

External parasite, Chewing or blood-sucking, Anemia, Species specific • Usually in colder seasons - Year around in LA! • Very common! • Spread by direct contact •Tx: Permethrins - Repeat in 2 weeks

foot rot

Fusobacterium necrophorum & Dichelobacter nodosus Contagious in small ruminants Px: Routine hoof trimming, Foot baths, Biosecurity Tx: Trim affected hooves, Antibiotics, Foot bath

coronary band

Hoofs should be trimmed such that the sole is parallel to the ____________

Goats receive 1.5X the sheep dose

How do the doses for sheep and goat dewormer compare?

heart (L), lungs (L), rumen (L), temperature, rumen (R), lungs (R), heart (R), head

How do you perform a physical exam for sheep and goats?

3-4

How many times a day should a newborn kid or lamb be fed?

pneumonia

Mannheimia hemolytica • 1-3 wks after arrival at feedlot • Fever, depression, ⇑RR • Lesions - Hemorrhages - SQ, IM, subserosal - Lymph nodes - enlarged, hemorrhagic - Emboli - liver, lungs • Px: antibiotics in feed or water

Pregnancy Toxemia

Negative nutritional plane, late pregnancy • ⇩ appetite, weak, down • Px: nutritional management, minimize stress • Tx: Glucose 50-100ml IV, Propylene glycol 2oz bid PO, Induce parturition - dexamethasone 10mg IM

Contagious Ecthyma (Orf)

Parapox virus (Highly Contagious) Pustular encrustations on lips/nostrils Usually self-limiting (1-4w) Px: closed herd, vaccinate once in herd Tx: usually unnecessary Zoonotic disease

thiamine

Polioencephalomalacia (PEM) is due to a deficiency of ____________.

coccidiosis

Primarily lambs/kids Contaminated environment, feeders Diarrhea +/- blood, weakness, wt. loss Px/Tx Coccidiostat - Amprolium Ionophore - Monensin, Lasalocid Sulfa drugs Clean, dry environment

Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis (caprine)

Retrovirus, very common, esp. in dairy herds Transmitted through colostrum or milk, direct contact 4 forms: CNS, Arthritic, Pneumonia, Mastitis Px: culling, maintain closed herd, test before purchase, pasteurize colostrum/milk fed to kids Tx: none, supportive, pain relief

mastitis

Staphylococcus aureus • Pasteurella - "Blue bag": devascularized • Streptococcus spp - Many other organisms

T

T/F: Sheep/goats don't need grain if have good pasture or hay

F (just as needed!)

T/F: You should deworm your sheep or goat every month.

Polioencephalomalacia (PEM)

Thiamine deficiency, Often on high grain diet High sulfur levels in diet Blind, ataxia, weak, dorsomedial strabismus, opisthotonus Px: gradual diet changes Tx: Thiamine 1-2mg/lb IV or IM for 2-5 days or Hay only for 5 days, then gradual return to high energy diet

dip navel with iodine, ID, weight, administer colostrum within 24 hrs (within 4 hrs is best)

What are some herd health management practices to incorporate during/ after kidding or lambing?

Club Lamb Fungus, Rectal prolapse, Copper toxicity

What are some ovine specific health issue?

Abaxial wall, Axial wall, and Toe

What are the three typical snips of a hoof trim?

Predisposed to rectal prolapse

What happens if you dock the tail too short?

Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis

What is a caprine specific health issue?

tetanus, give vaccine or antitoxin if never vaccinated

What is a common concern with castration?

clostridium and tetanus

What is the CD&T vaccination?

1-1.5 years

What is the age at which the I1 incisors show up for sheep and goats?

1.5-2 years

What is the age at which the I2 incisors show up for sheep and goats?

2.5-3 years

What is the age at which the I3 incisors show up for sheep and goats?

3.5-4 years

What is the age at which the I4 incisors show up for sheep and goats?

FAMACHA

a tool used by farmers that consists of examining the color of the lower eyelid, and matching this color to a chart that ranges from red or healthy to almost white or anemic

internal parasites

What is the most common cause of anemia in sheep and goats?

Haemonchus contortus

What is the most common parasite seen in sheep and goats?

70-90 bpm

What is the normal pulse range for sheep and goats?

12-20 bpm

What is the normal respiratory range for sheep and goats?

1-2/ min

What is the normal rumination sound range for sheep and goats?

102-104ºF

What is the normal temperature range for sheep and goats?

elastrator or emasculatome

What methods are used for tail docking?

~3 months

When are kids and lambs typically weaned?

3 days to 3 wks

When is dehorning performed?

1-4 weeks

When should a kid or lamb be castrated if it is a food production animal?

4-5 months

When should a kid or lamb be castrated if it is a pet?

when you see pink tissue

When should you stop hoof trimming?

Emasculatome

Which castration method crushes cords and blood vessels?

Callicrate

Which castration method is typically used with older animals, is safe with no flies, requires at least one local block, and takes three weeks to fall off?

elastrator band

Which castration method is used on lambs and kids 3 days to 3 weeks old?

knife

Which castration method is used on the distal 1/3 of the scrotum with a pulling or scraping method? Dr. Scully prefers this method.

Arthritic

Which form of Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis is common in adults and manifests as swollen joints - carpi & hocks most often, lameness, weight loss?

CNS

Which form of Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis is common in kids, 2-4 mos, weak in rear legs, cannot rise, remain bright, alert; continue to eat/drink?

mastitis

Which form of Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis manifests as a "Hard bag", swollen, firm, with very little milk?

dystocia

difficult labor

Chlamydia

• Chlamydia psittaci (Chlamydophila) Gram (-) intracellular • Reproductive - Abortion: late term, weak kids/lambs, stillbirths • Inflammatory: Pneumonia, Polyarthritis, Orchitis, Conjunctivitis • Px: vaccinate, biosecurity • Tx: oxytetracycline

bloat

• Lush legume pastures • Abdominal distension, distress, death • Px: Gradual diet change • Tx: Poloxalene, mineral oil, tube, rumen trocarization

pinkeye

• Mycoplasma spp • Chlamydia psittaci (Chlamydophila) - Flies, Tall grass/weeds • Neovascularization, corneal ulceration, hypopyon, corneal opacification (goat) • Unilateral usually • Often self-limiting • Tx: May shorten duration, Oxytetracycline

rectal prolapse (ovine)

• Risk factors: Over conditioned, Diarrhea, Parasitism, Coughing, Short tail docking • Guarded prognosis: Tend to reoccur if predisposing factors not remedied

enterotoxemia

Clostridium perfringes type D, Epsilon toxin - ⇧ vascular permeability - Edema in kidneys/lungs • Full fed and fast-growing kids/lambs • Sudden death possible - 30-90 minutes - Up to 24 hours • CNS - Ataxia, excitement, blind, convulsions, opisthotonus • Lesions - Full rumen, hyperemic intestine, glucosuria, hydropericardium, Pulpy kidney - rapid autolysis • Px: Vaccinate, Gradual diet changes, Oxytetracycline in feed • Tx: supportive

rumen acidosis

• Engorgement of grains, rapid change to high concentrate diet • Diarrhea, depression, weakness, ataxia, rumen distension • Px: avoid rapid diet change - 2 wks • Tx: Alkalinizing IV fluids, mineral oil, gastric lavage, thiamine, antibiotics

Toxoplasmosis

• Toxoplasma gondii - Cat feces • Reproduction - Abortion - Cotyledons - small (1-3mm) grayish white to yellow necrotic areas - Fetus decomposed: Mummies possible • No vaccine available • Px - biosecurity, Rumensin

Club Lamb Fungus (Ringworm) (ovine)

• Trichophyton spp • Slick shearing • Repetitive washing: Removes protective lanolin • Easily spread • Livestock shows/fairs • Circular, scaly lesions, alopecia - 2-4 wks after exposure • Self limiting - 1 to 4 months - Lime sulfur dip • Zoonotic

Obstructive Urolithiasis

• Wethers most commonly - 5-10 months of age • Ca:P imbalance - High concentrate diet -> low Ca:P ratio ⇩ water consumption • Straining/posturing, tail switching, rolling, pulsing urethra, scrotal or preputial distension • Tx: Amputate urethral process, Tube cystostomy, Perineal urethrostomy