ANT 320 Final Guide Updatedddd

Barona

Bought out by Capitan Grande Grand Jury tries to remove them from their land because of "flooding" 34 Los Conejos left

Kupa/Cupeno

Cupa village, Cupeno tribe and Agua Caliente reservation Gov't makes them move and leave their homeland to go to the Pala reservation

Cecilio Blacktooth

Cupeno; Govt moves his ppl to the Pala reservation When he left he cursed the land

vaqueros

Horse mounted herders. Developed in the Iberian Peninsula and Mexico. As English-speaking traders and settlers expanded westward, English and Spanish traditions, language and culture merged to some degree. Before the Mexican-American War in 1848, New England merchants who traveled by ship to California encountered both hacendados and vaqueros, trading manufactured goods for the hides and tallow produced from vast cattle ranches. American traders along what later became known as the Santa Fe Trail had similar contacts with vaquero life. Starting with these early encounters, the lifestyle and language of the vaquero began a transformation which merged with English cultural traditions and produced what became known in American culture as the "cowboy".

What is syncretism? How can it be seen in the practices of Haitian Vodou and Santeria?

Syncretism is a fusing of traits from two cultures to form something new and yet permitting the retention of the old by subsuming the old into a new form. Haitian Vodou: French culture was imposed in the dominant society and so was Roman Catholic. Original African beliefs from different areas continued. People in their minds would combine ideas from their many areas of African beliefs and Roman Catholicism. When roman catholic clergy left, this new religion came out. Santeria:

Cultural

Takes a comparative approach to observing different societies. Focuses on connections and patterns. Ex. Educators, mediators (medicine, environment)

Harry S. Truman

Termination Passed

Dwight Eisenhower

Termination implemented / applied 30 tribes terminated - including Menominee

John Frum:

The John Frum cult is based upon a prophet who is said to have appeared in the 1930s. It is not known if John Frum was a real person or not, or whether he was a native or a European. However, he is said to have predicted the Japanese invasion and the subsequent arrival of the American military in World War II. John Frum is said to have prophesized the good age in which the white man, including the missionaries, would disappear followed by an influx of manufactured goods. In order to bring about this new era, in the early 1940s the people of Tanna rejected European customs such as European money and Christianity, and returned to the traditional Tannese kastom ( customs). Then the American army arrived. The people of Tanna were astonished by the wealth and power of the Americans and saw the United States as a source of cargo. Today, on John Frum Day, men march in military fashion— as they comprehend it— and raise American flags. They carry bamboo rifles and use a red cross as a sacred symbol. It is believed that on some future February 15, John Frum will return bringing with him manufactured goods or cargo that rightly belongs to them.

Totalism

The belief that religion is relevant to, and should be a part of, all parts of a society.

dime novels

The first mass produced books. Popular from the late 19th century through the early 20th. Books cost between 10 and 15 cents. Were often serials.

Termination Act

The govt would give you $ and sell off your land You terminate the reservation and get rid of the tribes, you don't get rid of the Indian Money goes into the Indian fund but the terminated tribes do not get it because the $ only goes to tribes

Indian Reorganization Act

They try to make it so Indians have more voice. They investigate the boarding schools and hear terrible things about it so they say they should keep the children close their families and allow them to practice their native language. This act says that we want every tribe living on a reservation to write a constitution. We want to know how do you want to rule your reservation. There are 300 constitutions cause every tribe writes one as long as it doesn't violate the US constitution.

Dawn/Blue Lake Tahose reservation

This Reservation and this place is what was going to be taken away for lumbar Teddy Roosevelt saves it & buys it to the government Nixon gives Indians back this lake through executive order

1896 Election

William McKinley (republican) vs. William Jennings Bryan (democrat) The 1896 campaign is often considered to be a realigning election that ended the old Third Party System and began the Fourth Party System.[2] McKinley forged a conservative coalition in which businessmen, professionals, skilled factory workers, and prosperous farmers were heavily represented. He was strongest in cities and in the Northeast, Upper Midwest, and Pacific Coast. Bryan was the nominee of the Democrats, the Populist Party, and the Silver Republicans. He presented his campaign as a crusade of the working man against the rich, who impoverished America by limiting the money supply, which was based on gold. Silver, he said, was in ample supply and if coined into money would restore prosperity while undermining the illicit power of the money trust. Bryan was strongest in the South, rural Midwest, and Rocky Mountain states. Bryan's moralistic rhetoric and crusading for inflation (based on a money supply based on silver as well as gold) alienated conservatives and especially German American voters. Turnout was very high, passing 90% of the eligible voters in many places.

"dry farming"

an agricultural technique for non-irrigated cultivation of drylands. Used in the Great Planes and the Southwestern US. Uniquely dependent on natural rainfall.

Anthony Wallace:

an anthropologist who describes several stages in the development of a revitalization movement. In the early stages of contact or other stressors, change is occurring, but at an acceptable rate, within relatively normal levels. Over time, the stress levels become intolerable to some people. This phase is characterized by an increase in illness, alcoholism and drug use, and crime.

Messianic movement:

believe that a divine savior in human form will bring about the solution to the problems that exist within the society.

Messianic movements

believe that a divine savior in human form will bring about the solution to the problems that exist within the society.

Cargo cult

comes from the word cargo, which in the pidgin English spoken in New Guinea and the islands of Melanesia means " trade goods." Read pgs 237-238

Bureau of Reclamation

formed 1902 a federal agency under the U.S. Department of the Interior, which oversees water resource management, specifically as it applies to the oversight and operation of the diversion, delivery, and storage projects that it has built throughout the western United States for irrigation, water supply, and attendant hydroelectric power generation. Currently USBR is the largest wholesaler of water in the country, bringing water to more than 31 million people, and providing one in five Western farmers with irrigation water for 10 million acres of farmland, which produce 60% of the nation's vegetables and 25% of its fruits and nuts. USBR is also the second largest producer of hydroelectric power in the western United States.[4] In July 1902, in accordance with the Reclamation Act, Secretary of the Interior Ethan Allen Hitchcock established the U.S. Reclamation Service within the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). The new Reclamation Service studied potential water development projects in each western state with federal lands—revenue from sale of federal lands was the initial source of the program's funding. Because Texas had no federal lands, it did not become a Reclamation state until 1906, when Congress passed a special Act including it in the provisions of the Reclamation Act.

Church of Latter Day Saints (Mormons)

initiate by the industrial revolution, revitalization movements included: the Shakers, Seventh day Adventists, and the Church of Jesus Christ of Later-day saints. a. The LDS church (founded by Joseph Smith): he had a vision in which God and Jesus came to him and told him that the various sects ( new branches of a mainstream religion) were error and he should not join them. b. The book of the Mormon did not replace the bible but supplemented it c. Similarities to Christianity: the liberal truthfulness of the bible, atonement, resurrection, and tithing d. Differences to Christianity: Christianity believes salvation is based on faith alone while Mormans believe it has to do with faith and good works

Ghost Dance:

initiated by assimilation of the native American culture: the destruction of traditional food resources, restriction of communities to small tracts of land and reservations, forced education at boarding school for children, and the forbiddances to speak their native language. a. Wovoka (aka Jack Wilson), was the prophet that entered an unconscious state and met with god. b. Wovoka has then been given a traditional dance that lasted three (or five) nights. If people followed the rules and faithfully performed the dance, they would go to heaven where they once again would be young. 1. the rules included that the Indians were no longer able to steal, lie, fight or drink alcohol c. Wovoka told of an apocalypse during which the new earth would cover the world, burying the Whites, followed by a return of the land animals, restoring the land to its original condition. The Indians would inherit this land, and the dead will return to the earth.

Issei

is a Japanese language term used in countries in North America, South America and Australia to specify the Japanese people first to immigrate.

Mexican "Repatriation"

refers to a mass migration that started in the late 1920s, but increased substantially during the Great Depression, when as many as two million people of Mexican descent were forced or pressured to leave the US. This event occurred during the latter end of the Herbert Hoover Presidency and into Franklin Delano Roosevelt's second term.[1] The event, carried out by American authorities, took place without due process.[2] The Immigration and Naturalization Service targeted Mexicans because of "the proximity of the Mexican border, the physical distinctiveness of mestizos, and easily identifiable barrios."[3]

Boarding Schools

• A lot of schools wouldn't take Indians into their schools because they didn't pay taxes • This is inculturation because they are trying to assimilate the Indians - not allowed to speak native language/ cut hair/ no female male interaction • Only Christianity allowed "kill the indian to save the man" (rip the indian soul out and replenish it with the American way) • Mormons didn't like Indians being catholic and protestant b/c it wasn't the true faith so they set up Indian schools but the government didn't cooperate with them so the Mormons started kidnapping indian children (Navajos in particular) for about 50 years

World War II: Effects

• Biggest thing during war was trying to figure out German code • The Navajos (w/marines) had their own code that other countries couldn't crack and contributed to victory against Japan • Tribes experienced detribalization • Went to war - came back and worked in cities

Indian Civil Rights Movement within the overall Civil Rights Movement

• Indians increased the volume of demands for tribal sovereignty and self-determination • Many insisted on the right to run their own affairs free from BIA

The seizure of Alcatraz (1969)

• Led by adam fortune eagle • Started the "red power movemement" • American indian radicles took Alcatraz and their own trying to be foreceful in gaining rights for themselves. • Proclaimed the island an indian land and this was a warning for the US that Indians rights could no longer be ignored

Clifford Geertz

(Javanese funeral) studies the social change and religious conflict in Java; Geertz uses this example to demonstrate the role of religious belief and practice in secular society

Molly Spotted Elk

**Headband in picture** Was a Penobscot

Revitalization movements arise from:

- Environmental changes that destroy subsistence practices - Epidemic disease that changes the population structure - Wars that deplete the population or result in domination by another group - Internal conflict that seriously disadvantages a sub-population of society - Perceived subordination to a neighboring society

Stages of Revitalization Movements are

- Steady state - Period of increased individual stress - Period of cultural distortion - Period of revitalization - New steady state

What factors can lead to cultural change?

-Economic structures -Technology -Relationship to natural environment -Movements of people

What types of situations may lead to new forms of religion?

-Sometimes just borrowing or blending of ideas (diffusion) or new ideas (innovation) -May result from imposition of a dominant power May seek to resist dominant power and gain control over own lives May resist change in society; a conservative force trying to retain or recover practices from the past Religion can be used as a political resource - A means of asserting domination - Or consolidating support of believers - Or to denigrate or diminish others

Wounded Knee Massacre

12/29/1890 occurred on December 29, 1890,[5] near Wounded Knee Creek (Lakota: Čhaŋkpé Ópi Wakpála) on the Lakota Pine Ridge Indian Reservation in the U.S. state of South Dakota. On the day before, a detachment of the U.S. 7th Cavalry Regiment commanded by Major Samuel M. Whitside intercepted Spotted Elk's band of Miniconjou Lakota and 38 Hunkpapa Lakota near Porcupine Butte and escorted them five miles westward (8 km) to Wounded Knee Creek, where they made camp. The remainder of the 7th Cavalry Regiment arrived, led by Colonel James W. Forsyth and surrounded the encampment supported by four Hotchkiss mountain guns.[6] On the morning of December 29, the troops went into the camp to disarm the Lakota. One version of events claims that during the process of disarming the Lakota, a deaf tribesman named Black Coyote was reluctant to give up his rifle, claiming he had paid a lot for it.[7] A scuffle over Black Coyote's rifle escalated and a shot was fired which resulted in the 7th Cavalry's opening fire indiscriminately from all sides, killing men, women, and children, as well as some of their own fellow soldiers. The Lakota warriors who still had weapons began shooting back at the attacking soldiers, who quickly suppressed the Lakota fire. The surviving Lakota fled, but U.S. cavalrymen pursued and killed many who were unarmed. By the time it was over, more than 200 men, women, and children of the Lakota had been killed and 51 were wounded (4 men, 47 women and children, some of whom died later); some estimates placed the number of dead at 300.[4] Twenty-five soldiers also died, and 39 were wounded (6 of the wounded would later die).[8] At least twenty soldiers were awarded the Medal of Honor.[9] In 2001, the National Congress of American Indians passed two resolutions condemning the awards and called on the U.S. government to rescind them.[10] The site of the battlefield has been designated a National Historic Landmark.[5]

Sen. Henry Dawes

1816-1903 was a Republican United States Senator and United States Representative, notable for the Dawes Act, which authorized the President of the United States to survey Indian tribal land and divide the area into allotments for the individual Indian. It was enacted February 8, 1887, and named for Dawes, its sponsor. The Act was amended in 1891 and again in 1906, by the Burke Act. The Dawes Commission, set up under an Indian Office appropriation bill in 1893, was created, not to administer the Act, but to attempt to persuade the tribes excluded under the Act to agree to the allotment plan. It was this commission that registered the members of the Five Civilized Tribes and many Indian names appear on the rolls. The Curtis Act of 1898 abolished tribal jurisdiction of these tribes' land.[citation needed]

Red Cloud

1822-1909 was a war leader and a chief of the Oglala Lakota. He led as a chief from 1868 to 1909. One of the most capable Native American opponents the United States Army faced, he led a successful campaign in 1866-1868 known as Red Cloud's War over control of the Powder River Country in northeastern Wyoming and southern Montana. After signing the Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868), Red Cloud led his people in the important transition to reservation life. Some of his US opponents mistakenly thought of him as overall chief of the Sioux (Dakota, Lakota, and Nakota). The large tribe had several major divisions and was highly decentralized. Bands among the Oglala and other divisions operated independently, even though some individual leaders such as Red Cloud were renowned as warriors and highly respected as leaders.

Helen Hunt Jackson

1830-1885 was an American poet and writer who became an activist on behalf of improved treatment of Native Americans by the U.S. government. She described the adverse effects of government actions in her history A Century of Dishonor (1881). Her novel Ramona (1884) dramatized the federal government's mistreatment of Native Americans in Southern California after the Mexican-American War and attracted considerable attention to her cause. Commercially popular, it was estimated to have been reprinted 300 times and most readers liked its romantic and picturesque qualities rather than its political content.[1][2] The novel was so popular that it attracted many tourists to Southern California who wanted to see places from the book.

Sitting Bull

1831-1890 was a Hunkpapa Lakota holy man who led his people as a tribal chief during years of resistance to United States government policies. He was killed by Indian agency police on the Standing Rock Indian Reservation during an attempt to arrest him, at a time when authorities feared that he would join the Ghost Dance movement.[3] Before the Battle of the Little Bighorn, Sitting Bull had a vision in which he saw the defeat of the 7th Cavalry under Lt. Col. George Armstrong Custer on June 25, 1876. Sitting Bull's leadership inspired his people to a major victory. Months after their victory at the battle, Sitting Bull and his group left the United States for Wood Mountain, North-West Territories (now Saskatchewan), where he remained until 1881, at which time he and most of his band returned to US territory and surrendered to U.S. forces. A small remnant of his band under Chief Waŋblí Ǧí decided to stay at Wood Mountain. After working as a performer with Buffalo Bill's Wild West show, Sitting Bull returned to the Standing Rock Agency in South Dakota. Because of fears that he would use his influence to support the Ghost Dance movement, Indian Service agent James McLaughlin at Fort Yates ordered his arrest. During an ensuing struggle between Sitting Bull's followers and the agency police, Sitting Bull was shot in the side and head by Standing Rock policemen Lieutenant Bull Head (Tatankapah Lakota: Tȟatȟáŋka Pȟá) and Red Tomahawk (Marcelus Chankpidutah Lakota: "Čhaŋȟpí Dúta") after the police were fired upon by Sitting Bull's supporters. His body was taken to nearby Fort Yates for burial. In 1953, his Lakota family exhumed what were believed to be his remains, reburying them near Mobridge, South Dakota, near his birthplace.

Jesse James

1847-1882 (killed by a member of his own gang) an American outlaw, gang leader, bank robber, train robber, and murderer from the state of Missouri and the most famous member of the James-Younger Gang. Already a celebrity when he was alive, he became a legendary figure of the Wild West after his death. Scholars place him in the context of regional insurgencies of ex-Confederates following the American Civil War rather than a manifestation of frontier lawlessness or alleged economic justice.

Wovoka

1856-1932 also known as Jack Wilson, was the Northern Paiute religious leader who founded the Ghost Dance movement. Wovoka means "cutter"[2] or "wood cutter" in the Northern Paiute language.

Billy the Kid

1859-1881 was a 19th-century gunman who participated in the Lincoln County War and became a frontier outlaw in the American Old West. According to legend, he killed twenty-one men,[3] but it is now generally accepted that he actually killed eight or nine.[3] He killed his first man on August 17, 1877,[4] at around 16 or 17 years of age. McCarty (or Bonney, the name that he used at the height of his notoriety) was 5 ft 8 in (173 cm) tall with blue eyes, blonde or dirty blonde hair, and a smooth complexion. He was described as being friendly and personable at times,[5][6] and as lithe as a cat.[5] Contemporaries described him as a "neat" dresser who favored an "unadorned Mexican sombrero".[5][7] These qualities, along with his cunning and celebrated skill with firearms, contributed to his paradoxical image as both a notorious outlaw and a folk hero.[3] He was relatively unknown during most of his lifetime but was catapulted into legend in 1881 when New Mexico's governor, Lew Wallace, placed a price on his head. In addition, the Las Vegas Gazette (Las Vegas, New Mexico) and the New York Sun carried stories about his exploits.[8] Other newspapers followed suit. Several biographies written about the Kid after his death portrayed him in varying lights.[8]

William Jennings Bryan

1860-1925 People's Party politician who ran for president for the party 3 times (1896, 1900 and 1908). Served 2 terms in HoR as a rep from Nebraska. Also served as Secretary of State under Woodrow Wilson, resigning because of his pacifist position on WWI. Bryan was a devout Presbyterian, a strong advocate of popular democracy, and an enemy of the banks and their gold standard. He demanded "Free Silver" because it reduced power attributed to money and put more money in the hands of the people. He was a peace advocate, a supporter of Prohibition, and an opponent of Darwinism on religious and humanitarian grounds. With his deep, commanding voice and wide travels, he was one of the best-known orators and lecturers of the era. Because of his faith in the wisdom of the common people, he was called "The Great Commoner."

"Friends of the Indian"

1860s The movement to reform Indian administration and assimilate Indians as citizens originated in the pleas of people who lived in close association with the natives and were shocked by the fraudulent and indifferent management of their affairs. They called themselves "Friends of the Indians" and lobbied officials on their behalf. Gradually the call for change was taken up by Eastern reformers.[5] Typically the reformers were Protestants from well organized denominations who considered assimilation necessary to the Christianizing of the Indians; Catholics were also involved. The 19th century was a time of major efforts in evangelizing missionary expeditions to all non-Christian people. In 1865 the government began to make contracts with various missionary societies to operate Indian schools for teaching citizenship, English, and agricultural and mechanical arts.[10]

Farmers' Alliances

1870s and 1880s An agrarian based economic movement among American farmers. One of the goals of the organization was to end the adverse effects of the crop-lien system on farmers in the period following the American Civil War. The Alliance wanted to change the way Americans worked by pushing for an eight-hour workday. It did away with national banks so private, local banks could be formed. The Alliance wanted an income tax, the freedom to coin its own money and the freedom to borrow money from the government to buy land. The Alliance also tried to do away with foreign competitors who owned land in America. It wanted to directly elect federal judges and senators. The Alliance gained powerful political strength and controlled elections in states in the South and the West. Later became the People's Party

Carlisle Indian School

1879-1918 Founded in 1879 by Captain Richard Henry Pratt under authority of the US federal government, Carlisle was the first federally funded off-reservation Indian boarding school. It was founded on the principle that Native Americans were the equals of European-Americans, and that Native American children immersed in mainstream Euro-American culture would learn skills to advance in society. In this period, many Anglo-Americans believed mistakenly that Native Americans were a vanishing race whose only hope for survival was rapid cultural transformation.

Chinese Exclusion Act

1882 was a United States federal law signed by President Chester A. Arthur on May 6, 1882. It was one of the most significant restrictions on free immigration in US history, prohibiting all immigration of Chinese laborers. The act followed revisions made in 1880 to the US-China Burlingame Treaty of 1868, revisions that allowed the US to suspend Chinese immigration. The act was initially intended to last for 10 years, but was renewed in 1892 and made permanent in 1902. The Chinese Exclusion Act was the first law implemented to prevent a specific ethnic group from immigrating to the United States. It was finally repealed by the Magnuson Act on December 17, 1943.

John Collier

1884-1968 an American social reformer and Native American advocate. He served as Commissioner for the Bureau of Indian Affairs in the President Franklin D. Roosevelt administration, from 1933 to 1945. He is considered chiefly responsible for the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934, in which he intended to correct some of the problems in federal policy toward Native Americans. It was considered to aid in ending the loss of reservations lands held by Indians, and making some progress for enabling tribal nations to re-institute self-government.

Dawes Severalty Act

1887 dopted by Congress in 1887, authorized the President of the United States to survey American Indian tribal land and divide it into allotments for individual Indians. Those who accepted allotments and lived separately from the tribe would be granted United States citizenship. The Dawes Act was amended in 1891, and again in 1906 by the Burke Act. The Act was named for its creator, Senator Henry Laurens Dawes of Massachusetts. The stated objective of the Dawes Act was to stimulate assimilation of Indians into mainstream American society. Individual ownership of land on the European-American model was seen as an essential step. The act also provided what the government would classify as "excess" Indian reservation lands remaining after allotments, and sell those lands on the open market, allowing purchase and settlement by non-Native Americans.

Johnson County War

1889-1893 (bulk 1892) Took place in Johnson, Wyoming; 19-25 people were killed (including those who were lynched). he conflicts started when cattle companies ruthlessly persecuted supposed rustlers throughout the grazing lands in Wyoming. As tensions swell between the large established ranchers and the smaller settling ranchers and farmers in the state, violence finally culminated in Powder River Country, when the former hired armed gunmen to invade the county and wipe out the competition. It soon involved the lawmen of the area which led to a grueling stand-off, before the intervention of the United States Cavalry on the orders of President Benjamin Harrison suppressed it. The war ended as the cavalry relieved the invaders, and the failure to convict them with the murders they had committed.

The ghost dance

1890 was a new religious movement incorporated into numerous Native American belief systems. According to the teachings of the Northern Paiute spiritual leader Wovoka (renamed Jack Wilson), proper practice of the dance would reunite the living with spirits of the dead and bring peace, prosperity, and unity to native peoples throughout the region.[2] The basis for the Ghost Dance, the circle dance, is a traditional ritual that has been used by many Native Americans since prehistoric times, but this new form was first practiced among the Nevada Paiute in 1889. The practice swept throughout much of the Western United States, quickly reaching areas of California and Oklahoma. As the Ghost Dance spread from its original source, Native American tribes synthesized selective aspects of the ritual with their own beliefs. The Ghost Dance was associated with Wilson's (Wovoka's) prophecy of a peaceful end to white expansion while preaching goals of clean living, an honest life, and cross-cultural cooperation by Native Americans. Practice of the Ghost Dance movement was believed to have contributed to Lakota resistance to assimilation under the Dawes Act. In the Wounded Knee Massacre in 1890, U.S. Army forces killed at least 153 Miniconjou and Hunkpapa from the Lakota people.[3] The Sioux variation on the Ghost Dance tended towards millenarianism, an innovation that distinguished the Sioux interpretation from Jack Wilson's original teachings. The Caddo Nation still practices the Ghost Dance today.[4]

"Gentleman's Agreement"

1907 was an informal agreement between the United States and the Empire of Japan whereby the United States of America would not impose restriction on Japanese immigration, and Japan would not allow further emigration to the U.S. The goal was to reduce tensions between the two powerful Pacific nations. The agreement was never ratified by Congress, and was ended by the Immigration Act of 1924.

Cesár Chavéz

1927-1993 was an American farm worker, labor leader and civil rights activist, who, with Dolores Huerta, co-founded the National Farm Workers Association (later the United Farm Workers union, UFW).[1] A Mexican American, Chavez became the best known Latino American civil rights activist, and was strongly promoted by the American labor movement, which was eager to enroll Hispanic members. His public-relations approach to unionism and aggressive but nonviolent tactics made the farm workers' struggle a moral cause with nationwide support. By the late 1970s, his tactics had forced growers to recognize the UFW as the bargaining agent for 50,000 field workers in California and Florida. However, by the mid-1980s membership in the UFW had dwindled to around 15,000.[2]

Dust Bowl

1930s The Dust Bowl, also known as the Dirty Thirties, was a period of severe dust storms that greatly damaged the ecology and agriculture of the US and Canadian prairies during the 1930s; severe drought and a failure to apply dryland farming methods to prevent wind erosion (the Aeolian processes) caused the phenomenon. The drought came in three waves, 1934, 1936, and 1939-40, but some regions of the high plains experienced drought conditions for as many as eight years.[1] With insufficient understanding of the ecology of the plains, farmers had conducted extensive deep plowing of the virgin topsoil of the Great Plains during the previous decade; this had displaced the native, deep-rooted grasses that normally trapped soil and moisture even during periods of drought and high winds. The rapid mechanization of farm equipment, especially small gasoline tractors, and widespread use of the combine harvester contributed to farmers' decisions to convert arid grassland (much of which received no more than 10 inches (250 mm) of precipitation per year) to cultivated cropland.[2]

Indian Reorganization Act

1934 sometimes known as the Indian New Deal or the Wheeler-Howard Act, was U.S. federal legislation that secured certain rights to Native Americans (known in law as American Indians or Indians), including Alaska Natives.[1] These include actions that contributed to the reversal of the Dawes Act's privatization of communal holdings of American Indian tribes and a return to local self-government on a tribal basis. The Act also restored to Indians the management of their assets-mainly land-and included provisions intended to create a sound economic foundation for the inhabitants of Indian reservations. The IRA was perhaps the most significant initiative of John Collier Sr., Commissioner of the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) from 1933 to 1945. He had worked on Indian issues for ten years prior to his appointment, particularly with the American Indian Defense Association. He had intended to reverse some of the worst government policies and provide ways for American Indians to re-establish sovereignty and self-government, to reduce the losses of reservation lands, and establish ways for Indians to build economic self-sufficiency. Various other interests effected changes to the legislation that reduced protections for Indians and preserved oversight by the BIA . The act did not require tribes to adopt a constitution; however, when they chose to do so, the law mandated that their constitutions: allow the tribal council to employ legal counsel; prohibit the tribal council from engaging in any land transactions without majority approval of the tribe; and, authorize the tribal council to negotiate with the Federal, State, and local governments.

War Relocation Authority

1941ish ) was a United States government agency established to handle the internment, i.e. forced relocation and detention, of Japanese Americans during World War II. It also operated the Fort Ontario Emergency Refugee Shelter in Oswego, New York, which was the only refugee camp set up in the United States for refugees from the Holocaust.

bracero program

1942 was a series of laws and diplomatic agreements, initiated by an August 1942 exchange of diplomatic notes between the United States and Mexico, for the importation of temporary contract laborers from Mexico to the United States. At the start of the program, train loads of mexican immigrants ready to work were sent over during the heart of WWII for the "emergency wartime agricultural and railroad importations". Shortages of food and other goods throughout the U.S caused chaos throughout the nation which eventually led to a desperate need for solution. The Bracero Program was the solution. American president Franklin D. Roosevelt met with Mexican president Manuel Ávila Camacho in Monterrey, Mexico, to discuss Mexico as part of the Allies in World War II and the bracero program. After the expiration of the initial agreement in 1947, the program was continued in agriculture under a variety of laws and administrative agreements until its formal end in 1964...

Roscinda Nolasquez

A Cupa/Cupeno who had to flee to the Pala reservation; removed from the Cupa village and Agua Caliente Reservation

Assimilation

A condition whereby a dominated culture has changed so much because of outside influences that it ceases to have its own distinct identity.

Syncretism

A fusing of traits from two cultures to form something new and yet permitting the retention of the old by subsuming the old into a new form.

Revitalization movement:

A movement that forms in an attempt to deliberately bring about change in a society.

Okies

An Okie is a resident or native of Oklahoma. Like most terms that disparage specific groups, it was applied by the dominant cultural group.[1] It is derived from the name of the state, similar to Texan or Tex for someone from Texas, or Arkie or Arkansawyer for a native of Arkansas. In the 1930s in California, the term (often used in contempt) came to refer to very poor migrants from Oklahoma (and nearby states). The Dust Bowl, and the "Okie" migration of the 1930s brought in over a million newly displaced people; many headed to the farm labor jobs advertised in California's Central Valley. Dunbar-Ortiz (1996) argues that 'Okie' denotes much more than being from Oklahoma. By 1950, four million individuals, or one quarter of all persons born in Oklahoma, Texas, Arkansas, or Missouri, lived outside the region, primarily in the West. Prominent Okies in the 1930s included Woody Guthrie. Most prominent in the late 1960s and 1970s were country musician Merle Haggard and writer Gerald Haslam.[2]

The Amos 'n' Andy Show

Entertainment show that was a direct descendant of the 19th century blackface

Transportation Revolution

Era between 1800 and 1840 which improved transportation in the US: the national road was built

Types of Problem Gambling

Escape, Problem, and Pathological

Tribal Government's Role

Establish Tribal Gaming Commission, manages gaming operation, negotiates compacts, law enforcment

18th Amendment

Established prohibition and banned alcohol

old world

Europe

Dust Bowl

Event that resulted from drought, it caused deep economical and psychological losses, while killing crops

Chicago "Black Sox" Scandal

Event where 8 members of the poorly paid Chicago White Sox became involved in a scheme to throw the World Series in exchange for cash

Saturday Night Massacre

Event where President Nixon fired prosecutor Archibald Cox and various others, severely damaging his (Nixon's) reputation

Lewinsky Scandal

Event where it was alleged that President Clinton engaged in an extramarital affair, it almost had Clinton impeached

Black Tuesday

Event where more than 16 million shares were traded as panic selling took hold

Iran Hostage Crisis

Event where students seized the US embassy in Tehran and held 52 American employees hostage for 444 days in their (the students') newly established Islamic Republic, approved by Ruhollah Khomeini

Social Safety Net

Extended families, joint land holding, and the social safety net were three bug Indians traditions (culture) are considered to be a problem. Taking away "social safety net" will cause Indians to evolve which also makes people and families self reliant so they don't depend on the tribe

Court-Packing

FDR's logic that age prevented justices from keeping up with their workload; he also wanted to expand the number of judges from 9 to 15 and install an age limit

Frances Perkins

FDR's secretary of labor and the nation;s first woman cabinet member, she captured the close relationship between the new unionism and the New Deal

Act for the Government and Protection of Indians (CA) (1850)

Facilitated removing CA Indians from their traditional lands, separating a generation of children and adults from their families, languages, and culture Provided "apprenticing"/indenturing Indian children and adults to Whites and also punished "vagrant" Indians by "hiring" them out to the highest bidder at a public auction if the Indian could not provide sufficient bond/bail. Wasn't for the protection of the Indians The state paid for genocide - bounty paid for every dead Indian Indians had no rights in court - could not testify against or for non-natives

Bay of Pigs Invasion

Failed invasion on Cuba done by the CIA and Cuban exiles attempting to overthrow Fidel Castro.

It is not common for shamans to have ambiguous gender roles inside society.

False

Mrs. Chen was not considered to be spiritually dangerous and was not going through a time of turmoil

False

Rituals DO NOT reinforce the status quo?

False

Witches are outwardly identifiable and acts of witchcraft are always intentional

False

Accusations of wit craft tear societies apart

False; witchcraft tends to produce order and cohesion

nuclear family

Family lifestyle designed to fix the "Indian problem". It is a male-dominant household molded after Anglo-American households, which was seen as a "civilized" lifestyle compared to the traditional Native American household.

Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse

Famous Natives who fought the US Army

Black Elk

Famous medicine man of the Sioux. He was a second cousin of Crazy Horse. Black Elk participated, at about the age of twelve, in the Battle of Little Big Horn in 1876, and was injured in the Wounded Knee Massacre in 1890.

Joseph Glidden

Farmer who received a patent for barbed wire in 1874.

Problems with allotment

Farming did not work (the land sucked, it was a different lifestyle for Indians, and it cost a lot of money to make non-farmable land good to farm)

Bonanza Farming

Farming to yield many results using machines instead of people

Civil Rights Act of 1964

Federal Legislation that outlawed discrimination in public areas based on race, gender, skin color, national origin, or religion.

Wagering Tax

Fee assessed by the state on gaming revenue, varies greatly across jurisdictions

Flapper

Female character motif who was a young, sexually aggressive woman with bobbed hair, rough cheeks and a short skirt, who would engage in bad habits; the style was frequently emulated

James Monroe

Fifth American president, last member of the Virginia dynasty

Range Wars

Fights farmers had over land, normally, they were because of poorly drawn borders around each farm

Viejas

First called Baron Long Ranch Some Los Conejos didn't agree with the split from Barona and bought their own ranches (were screwed over in long run) Burials were moved here from Capitan Grande

Gifford Pichot

First head of US Forest Service, he recruited many rangers and was a conservationist

reservations (1851)

First legal reservations were established in Oklahoma Reservations were made with he intention that the Indians would become "brown, white men" farmers Made to free up land for whites in the West by forcing Indians into small reservations.

Comstock Lode

First major U.S. discovery of silver ore

Alexander Hamilton

First secretary of the treasury, killed in a duel against Aaron Burr, 3rd VP, served w/ T. Jefferson. Federalist

Rugged Individualism

First seen in American Individualism, it stated that radicals "would assume that all reform and human advance must come through government", but progress must come from individuals

Reasons for Reservations

First, it wanted control over all the western territories. Second, many Americans wanted Native Americans to abandon their traditional culture and religions and live like white Americans.

Great League of Peace

Five Iroquois tribes would meet with each Great Council to decide on behavior and create stability

Biological

Focuses on evolution, genetics, and primatology. Ex. forensic anthropology.

Archaeology

Focuses on material remains. Focuses on particular time period of extinct culture. Ex. Cultural resource management

In Wolf's "The Woman Who Didn't Become A Shaman," what types of religions are discussed?

Folk Religion in northern Taiwan (Buddist, Taoist, and Confucian influences)

The Travel Act

Forbids the use of the U.S. mail, or interstate or foreign travel, for the purpose of engaging in certain specified criminal acts.

treaties

Formalize a nation-to-nation relationship, such as between the federal government and the tribes. Also when treaties are made, important decisions must be in regards to what each side receives. One side may rely have on a future promise (the trust relationship) while the other is more concerned about the current gain (usually land).

War Industries Board

Formed in 1917; it reorganized industry for maximum efficiency and productivity during WWI

Anastasio Somoza

Former president and dictator of Nicaragua, his pro-US administration was overthrown by the Sandinistas

Al Smith

Former presidential candidate (against Hoover), he was a conservative Democrat who viewed the New Deal's laws as socialistic

Kosovo

Former province of Yugoslavia where NATO (including the US) intervened militarily in 1999 to protect ethnic Albanians from expulsion

Henry Clay

Former speaker of the house who let Adams win the 1824 election, went on to become the Secretary of State

Federal recognition

Forms: Treaty-making until 1871 Administrative Action: Federal Process Fed. Gov. recognizes the tribe's pre-existing sovereignty, and acknowledges its responsibility to provide certain services (Indian Health Service,Bureau of Indian Affairs funding, etc.), and its ability to hold land in trust for the benefit of the tribe

Colonel Forsyth

Forsyth was in charge of the 7th cavalry at the time of the Wounded Knee

Ada Deer

Fought for the Menominees retribalization First Indian women to head the BIA (Bureau of Indian Affairs)

National Indian Youth Council (NIYC)

Founded in Chicago in 1961 unlike the NCAI they held many meetings on reservations and used publications such as Americans Before Columbus (ABC) to show nonviolent and funny ridicule of white society.

John D. Rockefeller

Founder of the Standard Oil Company

Clyde and Vernon Bellecourt Dennis Banks George Mitchell

Founders of AIM

Benjamin Franklin

Founding father from Pennsylvania and the oldest delegate. Wrote many proverbs.

Tenements

Four- to six-story residential dwellings, once common in New York, built on tiny lots without regard to providing ventilation or light

Détente

French for 'easing of tension', it is used to describe the new US relations with the PRC and the USSR in 1972

Encounter/ Contact

French: intermarriage + assimilation Spanish: assimilation + integration (relied on indian labor + recognized some indian rights) British: asserting superiority, prioritized resources (land) over labor Portuguese: asserted superiority (depended on African Labor)

Russell Means

From Lakota Sioux tribe; prominent member of the American Indian Movement

3 Major divisions of the Sioux

From left to right in the west Lakota, Nakota, Dakota

Denmark Vesey

Gabriel's rebellion, a failed slave revolt by a preacher with a slave revolt for an attack

16th Amendment

Gave Congress the ability to levy an income tax

Fourteenth Amendment

Gave birthright citizenship and prevented states from obstructing voting privileges; some state laws would work around this

22nd Amendment

Gave limit that President could only serve 2 terms.

What is generational historical trauma?

Generational historical trauma is a term to describe how trauma and its effects of trauma can be passed from one generation to the next. The Sioux at Pine Ridge continue to suffer from the events at wounded knee over 120 years ago. They have high poverty, alcoholism and suicide rates.

tribal DNA testing

Genetic testing that can provide clues to ancestral relations; also used to determine whether or not an individual is biologically related to one tribal group.

Franklin Roosevelt

Get attorneys and bankers who couldn't get hired to work for the Indians

How are shamans paid?

Gifts and generous compensations

Federal Trade Commission (FTC)

Government agency established in 1914 to provide regulatory oversight of business activity

Liberty Bonds

Government borrowing system where interest certificates were sold to finance American WWI effort

George Wallace

Governor of Alabama who was very opposed to desegregation and famously stood in front of a university being desegregated. Said "...and I say segregation now, segregation tomorrow, segregation forever!"

Grant's Peace Policy

Grant's decision to stop "resisting" Native people and make them assimilate to white Christian culture in 1850. This started the reservation system and boarding schools to Christianize Native children.

"Sinners in the hands of an angry god"

Graphic depiction of the underworld, a part of speech that was meant to warn agnostics

Lakota Sioux

Great Plains in the Battle of Little Bighorn, pushed off land after their victory; Sitting Bull was from this tribe

Slaughterhouse Cases

Group of cases resulting in one sweeping decision by the USSC in 1873 that contradicted the intent of the Fourteenth Amendment by decreeing that most citizenship rights remained under state, not federal, control

New Deal Coalition

Group that included traditional-minded white southern Democrats, big-city political machines, industrial workers of all races, trade unionists, and many Depression-hit farmers

Pre-Columbian Cultures

Groups/societies of people living in the Americas prior to European expansion and influence, these groups were tribes with their own belief systems and societal norms

Positives of Gaming Career

Growing industry, Global Perspective, Commitment to Diversity, Wide range of benefits

1854 Medicine Creek Treaty

Guaranteed the rights to hunt, fish, and gather in their usual and accustomed places to the Nisqually, Squaxin Island, and Puyallup tribes.

1937 Recession

Happened after a stock market collapse, and unemployment grew again

Berlin Crisis

Happened due to the effects of the Iron Curtain where Stalin blocked West Berlin making air the only way to reach. In Spring '49, aircraft gave relief to the people of West Berlin. Led to establishment of West (FRG) and East (GDR) Germany.

Suez Canal Crisis

Happened in '56 when Egyptian President Nasser nationalized the Suez Canal, previously part of the UK. Israel, the UK and France intervened, and Egypt was aided by the USSR to end the conflict.

Northwestern Securities Case

Happened in 1904, a case that held that the stock transactions constituted on illegal combination in restraint of interstate commerce

Immigrant Labor Conditions

Hard and long, about twelve hours in duration. They weren't paid a lot, and they had to use dangerous methods sometimes

Yellow bird

He was a sioux medicine man who was at the wounded knee massacre. He was chanting and screaming before the massacre took place. He was reminding the Indians that bullets would not penetrate their ghost shirts.

Emmett Till

He was killed after noticing a white woman, his corpse was mutilated and shown on television, aiding the Civil Rights Movement

Thurgood Marshall

He was the first African American justice appointed to the USSC

Military Industrial Complex

Heavy defense spending, opposed even by former General Eisenhower.

Dry Farming

Helped in times of drought, it tried to conserve moisture and then use it

Radio Corporations

Helped provide information on the war

Robert E. Lee

High-ranking general for the Confederacy, former Union commander

Conspicuous Consumption

Highly visible displays of wealth and consumption

Californios

Hispanic residents of CA that spoke English; Mexican resident of CA

What is historical trauma? Why have the Sioux not been able to overcome this incident?Why does the problem still exist?

Historical trauma is the emotional and psychological injury both over the life span and across generations, resulting from a history of genocide. The effects of historical trauma include: unsettled emotional trauma, depression, high mortality rates, high rates of alcohol abuse, significant problems of child abuse and domestic violence. Historical trauma is sometimes referred to as "multi-generational trauma." people of historic traumatic events like displacement, forced assimilation, language and culture suppression, and boarding schools, and it is passed down through generations. There is a sense of powerlessness and hopelessness associated with historical trauma that contributes to high rates of alcoholism, substance abuse, suicide, and other health issues. Increasingly, AI/AN prevention programs are using culture-based strategies to address the effects of historical trauma in individuals, families, and communities.

Southwest Indians

Hopi and Zuni, drought caused groups to decline - survivors became the Pueblo Indians who advanced in farming and irrigation

Watergate

Hotel and office complex that was the sight of a major scandal involving attempts to cover up illegal actions taken by administration officials, it lead to President Nixon's resignation and the scandal is named for the place

He granted Texas it's independence

How did Santa Anna save his life after being captured by Sam Houston? (HINT: freed something)

they are angry and continue to come

How do Anglos respond to the Mexican govt. trying to restrict their immigration?

keep slaves and make them indentured servants for life.

How do many Texans keep their slaves?

Paiute Economy

Hunter gatherers/Trade Semi-Nomadic lifestyle/ Paiute annual cycle Economic leveling mechanisms

What have you learned? How has this project changed you?

I have learned that the rights of Native American's matter. What we do to other people affects them in some cases over 120 years.

articulation theory

Idea that cultural forms will always be made, unmade, and remade. It helps us understand how previously disparate elements are conjoined into new cultural and social formations of borrowing, interpretation and reconfiguration. The whole question of authenticity is secondary, and the process of social and cultural persistence is political all the way back.

Stages of Opening a Casino

Identify new place, secure license, build, open and operate, return to state one in new jurisdiction

Impact on Native American Economics

Impact varies by tribe (positive or negative), provides public services to members, more money = more controversy, most tribes do not benefit

Dollar Diplomacy

Implemented by W.H. Taft, it was a 'weapon' where political influence would follow increased U.S. trade and investment.

Jane Addams

Improver of health, education, and welfare in urban immigrant neighborhoods, founder of the Hull House (while she was newly college-educated)

Hernan Cortes

In 1519 he found the Aztec empire in Tenochtitlan and conquered the city and due to disease (smallpox) wiped out the Aztecs

Dawes Allotment Act

In 1887 the government broke down the former systems of living into private parcels. Also forced patriarchal nuclear family ideals onto Native peoples

Sand Creek Massacre

In Colorado, the Arapaho and Cheyenne tribes were coming into conflict with the white miners settling in the area. Indians attacked stagecoach lines and settlements in an effort to regain lost territory. Gov. urged Indians to congregate at army post for protection before the war. One Arapaho and Cheyenne band, under Black Kettle, camped near fort Lyon on Sand Creek in Nov. 1864. Col. Chivington led a volunteer militia of drunken miners to the camp, where they massacred 133 ppl, Black Kettle escaped.

Pine Ridge Reservation

In South Dakota; Lakota was moved here

Medicine Wheel in Bighorn Mountains

In Wyoming; used by Crow youth for fasting and vision quests

What is the geographic range of the Sioux?

In both Dakotas, extending down toward Nebraska and the Western edge of Wisconsin, and north west corner of Iowa

What is the big point

In opening the West for settlement, the federal government relocated Native Americans. Native Americans and white settlers clashed over control of the land.

Battle of Little Bighorn

In response to white settlers penetrating Indian Territory in Dakota, the Sioux rose up in 1876 and left their reservation; bands of warriors gathered in Montana (under Crazy Horse and Sitting Bull). The army set out to bring them back to the reservation. Little Bighorn in Southern Montana in 1876, warriors surprised General Custer and 264 members of his regime, surrounded them, and killed every man. The chiefs had gathered as many as 2,500 warriors.

Relocation Act

In the 50's, the effort was made to remove Native people from the reservation and integrate them into the cities. By doing this, the government terminated their relationships with many tribes

Why do you feel that the Sioux Indians took to the Ghost Dance?

In the book "The Last Days Of the Sioux Nation," (page 60)the author says that the Sioux were distraught with losing the Black Hills, they had suffered a severe drought, they were starving, and suffered from epidemics. (Black Elk in his biography explains that his father, brother, and sister had died from illness.) When the Messiah stated that their ancestors would come back, this gave the Sioux hope.

Do you feel like the 7th cavalry was seeking revenge for the battle of Little big Horn?

In the book "Voices at Wounded Knee" (Page 276) Dewey Beard states that on the night before the Massacre six of them were questioned all night by a soldier asking which of the Indians had been at the Battle of Little Big Horn. There were also other statements that this was not true??

What did the Indians actually wear?

In the book "Voices at Wounded Knee" it states that according to a correspondent for the "Omaha World Herald," T. H. Tibbles he states that he found a large number of Indians whose only clothing consisted of a sheet. Used for a blanket, leggings made from old flour sacks, and moccasins. The clothing issue is usually made in November, but so far this year not one article of clothing has been issued.

Had the Soldiers been drinking?

In the book "Voices at Wounded Knee" on page 273 it states that Henry Cottier that the traders smuggled whiskey to the soldiers camped at Wounded knee Creek the night before the battle.

Concentration policy

In the face of white demand for access to lands in Indian Territory, a new reservations policy emerged, known as "concentration." In 1851, each tribe was assigned its own defined reservation, confirmed by separate treaties. The new arrangements benefited mostly the whites; it divided the tribes making them easier to control, it allowed the govt. to take over new land for white settlement.

overgeneralization

In this class, this term assumes that there exists a unified "Indian" culture. This presumes that differences between tribes do not matter. Many people stereotype "Indians" by using a mismatch of items and imagery that is drawn from a handful of unrelated groups.

Sentimentalism

In this era it was when there was extraordinary emphasis on sincerity and feeling; it especially pertained to women

Goliad

In what city does the Texas Rev. start?

Coureurs de bois

Independent French-Canadian woodsman who traveled in New France and the interior as fur hunters and Native negotiators

Supreme Court Ruling (1831)

Indian nations have full legal right to manage their own affaires, govern themselves internally, and engage in relationships with federal government

"Vanishing" perpetuated by 2 ideas about "race"

Indians are deemed to die out because of their biology and the various policies of assimilation (forced assimilation, & boarding schools)

Native Americans had no religion

Indians are deeply religious. Each tribe has its own religion

The two beliefs about "race" in the 19th c

Indians can become farmers ("civilized") and assimilate into white culture ("brown, white man") or Or they couldn't become farmers because of the inherent differences between biology

California Indians

Indians lived in independent villages and were fisherman and gatherers (Pomo, Costano, Luiseno)

"Checker Board" allotments

Indians now mixed with non-Indians Indians deliberately interspersed with whites Made going landholding impossible

Great Plains Indians

Indians were hunters because of the bison herds (Apache, Crow, Flathead)

Florence Kelley

Industrial reformer who advocated for the end of child labor

Miniconjou Lakota

Inhabited South Dakota from Black Hills to the Platte River; sub division of Lakota Sioux

Indian Sovereignty

Inherent authority to govern themselves established in the US Constitution

World Trade Organization (WTO)

International organization that sets standards and practices for global trade, and the focus of international protests over world economic policy in the late 90's

Barbed Wire

Invented by Joseph Glidden, it ended open range with boundaries and led to range wars

Refrigerator Railcar

Invented by Swift, the railroad advances did not need the long drives due to redundancy

Walter Winchell

Inventor of the gossip column, he wrote "Your Broadway" for the NY Daily Graphic

Gifts of the Spirit Richard W. Hill

Iroquois beads, lacrosse, Niagara

Carter Doctrine

It asserted the determination of the United States to protect its interests in the Persian Gulf

Dawes Severalty Act

It created reservations and the Bureau of Indian (Native) Affairs

Emergency Banking Relief Act

It enlarged federal authority over private banks; it also established government loans to the banks

National Housing Act

It gave federal funding for public housing and slum clearance

Social Security Act

It gave federal old-age pensions and unemployment insurance

Emergency Relief Appropriations Act

It gave large-scale public works program for the jobless, including the WPA

National Industrial Recovery Act

It gave self-regulating industrial codes to revive economic activity

Hatch Act of 1887

It gave states money to create agricultural stations

National Labor Relations Act

It had federal guarantee of right to organize trade unions and collective bargaining

Public Works Administration

It had federal public works projects to increase employment and consumer spending

War Service Committee

It helped get various agencies to interact and housed the Creel Committee, and advertized for recruitment

Fair Labor Standards

It provided for federal minimum wage and maximum hours

Resettlement Administration

It provided for relocation of poor rural families and for reforestation and soil erosion projects

Civilian Conservation Corps

It provided unemployment relief and worked for natural resource conservation

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)

It slashed extra taxes on thousands of goods throughout the world and phased out import quotas by the US and other industrialized nations

Tennessee Valley Authority

It started economic development and cheap electricity for the Tennessee Valley

Department of Agriculture

It took the responsibility of regulating food, products, trade, and it had to meet the needs of farmers

Montgomery Bus Boycott

It was sparked by Rosa Parks's actions, and was ultimately successful in ending transportation discrimination

Indian Education Act of 1972

It was the first Federal legislation to support Indigenous bilingual/bicultural materials development, teacher preparation, and parent and community involvement. This helped set the framework for placing Indigenous education under community control.

Pet Banks

Jackson's favored state banks that held deposits from the national bank

John C. Calhoun

Jackson's first vice president, was not a member of the Kitchen Cabinet

Kitchen Cabinet

Jackson's group of personal friends including Van Buren who advised him

Indian/Native Removal Act

Jackson's measure that allowed the state officials to override federal protection of Natives

Louisiana Purchase

Jefferson purchased the land from France with the thought of the land being the perfect for Indian settlement because it would be free from American settlement

Muckraking

Journalism exposing economic, social, and political evils, so named by Theodore Roosevelt for its "raking the muck" of American Society

Midnight Judges

Judges put into power by Adams after his defeat

End of Termination

Kennedy's cut funding Nixon gets rid of it

Lusieno

La Jolla, Pala, Rincon

Lost Generation

Label for American writers, artists, and intellectuals of the postwar era

Sharecropping

Labor system that evolved during and after Reconstruction whereby landowners furnished laborers with a house, farm animals, and tools and advanced credit in exchange

Knights of Labor

Labor union founded in 1869 that included skilled and unskilled workers irrespective of race or gender.

Battle of the Little Bighorn

Lakota Sioux ordered to return to their reservation They refused. 2,000 Sioux, Cheyenne, and Arapaho gathered near the river The leader of the Sioux, Sitting Bull, conducted a ceremonial sun dance. and predicted a win. It was a tremendous victory for the Sioux

What is the difference of the Lakota v. Sioux?

Lakota refers to the specific division of the Sioux, which is a general term to describe the three divisions. Sioux is sometimes considered to be a pejorative term

TED TALKS Name of tribe

Lakota//Sioux

Treaty of Ft Laramie

Lakotas. Second Treaty, comes after the US defeat by the Lakota Indians to stop the construction of the Bozeman Trail through Sioux territory. This treaty ended the conflict of the Red Cloud War, planted seeds for another war, and provided legal claim of the Black Hills to the Lakota.This treaty stipulated at some future date the Indians will relinquish all right to occupy permanently the territories outside of the US established reservation. Contained provisions for transforming Indians into farmers who would "compel" their children to attend school to be educated out of Lakota ways. Said the Sioux could hunt in the area as long as there were buffalo

Dawes//Allotment Act

Land divided amongst MALE householders and $ was suppose to be given to them A third of the land taken away from Indians Indians could become citizens

"Surplus" land

Land not assigned to Indian heads of households goes to white buyers, typically the best land

1887 Dawes Allotment Act and allotment system

Land was divided up for native americans

Mississippi Freedom Summer

Large voter registration effort in rural Mississippi organized by black and white civil rights workers in 1964.

Class III Gaming

Las Vegas style gaming

Wounded Knee, 1890

Last major Indian war of the 19th c. Indians are seen as a defeated population after this Whites came two the Lakota tribe after hearing about the GD resistance and after confrontation shots were fired and the whites massacred the Lakota

Ishi

Last surviving member of the Yahi tribe; was interviewed at length to try and help get idea of his culture

Bank Holiday

Lasted for four days in 1933, it was meant to shore up the country's ailing financial system

Morrill Land Grant Act

Law passed by Congress in July 1862 awarding proceeds from the sale of public lands to the states for the establishment of agricultural and mechanical colleges

Homestead Act

Law passed by Congress in May 1862 providing homesteads with 160 acres of free land in exchange for improving the land within five years of the grant

Stamp Act

Law passed by parliament in 1765 to raise revenue in America by requiring taxed, stamped paper for legal documents, publications, and playing cards.

Declaratory Act

Law passed in 1776 to accompany repeal of the Stamp Act that stated that Parliament had the authority to legislate for colonies "in all cases whatsoever"

Kansas-Nebraska Act

Law passed in 1854 creating the Kansas and Nebraska territories but leaving the question of slavery open to residents, thereby repealing the Missouri Compromise

Gramm-Rudman

Law that mandated automatic spending cuts if the government failed to meet fixed deficit reduction goals leading to a balanced budget by 1991

Black Codes

Laws passed by states and municipalities denying many rights of citizenship to free black people before the Civil War

Espionage & Sedition Acts

Laws with vague prohibition against making war effort used to crush dissent and criticism during WWI

Malcolm X

Leader and influential speaker of the NOI (Nation of Islam), which advocated for black separatism from whites by converting into (a different form of) Islam. Assassinated in 1965 after conversion to Sunni Islam.

Adam Fortunate Eagle

Leader of Alcatraz takeover

George Creel

Leader of Committee of Public Information; a Democrat and friend of Wilson who helped make the objective of the CPI to give news to the people on the war

Chief Joseph

Leader of Nez Perce. was ordered to abandon the last portion of their Oregon homeland Fled with his tribe to Canada instead of reservations. However, US troops came and fought and brought them back down to reservations

Oliver H. Kelley

Leader of the Patrons of Husbandry, a band of white Midwest farmers for 'social, intellectual, and moral improvement'; he also founded the Grange Movement

Big Foot

Leader of the Sioux tribe later killed in the massacre of Wounded Knee

Paiute Government

Leaders only have power in crisis Very egalitarian Flexible government

Du Pont Chemical Manufacturers

Leading company that specialized in fabrics, paints, dyes, and celluloid products; it previously manufactured explosives before 1918

Juan de Onate

Led a group from Mexico in search of settling - treated the New Mexico Indians violenty and was punished

Food Administration

Led by Herbert Hoover; it controlled food price, making them higher

The Beats

Led by Jack Kerouac and Allen Ginsberg, they shared a distrust of American virtues and celebrated new ideals

House Un-American Activities Committee

Led by R. Nixon, originally made to ferret pro-fascists, it later investigated "un-American propaganda" that attacked constitutional government.

National War Labor Board

Led by Samuel Gompers; it had many worker-oriented issues, such as supporting union rights and the idea of an 8 hr workday

Paiute Ghost Dance (1890)

Led by Wovoka as a syncretic religion that sought to prevent the complete assimilation of Indian people into white society

Sitting Bull

Led resistance to United States Gov. policies; supported Ghost Dance Movement

Encomienda

Legal American system under the Spanish Crown dealing with Native labor, much like slavery

GI Bill of Rights

Legislation in June 1944 that eased the return of veterans into American society by providing educational and employment benefits.

Northwest Ordinance

Legislation prohibiting slavery in the Northwest territories and provided the model for the incorporation of future territories into the union as co-equal tribes

Earl Warren

Liberal Chief Justice who served from '53-'69, who led Brown v. BOE case.

Psychological Theories

Life is boring, want to win, greed, attribution

Chinatowns

Like in NYC; Chinese went there after the laws were passed. They revolved around powerful orgs that functioned as something like benevolent societies &filled many of the roles that political machines often served in immigrant communities in E cites; often led by prominent merchants

What is liminality?

Liminality from the latinn limen "threshold" is an ambiguous state; "neither her nore there'; particupants are betwixt and between" social roles. Quality of ambiguity or disorientation that occurs in the middle stage of rituals.

A House Divided

Lincoln's speech at the Republican Convention, Lincoln said a house divided can't stand and either there will be slavery or there will not

Why is Paiute the "most" egalitarian?

Little political, economic or religious stratification Decisions are made by consensus

Northern Paiute

Lived in Great Basin of eastern California to western Nevada to southeast Oregon desert environment

James Mooney

Lived with the Cherokee for several years; studied Native Americans; ethnographer

Sutter's Mill

Located between Sacramento and San Francisco, it helped bring miners and aided railroads

Hull House Settlement

Located in Chicago, it was a slum area with educational facilities

Sod House

Log cabin-like houses built into hillsides, they were for temporary purposes

8 types of Gambling

Lotteries, Charitable Gaming, Parimutuel Wagering, Sports Betting, Casino Gaming, Shipboard Gaming , Native American Gaming, Internet Gaming

Huey Long

Louisiana governor who called for radical wealth redistribution, he helped the poor; in the Senate he supported Roosevelt but then turned on him, organizing the Share Our Wealth Society

Technical Name of Problem Gambling

Ludomania

Ghost Dance

Made by Wovoka, it was meant to convey the message of a good afterlife, but was interpreted as a war dance by settlers

Joint-Stock Company

Made of a group of investors who bought the right to establish New World plantations from the king

Jimmy Carter

Maine settlement

1963 March on Washington

Major protest in the height of the CR Movement. done in front of the Lincoln Memorial (blacks and whites), MLK Jr. made his famous speech.

Michigan Taxes

Make payments to both local and state governments, payment amounts only thing reported

John Wilkes Booth

Man who assassinated Abraham Lincoln

Francis Cabot Lodge

Man who built the world's first automated cotton mill

Lee Harvey Oswald

Man who shot and killed John Fitzgerald Kennedy. Just a day later, Oswald himself was killed (by Jack Ruby). An obscure political misfit.

Counterculture

Many alternatives to mainstream values and behaviors that became popular in the 1960s, including experimentation with psychedelic drugs, communal living, a return to the land, Asian religions, and experimental art.

Henry Cabot Lodge

Massachusetts Republican Senator, leader of the influential irreconcilables

Boston Massacre

Massacre on March 5 1773 during a colonist-soldier conflict, leading to 5 dead colonists.

Great Migration

Massive migration of African Americans from the former Confederacy into the northeast for new opportunities (1910s).

Columbian Exchange

Massive problems for society - plants and crops were now interfering with old plants, disease also was an issue, germs, war and slavery

Bureau of Indian (Native) Affairs

Meant to assimilate Natives to American society

Federal Highway Act

Measure that provided federal funding to build a nationwide system of interstate and defense highways.

1st Continental Congress

Meeting of delegates from most of the colonies held in 1774 in response to the Coercive Acts. The Congress endorsed the Suffolk resolves, adopted the Declaration of Independence Rights and Grievances, and agreed to establish the Continental Association

Anne Hutchinson

Member of the antinomianism which challenged the Puritan beliefs that led to her exile from their community

War Hawks

Members of Congress predominantly from the South and West who aggressively pushed for war with Britain after their election in 1810

George Whitefield

Methodist preacher who stressed emotionalism and spirituality (evangelism)

Vaqueros

Mexican-American cowboys, they were paid less than and were treated worse than freedmen

William Lloyd Garrison

Militant northern abolitionist who published The Liberator

Saddam Hussein

Military dictator of Iraq who ordered the invasion of Kuwait, he was not toppled by his disastrous war

How were the Lakota's Ghost Dance syncretic?

Millenariansim or "noisy" resistance

Protective Association

Mine owners' organization formed to stop unions

Myths about Gaming Career

Mob still runs it, the "backroom", and your degree equals CEO

Payouts

Money paid for winning wagers

Drop

Money that people use for the purpose of placing a bet

American "Exceptionalism"

Moral foreign policies compared to militarism and expansionism.

Plains Indians

Most widespread Indian group in W; a diverse group of tribes and language groups. Some farmers, some highly nomadic hunters. Cultures based on close &extended family networks & initmate relationship w/nature. Tribes subdivided into "bands" of 500 people; each had governing council, but decision-making process involved all members. Tasks divided by gender; religion=spiritual power of the natural world; proud &agressive warriors. A wall in the way of expansion that needed to be knocked down

Multiculturalism

Movement that emphasized the unique attributes and achievements of formerly marginal groups and recent immigrants

Present Day Reasons

Movements Exist today for De-occupation and Self Determination: 1.Legal Obligation 2.Native/National Kuleana 3.Unresolved Injustices 4.Modern Day Imbalances

Zande believe in witchcraft because they do not understand how the natural world works

NO, the collapsing granary example they know that nature does it, but "coincidence" does not exist.

Self Determination Example

Na'i Aupuni Created in December 2014 to help establish a path for Hawaiian self- determination Partially guided an election, convention and ratification process where registered Hawaiians are participating Funded by Office of Hawaiian Affairs (OHA)

Know-Nothings

Name given to the anti-immigrant party formed from the wreckage of the Whig Party and some disaffected Northern Democrats in 1854

Zimmerman Note

Named after German Foreign Minister A. Zimmerman, it was a telegram sent by the German Empire, bound for Mexico; it was intercepted by the UK and given to the US, which found out that Germany planned to form an alliance with Mexico to help Mexico regain land from the US which had seceded from the former. It led to the US declaration of war against the German Empire.

The Great White Fleet

Named so because of the gleaming white hulls, an armada (a fleet of ships) built for oversea power by congressional funds.

Intolerable Acts

Named such by colonists, they were acts imposed by the British Government in retaliation for the Boston Tea Party.

Marshall Plan

Names for Gen. George C. Marshall, it was a US plan to help war-torn Europe by aiding non-communist/socialist countries with $13 billion a year.

self determination

"Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act" - 1975 • away from assimilation and towards pluralism • allowing tribal direction of educational and federal services • by passing BIA and having congress make block grants to tribal governments • to improve educational services • at the worst of the in early 60's 11% of budget was actually making it to tribes, other part was used to maintain BIA 1978 American Indian Religious Freedom Act • to exercise traditional religions • trumped state laws involving use of peyote and such • class of laws that trumps state laws • related acts that preserve native American access to sacred sites 1988 Indian Self Governance Act allowed NA tribes to bypass the Bureau of Indian Affairs and reduced the power of the BIA

Mestizos/Zambos

"Persons of mixed origin" Spanish-Indian, African/ AmerIndian

Northwest Passage

"Sea route directly to the pacific ocean"

What does syncretism mean?

"quiet resistance", non violent which recast traditional beliefs in a way that is acceptable to the dominant society or hide them behind a facade of adopted beliefs and practices from the dominant society

epistemology

"theory of knowledge, especially with regard to its methods, validity, and scope. The investigation of what distinguishes justified belief from opinion."

what kind of relationship do shamans have with spirits and/ or other visible power?

"working relationship"

National Defense Education Act

'58 act that allocated $280 million in grants for state universities to upgrade their science facilities, created $300 million in low-interest loans for college students, and provided fellowship support for graduate students planning to go into college university teaching.

Robert LaFollette

'Fighting Bob', a man who banded many farmers together, he also wanted to reform the workplace

Enterprise Zones

(ex. Goodyear tires, coal, manufacturing) o Building facilities - gives them tax breaks and help them build buildings and also give them labor and train them o NO TAX on inventory!! Can store without paying o 80% had to be Native American o Unions cannot touch you - but have to pay them wage o You can pollute o 5th year - people getting cancer and so much pollution, loaned them $$ to clean the air o Cut welfare $$ from those Indians

John Dewey

(see earlier chapters) A reformer who believed that war offered great possibilities

Dillon S. Meyer

* post WWII policy shifts* Commissioner of Indian Affairs o Had been the director of Japanese- American Internment camps • They thought reservation living failed b/c they were not places that were economically viable • Substinence agriculture seen as ineffective • Wanted to end federal government controls • The "termination" policy • After war- rise of urban cities- the direction of their policies- wanted native Americans to share in econ growth rest of country was growing • Myer saw farming/ag as a lost cause • As soldiers came back from the war from the reservations- there was no economic possibility- he wanted to set up a program to relocate them from res's to industrial cities (RELOCATION) • ^^ Eisenhower administration • reservations = dead zones, don't want people to live there- if were going to disassemble the res system why not disassemble the "ward" system---- termination policy

What are some features of ritual?

*That adheres to a culturally defined ritual schema (that is to say, you can tell if it's a ritual or not.) * is closely connected to a specific set of ideas that are often encoded in myth (e.g nature of good and evil) *might give form to the sacred, communicate doctrine, or offer a pathway to the supernatural. *Secular rituals might not appeal to the supernatural but nevertheless relate to ideas about hhow the world works. (worldview) * Rights of passage

NAGPRA 1990

- Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act - addressed rights of Native Americans and Native Hawaiians to cultural items, including human remains, funerary objects, sacred objects, protection of burial sites, and objects of cultural patrimony

Indigenous vs. European borders

- No such thing as "the" or "a" Native American history/culture--there are hundreds of cultures, not a singular thing - There is more than one possible history

Indian Removal Act 1830

- a law passed by Congress on May 28, 1830 during the presidency of Andrew Jackson - to negotiate with Indian tribes in the Southern US for their removal to federal territory west of the Mississippi River in exchange for their homelands - removal of 5 specific tribes - creation of the reservation system

stereotypes

- a widely held, fixed oversimplified idea or depiction of a particular type of person or thing - the ideas and ways of thinking characteristics of an individual or group (usually tied to what is considered "norma/abnormal, good/bad", etc.)

methods of language revitalization

- areas of focus: adults, children, families - covert: linking linguistic revitalization to cultural revitalization movement, connective language activism to access to other social justice efforts (access to medical care & education, treatment with judicial systems, etc.), making language and speaking socially valued - language learning techniques/activities: 2nd language learning (classroom, textbook, multiple students to one teacher), media (creation of products, software devices, apps, etc. to teach language), immersion (target language is language of instruction and interaction at home and/or school), target activities (language learning centers around specific activities-- sports, arts, etc.)

Social movements -- areas of focus

- cultural maintenance/revitalization - legal and jurisdictional rights - human rights and social issues - broad cultural awareness and recognition

causes of endangerment

- factors leading to language loss: death of speakers, social, cultural, economic - overt: boarding schools, "civilizing" programs - covert: english/spanish/ other languages as medium for education/employment, prestige, language of modernity

three sisters

- farming technique - planting process of growing beans, corn, and squash together - strategy found throughout the Americas (specifically Eastern) - crops planted together allowed for smaller room to grow crops, supports and protects each other, and produces nutrients into the soil that the other crop takes - squash provides ground cover from corn, corn provides structure for bean to grow

slash & burn

- farming technique - trees cut down and burned on a plot of land - ashes made the land fertile for a few years - the farmers then moved to a new plot, allowing old plots to become fertile again - overtime, farmers cleared large areas of land

role of agriculture in indigenous societies

- farming: led natives to live in villages instead of moving place to place - food supply was dependable - populations grew - people began crafting-- pottery and weaving - developed ways to govern villages and distribute wealth

American Indian Movement (AIM)

- founded in 1968 - multi-tribal organization of action: more radical arm of organizing, taking over things in person, nonviolent protests and armed conflicts

National Congress of American Indians (NCAI)

- founded in Denver in 1948 - provides national leadership on issues facing tribal communities throughout the US - founding in response to termination and assimilation policies that the US forced upon the tribal governments in contradiction of their treaty right and status as sovereigns - tribal governments for the protection of their treaty - since 1944, NCAI has been working to inform public and Congress on the governmental rights of Native Americans and Alaska Natives

Borderlands

- geographical area(s) that is most susceptible to la mezcla (hybridity/mixing) - national/local borders/borderlands

Idle No More

- grassroots social justice movement - founded in 2012 - originated in Canada and spread through US - centered around sovereignty, rights to land, environmental concerns, and ongoing violence against Native people - organized through social media (#idlenomore, symbol: hand in air holding eagle feather) - concerns basically the same as AIM and NCAI except now through social media -multi tribal and multi national organizing

Pre-Columbian trade networks

- historically: hides/furs, beads (including wampum beads and "trade beads") - gaming

language endangerment

- language use and transmission declines, causing the level of linguistic competence that speakers possess of a given language variety is decreased, eventually resulting in no native or fluent speakers of the variety

literacy

- literacy never stands alone...it is always literacy for something...for civic responsibility and the preservation of heritage, for personal growth and self-fulfillment, for social and political change - the meaning of literacy depends upon to social institutions in which is embedded

Cahokia

- located in E Saint Louis on Cahokia Creek - largest prehistoric city north of Mexico - significant archaeological site - @ peak, may have had some 20,000-30,000 inhabitants - land very rich for agriculture/farming - once was the regional center for the Mississippian culture with many satellite communities, villages, and farmstead around it

Vanishing Indian

- myth that is difficult to control because it has so many different manifestations - reason for this is because of the inherent nature of the settler state which is to eliminate natives -introduced by Euro settlers, at the time they wanted to control natives and wanted their land, so they had to make indians disappear by assimilating to Euro culture or die

primitivism

- native americans are stuck in the past - evolutionally/culturally behind everyone

physical distance

- natives are always "over there somewhere" - not really sure where natives are located

background of Native American gaming

- originally part of tribal ceremonies and celebrations - Euro settlers destroy agrarian societies - replaced buffalo - integral part of tribal economies - large scale gaming starts early 1980s - one of few sources of employment and revenues for tribes - indian tribes in Cali and FL operate bingo games

two-spirit

- preferred term used by members of North American natives for the contemporary realization of gender and/or sexual variance - exact definitions of this identity/term vary across tribes, communities, and individuals

American Indian Religious Freedom Act 1978

- protect and preserve the traditional religious rights and cultural practices of American Indians, Eskimos, Aleuts, and Native Hawaiians - including access to sacred sites, freedom to worship through ceremonial and traditional rights, and used possessions of object considered sacred (ex. right to own eagle feathers)

#rocurmocs

- raise awareness and discussion about natives - social media campaign - participation regardless of location - invited all people who are native to wear moccasins out in public on certain day every year - goals: natives still exist, highlight the fact that all moccasins are different from different tribes-- uniqueness within Native American tribes - breaks expectations - community building exercise - increase awareness

Indian Gaming Regulatory Act 1988

- revenues must be used to: fund tribal government operations, provide general welfare for tribe, promote tribal economic development, donate to charitable organizations, help fund operations of local government agencies

anomaly

- something that deviated from what is standard, normal, or expected - ex. Native woman getting hair and nails done in salon

EZLN/Zapatista Liberation Army

- staged rebellion from their base in Chiapas, the southernmost Mexican state, to protest economic policies that they believed would negatively affect Mexico's indigenous population - later developed into a forceful political movement that advocated for Mexico's disenfranchised Indians

technological incompetence

- technology is not going to mesh well with Indians because they live in the past

current realities

- two spirit groups/societies all over North America - predominantly urban spaces that have large native populations - neighborhoods in US that were predominantly native - possible reasons natives may move to cities: jobs, opportunity, education

cultural distance

- we expect native culture to be really different - not able to identify what something is - very different than cultures/languages/music/dance that we are familiar with

Boarding schools as agents of assimilation

-"Kill the Indian; Save the man" -Forcing children to assimilate which separates the children from their parents culturally -Indians are made white here

The Dawes Act

--1887-1934, Henry Dawes(MA senator) --reservations were largely economic failures --Allowed the US government to survey Indian tribal land and divide it into allotments, which gave each male head of the household 160 acres of land --Recipients became citizens of the US --Destroyed NA communal lands, and opened millions of acres of "excess" land for settlers --Undermined NA culture by defining nuclear families and making them sedentary farmers --Part of assimilation --Supporters- new England pro assimilation people, and western- get land away from native people fast -- Land taken out of trust status- now paid taxes -- allotment of land was called "severalty" - code word for getting lands away from natives and into the hands of settlers

Impact of Dawes Act

--amount of tribal lands fall from 150 million acres to 78 million by 1990 • Other 72 million sold or used by military • Eventually 90 mil acres taken (1908-ish) • Railroads and big companies were buying up this land- and then selling it to other settlers • Also land prospects- oil? • For speculation, railroads, oil • terminated federal responsibility to native americans SERIOUS PROBLEMS • Many of these palces in S/N Dakota, Arizona- 160 acre land plot wasn't always viable and wasn't big enough for cattle grazing etc... • Land is given to individual households- culturally much more anglo than native American - many NA households were extended families living together (messy process) • These 160 acre plots got chopped up into 6 or 8 plots for growing family optimistic- land couldnt be sold for whites for 20 years

Problems caused by westward expansion

-Buffalo extinction (whites came and depleted the buffalo resource and killed them off leaving the Indians with less resources) this led to getting food rations -Indian wars

Na'i Aupuni

-Controversial topic -Support:Na'i Aupuni as an opportunity to make a difference in Hawai'i for Native Hawaiians today. As a ways to establish a Hawaiian government. Will allow for negotiations, relationships and funding with and from the US. -Opposition: Na'i Aupuni follows the path of decolonization when Hawai'i needs to go through de-occupation. Does not address the rights of all Hawaiian citizens. Supports a false history of Hawai'i.

Opinions on Sovereignty

-De-occupation (legal route for Hawaii based on political history) -Self-Determination models (ways to achieve independence)--Hawaii was never colonized -Americanization (patriotic to America) -Unaware/Not Decided

Modern Day Imbalances

-HEALTH--Diabetes, heart disease, obesity, cancer... -POVERTY--Lowest mean income and lowest per capita income -EDUCATION--Lower attendance in private institutions, enrollment in college and completion of higher degree. -INCARCERATION--2 times as likely to be incarcerated given a determination of guilt, longer prison terms and longer probation terms.

Native/National Kuleana

-Ku'e petitions -Family stories of sacrifice -Love of Hawaii

John Collier

-Post-WWI, he emerged as the leader of the American Indian Defense Association *Thorn in the side of Hoover administration (prez 1929-33) • John Collier appointed commissioner of Indian Affairs (BIA) during FDR's administration • Put together policies called "Indian new deal" • Religious freedom • More self government • Emphasize "the study of Indian civilization, including Indian arts, crafts, skills, and traditions" (not passed) • Reorganize land allocation system • Have special court for Indian cases (not passed) Indian Reorganization Act- • Not immediately effective, didn't change peoples lived immediately • Begin a mood in the other direction • Between 1920-1930 lowest native American population, began to improve 1930

relocation

-Providing support for people to move into cities -Not a well designed program, started haphazardly; --Ultimately not considered to have been very effective -Would teach them job skills and provided housing • There would be relocation centers w/I cities w/ job skills and permanent housing/ training • Around 1960- had offices in Chicago, LA, Denver—several places in CA, also in Dallas! -Chicago was huge destination "mecca" - a lot of PR-- pamphlets, posters -Chief Wilma Mankiller, first woman chief of Cherokee tribe in Oklahoma; created community development department within Cherokee tribe after experiencing poor urban lifestyle in relocation -Upsides: upper class Native American population did emerge (children of ppl in relocation program)

Legal obligation

-Recognized Independent Nation - Illegal Overthrow of Hawaiian Kingdom - Annexation of Hawai'i through a Joint Resolution - Statehood Vote - Executive Agreement of 1894

Peace Commission

-Set up after the Civil War in 1867 to try to negotiate peace on the plains -Native Americans were angry that they were denied citizenship even after fighting in the war -Instead of fighting, tried to make peace -The subtext was that "it was cheaper to feed and house people on reservations than fight them" -Congress and the US very weak after the Civil War -Organized reservations, gave annuities of clothing, isolated them from whites to try and stop the trade of alcohol and weapons

Self-Determination Models

-State within state -Nation within nation -Free association -Independence

Jefferson's "brown, white man"

-The Indians need to become "brown, white men" by becoming farmers -If they don't farm properly than the land they have been given should be given back to whites -Land that has been vacated in the east should go to whites

allotment

-move to "individualize" land holdings --ex. the Dawes Act --severalty: allotment of NA lands under the Dawes Act -150 million acres falls to 78 million by 1900 taken from tribal control -other 72 million sold or used by military -eventually, 90 million acres taken

Indian Arts and Crafts Act 1990

-states it is illegal to offer or display for sell, or sell any art or craft product in a manner that falsely suggest it is Indian produced, an indian product, or the product of a particular indian, indian tribe, or indian arts and crafts organization, resident within the US - Indian is defined as a member of any federally or state recognized indian tribe, or an individual certified as an indian artisan by an indian tribe

termination policy

-wanted to end ward relationship with native people. -No longer going to recognize Indian tribes. -Our only relationship with you is as a U.S. citizen -1952 Voluntary Relocation Program -transfer control of reservations to state (public law 280) -recognize individuals rather than tribes -repealed by Nixon administration after 15 years

Many of these companies continue to play a significant role in Hawai'i politics and economics particularly through land and holdings. The power of these companies and their wealth in Hawai'i is directly linked to the overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom.

...

The so called "ceded" lands are actually Crown Lands, Government Lands or Kingdom Lands. Rights/Title to these lands were never surrendered by the Kingdom to the US.

...

These lands in 1898 were "ceded" by The Republic of Hawai'i (Illegal/Unlawful to the Government) US Federal Gov.

...

alienation

...

emancipation

...

sovereignty

...

Great Sioux reservations

1) consolodate the land of the sioux 2) guarantee the safe passage of westward settlers in exchange for

To ensure regulatory compliance, regulators may use:

1. Advice or directives 2. Fines 3. Suspension 4. Conditions to continued 5. licensing 6. Revocation of the license

How do we classify religions?

1. Are supernatural phenomena manifestations of ,or under the control of, a particular being? 2. Can spirits be ancestral ones? 3. Is the supernatural understood as relating to a deity or set of deities with individual identities and recognizable attributes? 4. Is there one supreme being (monotheism), or are there multiple deities controlling aspects of nature and social life. (polytheism) 5. Would it be useful to consider the social organization of religious practice when classifying religions 6. What about classifying religions in terms of their geographic reach and culture influence? (e.g. world religions, indigenous religions) 7. 3What about the supernatural is impersonal rather than consisting of sprits or deities.

Licensing systems have five distinct characteristics:

1. Breadth - how many categories of businesses or persons must be licensed to participate in the industry, to prevent unsuitable persons from associating with or profiting from the industry, even through third-party relationships 2.Depth - which persons associated with the applicant/licensee must be licensed 3. Criteria - criteria that the regulatory agency considers when granting a license, including moral character, honesty, location, financial ability, association with unsavory characters, and business experience/suitability 4. Level of Review - the level of review may be full or limited 5. Standards - licensing determinations are the province of the regulatory bodies, and they have significant discretion in determining whether an applicant has met the appropriate standards

3 elements of gaming regulation

1. Implementation of accounting and audit rules 2. Enforcement of gambling statutes and regulations 3. Protection of the regulatory process

People reporting five or more of the following experiences might meet the criteria for pathological gambling:

1. Preoccupation with gambling 2. Needing to gamble with increasing amounts of money in order to achieve the desired excitement 3. Repeated unsuccessful efforts to control, cut back, or stop gambling 4. Restless or irritable when attempting to cut down or stop gambling 5. Gambling as a way of escaping from problems 6. After losing money gambling, often returning another day to get even ("chasing" losses) 7. Lying to family members, a therapist, or others to conceal the extent of involvement with gambling 8. Committing illegal acts such as forgery, fraud, theft, or embezzlement to finance gambling 9. Jeopardizing or losing a significant relationship, job, or educational or career opportunity because of gambling 10. Relying on others to provide money to relieve a desperate financial situation caused by gambling

States require regulation and licensing of casinos to:

1. Protect the public from abuse 2. Protect the public by assuring that certain people aren't involved in the gaming industry 3. Prevent the involvement in the industry of persons who could jeopardize the government's economic stake in the casino 4.Assuring the honesty of the games, to protect public perception of trustworthiness

two principal objectives in regulating accounting and auditing

1. To prevent non-licensed and unsuitable persons from profiting from the casino 2. To ensure that the government properly receives all the taxes it is due

most jurisdictions require casinos to implement problem gambling programs, which may include:

1. Training for employees who directly interact with gaming patrons 2.Requirements that the casinos post or provide in conspicuous places near gaming activity written materials concerning the nature and symptoms of problem gaming, and information on how to contact help lines or other entities that provide information and referral services for problem gamblers 3.Self-exclusion programs

Other IGRA policy goals are:

1.To shield the tribes from organized crime 2. To ensure the tribe is the primary beneficiary of gaming operations 3.To ensure that gaming is conducted fairly and honestly 4.To provide clear standards and regulation for the conduct of gaming on Indian lands 5.To establish an independent federal authority and standards commission to protect gaming as a means of generating tribal revenue

What is the blood quantum level for the BIA

1/4 to be considered an "Indian"

people in north mexico

10 million in North Mexico

Bering strait hypothesis

12-10k years ago, travel from Siberia across Beringia to Alaska

Zachary Taylor

12th President, a Whig who was a former war hero

Millard Fillmore

13th President, a weak man who took little action and eventually joined the Know-Nothings

Sohappy v. Smith

14 members of the Yakama Indian Nation filed suit against the Oregon Fish Commission Issue: Tribal Treaty rights on the Columbia River and its tributaries; regulatory power of the state of Oregon States could only regulate Indian fishing when necessary for conservation States must guarantee the treaty tribes a "fair and equitable share" of the salmon runs Tribes must be allowed meaningful participation in the state rule-making process

Franklin Pierce

14th American President, also a weak man

entrada period

1539-1598, characterized by violence

colonial period of new mexico

1539-1821

Irreconciables

16 of Wilson's republican opponents in the senate who refused to ratify the Treaty of Versailles; led by H.C. Lodge.

The Dawes Act (1887)

160 acres private lots of land were given to the all heads of households that they are supposed to farm The Indians could not sell the land for 25 years and if the allottees were good enough they became US citizens

Spanish era: mission period

1769-1821 pre-contact: population 300k-1mil (estimates unsure) During this period, population decreased to around 150k violence, oppression, disease, starvation assimilation and acculturation

Tea Act

1773, Act of Parliament that permitted the East India Company to sell through agents in America w/o paying the duty customarily collected in Britain, thus reducing the retail price.

"Golden Age" of the Sioux

1775-1851 Lewis and Clark are the first contact but it isn't sustained This is known as the golden age because this is the time before there was significant white contact and when the Sioux dominated the great plains

Whiskey Rebellion

1794, threat of attack by natives, international intrigue, and domestic unrest (mainly farmers); Washington sent 13,000 troops to occupy west Pennsylvania when in fact there were no riots there.

Andrew Johnson

17th president of the United States, he saw to the beginning of post-war reconstruction and was highly unsuccessful

Most casinos have an interest clause in their credit agreement, with percentages set by each individual casino. In Las Vegas, ___ is standard.

18%

Tenure of Office Act

1867 act stipulating that any officeholder appointed by the president with the Senate's advice and consent could not be removed until the Senate had approved a successor

Reconstruction Act

1867 act that divided the south into five military districts subject to martial law

Treaty of Fort Laramie

1868, it tried to restore peace to Natives but was broken with the discovery of valuables

Sherman Silver Purchase Act

1890 act which directed the Treasury to increase the amount of currency coined from silver mined in the West and also permitted the US government to print paper currency backed by the silver

Ghost Dance Religion

1890; New religious movement which was incorporated into numerous Native American belief systems; according to prophet Jack Wilson proper practice of the dance would bring peace and prosperity to native peoples

People's Party

1892-1908 aka the Populists It was highly critical of capitalism, especially banks and railroads, and allied itself with the labor movement.[1][2][3] Established in 1891 during the Populist movement, the People's Party reached its zenith in the 1894 midterm election, when it took over ten percent of the popular vote. Built on a coalition of poor, white cotton farmers in the South (especially North Carolina, Alabama, and Texas) and hard-pressed wheat farmers in the plains states (especially Kansas and Nebraska), the People's Party represented a radical crusading form of agrarianism and hostility to banks, cities, railroads, gold, and elites generally. It sometimes allied with labor unions in the North and Republicans in the South. In 1896, the Populists endorsed the Democratic presidential nominee, William Jennings Bryan, adding their own vice presidential nominee. By joining with the Democrats, the People's Party lost its independent identity and rapidly withered away.

Appropriations to buy land for "homeless CA Indians"

1914-1922, "Purchase of Land for Homeless Indians of California" 1923, California state assembly passed AB 1333 to set aside 1,488 lands for the tribes in Plumas, Lassen, and Modoc counties

American Indian Defense Association

1920's -rich, white, new england crowd -john collier emerges as leader -Built congressional support for changing native American policy before they as a people are gone completely -Mix of whites and Native Americans in membership • AIDA and society of American Indians (NA group) one their priorities was to build a legal division and file junctions and lawsuits o Disagreements inside groups- some still pro-assimilationist, others were in favor of letting native americans gain some land back and return to life how they wanted • Finally got behind- pressure federal government, create a commission and do a report

The Indian Citizenship Act

1924 after WWI This act showed progress in that Indians would not have to give up being an Indian to be a citizen of the United States. This included being an enrolled member of a tribe, living on a federally recognized reservation, or practicing his or her culture.[51] However, this did not create the right to vote automatically.

Meriam Commission Report

1928-- the problem of Indian Administration critical of federal policy recommended: o making bording school day schools o allowing tribal self government o more property protection o shift from "assimilation" to "pluralism" -accept cultural variation w/I American society - pluralism o hard hitting piece of analysis that went point by point through failures of American policy through past 100 years o criticized dawes act, and the taking of land, attacked indian service schools • a blue print for what was to be the policy of the FDR admin- the Indian New Deal

Federal Housing Administration

1934, extending government's role in subsidizing the house industry. Insured long-term mortgage loans made by private lenders for home building.

1973 AIM occupation of Wounded Knee

1973: started with Struggle against corrupt council(BIA) native americans occupied the land that the 1890 battle happened on got national attention and the gov. responded quickly to prevent more activists from joining in

Indian Child Welfare Act

1978 - is a Federal law that governs jurisdiction over the removal of Native American (Indian) children from their families. Some critics have complained that the existing Indian family exception requires the state court to determine what it means to be an Indian child or an Indian family, by applying tests to determine the "Indian-ness" of the child

The modern era of tribal gaming began with the passage of the Indian Gaming Regulatory Act, in

1988

Rutherford B. Hayes

19th US president, came after disputed elections

Current state of Indian gaming

2012 revenue was 27.9 billion, 420 gaming establishments, 240 tribes, 28 states

William Howard Taft

27th President of the United States, Roosevelt's handpicked successor

Woodrow Wilson

28th President of the United States, eventual World War I commander

Generally, casinos offer terms of ___ days from guest departure for repayment of the amount they borrowed. This term may be extended with the approval of executive management, usually for foreign or known guests.

30

Gerald Ford

38th President of the United States, a Republican

Jimmy Carter

39th President of the United States, a Democrat

Anwar Sadat

3rd President of Egypt, he signed the Camp David Accords, making Egypt the first Arab nation to recognize Israel and won the Nobel Peace Prize, but was assassinated

Ronald Reagan

40th President of the United States, a Republican

TED TALKS Life expectancy of a male

46-48

Peary Eskimos

6 Inuits brought to NYC in 1897 and lived in Museum of Natural History

Menachem Begin

6th Prime Minister of Israel, he signed the Camp David Accords to create peace with Egypt, but did not hold peaceful views on Palestine

people in the new world

75 million

TED TALKS What does he say the population was

8 million to 250,000

Reservations

: the "concentration" policy was replaced with a plan to move all the Plains Indians into two large reservations—one in Indian Territory (Oklahoma), the other in the Dakotas. The govt. poorly administered the reservations it established.

plenary power

???

Indian Removal Act (1830)

A "voluntary" swap (by treaty) of land in the East for lands West of the Mississippi River. Seen as being pro-Indian because it gave then Indians the gift of farming (the land that they were given to farm on were absolutely terrible)

Lusitania

A British ship. Shot and sunk by German torpedoes in 1915 and contributed to American entry into WWI 1,198 people died; 128 were American.

Jose Marti

A Cuban Poet and revolutionary who led nationalists in a revolt against Spain; he was killed in the Battle of Dos Ríos by Spanish troops.

James Buchanan

A Democrat and the 15th American President, a weak man who supported the South

Sussex

A French ship. Shot and sunk by German torpedoes in 1916 and contributed to American entry into WWI. Around 50 people died; this was a major turn for the worse in United States-German Empire relations.

John Peter Zenger

A German American who was jailed for writing anti-government ads.

Wovoka

A Indian holy man living in the Nevada desert who led an Indian religious revival in the 1890s. He claimed to have received revelations from the Great Spirit and preached that if his followers adopted certain rituals and lived together in harmony, the Indian dead would come back to life and whites would be driven from the land.

Brigham Young

A Mormon who helped Utah accede to the Union

Osama bin Laden

A Muslim fundamentalist who turned on the US following the military occupation of various Saudi locations

José Napoleón Duarte

A President and authoritarian leader of El Salvador, he was an ally of the Carter Administration

Separatists

A Puritan group that was appalled by the corruption of the English church, they went on to move to America

Cotton Mather

A Puritan minister who was largely responsible for the Salem Witch Trials

William Penn

A Quaker and friend of King Charles II who founded Pennsylvania for Quakers

Abraham Lincoln

A Republican opposed to slavery, future American President

Alfred J. Beveridge

A Republican senator (from Indiana) who knew overproduction was happening; he wanted new markets, new area for capital, and new work

Tecumseh

A Shawnee warrior who sided with the British to rebel against the Americans, ultimately died in the Battle of the Thames

Eugen V. Debs

A Socialist Leader who founded the Socialist Party of America, and ran (unsuccessfully) in the Election of 1912.

Park Chung-hee

A South Korean military general, president, and dictator, he was supported by various administrations in the United States

Martin Luther King Jr.

A Southern Christian leader who was a champion of Civil Rights

Sputnik

A Soviet satellite launched in 1957 into outer space. Created American fears due to possible space missiles, and formally commenced the Space Race.

USS Maine (ACR-1)

A US Navy ship destroyed ( due to a coal bunker fire) before the Spanish-American war near Cuba killing 266 soldiers. It was still a major spark in starting the war even though the Spanish (or anyone) were not the aggressors.

Robert Kennedy

A US Senator from NY who was almost the Democratic Nominee in the 1968 elections, but was assassinated by Sirhan Sirhan, currently serving a life sentence.

Schenck vs. United States*

A USSC case where it was ruled that if one violates the Sedition Act, they are subject to penalty, regardless of the 1st Amendment Rights.

Abrams vs. United States*

A USSC case where it was ruled that if violates the Espionage Act, they are subject to penalty, regardless of the 1st Amendment Rights.

Debs vs. United States*

A USSC case where it was ruled that if violates the Espionage and Sedition Acts, they are subject to penalty, regardless of the 1st Amendment Rights.

Bernard Baruch

A Wall Street speculator who led the WIB

Battle of Antietam

A battle with ~24,000 casualties, it allowed Lincoln to issue the Emancipation Proclamation; USA victory

The Other America

A book by Michael Harrington arguing that 1/5 of the nation (40-50 m people) suffered from bad housing, malnutrition, poor medical care, and other deprivations of poverty.

Silent Spring

A book by marine biologist Rachel Carson publishing the devastating effects of DDT and other pesticides.

Feminine Mystique

A book that revived the then-dormant feminist movement

Farmer's Alliance

A broad mass movement in the rural south and west during the late nineteenth century encompassing several organizations and demanding economic and political reforms

Operation Rolling Thunder

A campaign of gradually increasing airstrikes on North Vietnam. Due to initial success, people thought the US could win.

Andrew Carnegie

A captain of industry who wrote 'The Gospel of Wealth'; he was a Scottish immigrant who went from rags to riches

Dien Bien Phu

A city in Vietnam which was once the site of a French surrender in 1954. Months later, along the 17th parallel, Vietnam was divided into North Vietnam (DRV) and South Vietnam (ROV), meant to only last a few years.

Viet Minh

A communist militia set up during WWII to combat occupation from France, then Japan (at this point supported by the US), and later France again (by which point it lost US support). Led by Ho Chi Minh.

Fidel Castro

A communist revolutionary from Cuba who led the Cuban Revolution and overthrew American backed Fulgencio Batista and established a strong anti-American regime. Longest serving non-monarch of the modern world.

Vietnam

A country in Southeast Asia which was the site of multiple wars in the 50s and 60s. Split by the 17th Parallel as North (Communist) and South(Republic).

Cash Crop

A crop (such as tobacco) that would sell for a high price, helping the economy

ethnicity

A cultural identity defined in terms of shared traits race, ancestry, country of origin, skin color, religion, language, traditional culture, and shared customs.

My Lai Massacre

A deadly massacre perpetrated by an American Soldier in South Vietnam, W. Calley.

Roosevelt Corollary

A decree by Roosevelt giving the US the right to intervene in Latin American affairs, especially those found as threats to US security.

Television

A device that provided entertainment for the American people; it was one everyone had to have

Southern Manifesto

A document signed by 101 members of Congress from Southern states in 1956 that argued that the USSC's decision in Brown v. BOE contradicted the Constitution

Al Capone

A famous criminal known for selling alcohol, he demonstrated the gangster style

Chisholm Trail

A famous trail used to drive cattle overland from ranches in Texas to Kansas

National Organization for Women

A feminist group which pledged to take action to bring women into the mainstream of American society. Found itself challenged by Lesbians.

Rebel Without a Cause

A film about American middle-class teenagers

National Bank

A financial entity which was to establish financial order, clarity and precedence, credit overseas and locally, and to resolve the issue of counterfeit money.

A.E.F.

A force led by Pershing; led a brief yet powerful campaign helping France against the German Empire

Pieter William Botha

A former President and Prime Minister of South Africa, he supported apartheid and was an ally of Richard Nixon

John Smith

A former leader of the Jamestown colony, he used decree by martial law to establish rule and make the colony survive

Goodnight-Loving Trail

A frequently used trail, it was influenced by Cattle barons

John Winthrop

A governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony who instilled Puritan ideals and developed the "City upon a hill" theory

Anasazi

A group of Ancient Pueblo people who settled in the present-day southwest United States; first Americans to build permanent settlements

Iroquois

A group of Native Americans who aided the British against the French

Powhatan Confederacy

A group of Native Americans who worked with the English by teaching them survival skills, one member married an Englishman to establish an alliance

Fourteen Points

A group of ideals proposed by Woodrow Wilson in Paris during the treaty signing. MANY of them were rejected by the British and French, but the League of Nations amongst others was not.

Little Rock 9

A group of students who went against the segregated school system of Arkansas

American Union

A group which formed around the time of the Women's Peace Parade, it worked and lobbied against militarism

Konstantin Chernenko

A head of state of the Soviet Union, he succeeded Andropov but died quickly in office

Yuri Andropov

A head of state of the Soviet Union, he succeeded Brezhnev but died quickly in office

ideological/ideology

A highly contentious term most broadly referring to: attitudes, ideas, ideals, beliefs, doctrines, values, worldviews, moral views, and political philosophies acting as an interpretive frame of reference.

Napalm

A jellied gas used in chemical; used by the French when combating Viet Minh, and by Americans in the Vietnam War. Often attacked civilians

Pendleton Civil Service Act

A law of 1883 that reformed the spoils system by prohibiting government workers from making political contributions and creating the Civil Service Commission to oversee their appointment on the basis of merit rather than politics

Frances E. Willard

A lead figure of the woman's rights movement, the leader of the Knights of Labor, and the Farmer's Alliance

Anti-Imperialism League

A league formed by Bostonians in Faneuil Hall opposing the Imperial process, and either deeming native people "unfit to be Americans" or saying imperialism was immoral. Many prominent celebrities were members.

National Congress of American Indians (NCAI)

A lobbying group established in 1944, comprised of tribal leaders interested in unifying voices in their efforts to improve tribal relations with the US Federal government.

Trends of Gaming Career

A lot of opportunities for growth and large job satisfaction percentage

Elvis Presley

A major rock star who was popular amongst young Americans for his antics

Populist Movement

A major third party of the 1890s that formed on the basis of the Southern Farmer's Alliance and other reform organizations

Great Uprising

A massive strike where strikers were armed against the railway system, very socialistic in nature

Black Panthers

A militant (and now terrorist) organization formed first for black self-defense before becoming violent and bellicose.

NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)

A military alliance established by the US with Canada and most of Western Europe. Still around today.

Warsaw Pact

A military alliance established by the USSR with most of Eastern Europe. Dissolved 1991.

Viet Cong

A militia backed by North Vietnam formed by South Vietnamese exiles outraged by Ngo's brutal policies.

New Netherland

A more free and diverse community, there were more rights for slaves, women and religious toleration, the population was also diverse

Bosnia and Herzegovina

A nation in southeast Europe that split off from Yugoslavia and became the site of bitter civil and ethnic war, requiring NATO intervention in the 90's

Grange Movement

A national movement for social and educational organization through which farmers attempted to combat the power of the railroads in the late 19th century, one of its parts was the National Grange of the Patrons of Husbandry

Harlem Renaissance

A new African American cultural awareness that flourished in literature, art, and music in the 1920's

Man in the Grey Flannel Suit

A novel detailing the search for a world dominated by business, it detailed conformity

Women's Peace Parade

A parade of 1,500 women marching opposed to preparedness

relocation program

A part of Termination policies, this program offered one-way bus fare and the promise of assistance in finding jobs and housing in urban areas for reservation Indians, usually younger tribal members with more employable skills. 100,000 people, including kids, participated. This removed Indians from many of the protections of tribal sovereignty, and was intended to assimilate Indigenous peoples in cities far away from their homelands.

Welfare Capitalism

A paternalistic system of labor relations emphasizing management responsibility for employee well-being

Allotment

A piece of land deeded by the government to a Native American, as part of the division of tribally held land

Bartolome de las Casas

A priest, he denounced Spain for their poor treatment of the Native Americans and wrote an account about their lack of freedom

Peace Corps

A program formed from the New Frontier. Thousands of young people traveled overseas for ~2 years to help underdeveloped countries. Yielded modest results.

Nat Love

A prominent African-American cowboy

Crédit Mobilier Affair

A railroad scandal that did not put Republicans in a monopoly; insiders gave stock to influential members of Congress to avoid investigation into profits they were making

Bacon's Rebellion

A rebellion in Virginia's western frontier against the non-protecting, human-shielding government of the Virginian colonial government, done by young men frustrated by their inability to acquire land

Bartolomé de las Casas

A reformer who accounted much of the atrocities against Natives, he was very peaceful with them

Fundamentalism

A religious movement characterized by a return to fundamental principles, usually including a resistance to modernization and an emphasis on certainty through a literal interpretation of scriptures.

Ritual can be defined as:

A repetive social practice composed of a sequence of symbolic activities (dance, song, speech, gestures, ect.)

The Philippines

A republic formed by an archipelago near Vietnam. The country was once an American colony and commonwealth acquired in the Spanish-American War from the Spanish Empire.

Virgin Soil Epidemic

A result of the Columbian exchange - when disease attacks a community that has no immunity

What are revitalization movements? Why do they arise? What are their stages?

A revitalization movement is a deliberate and organized attempts by some members of a society to construct a more satisfying culture by rapid acceptance of a pattern of multiple innovations. Goal is to reconstitute a way of life that has been destroyed. Relatively abrupt culture change.

Sandinistas

A revolutionary group in Nicaragua that faced problems from within its country, Congress refused to help it

Transcendentalism

A romantic philosophical theory claiming that there was an ideal, initiative reality transcending ordinary life

The Plumbers

A secret organization formed by Nixon to halt troublesome leaks of information in conspiracy

Free association

A semi-sovereign political status in which the colonized nation is internally governed and enters into a political relationship with the colonizing nation which usually involved military/strategic rights Colonized for a number of years, set up a new government when decolonized. -Creating a new government system. -Very strong agreements, treaties with the military that was there before. Hawaii and America: if hawaii wants to de occupy: good terms with american military.

McNary-Haugen Bills

A series of complicated messages designed to prop up and stabilize farm prices

Radical Republicans

A shifting group of Republican congressmen, usually a substantial minority who favored the abolition of slavery from the Civil War's beginning and later advocated harsh treatment of the defeated south

The Donna Reed Show

A show that demonstrated the lives of members in the American middle class

Stono Rebellion

A slave rebellion that was highly successful; 20 slaves met at the Stono River and stole weapons, killed people, and liberated slaves, most were ultimately

Plymouth

A small settlement in Massachusetts made by the Puritans due to a fast approaching winter

Agrarian Society

A society dependent on agriculture, first put into use by Thomas Jefferson. Set the ground for the Southern States to depend on agriculture which would eventually contribute to the Civil War.

Popular Sovereignty

A solution to the slavery crisis suggested by MI senator Lewis Cass by which territorial residence, not Congress, would decide slavery's fate

Rock 'n' Roll

A style of music with a hard-driving, rhythmic approach to blues and country music with a riveting performance style; it was unpopular with the older population but popular with the youth

discourse

A system of statements that structure categories of thought (such as an academic discipline or a legal system), and shapes the way we act on the basis of those categories of thought.

Encomienda System

A system that allowed settlers to take over Native American lands as well as use them or slavery - however in the end the Spaniards controlled the natives

Tariff of Abominations

A tariff that protected industry and was used as a way to raise federal revenue

Hydraulic Mining

A technique that used the process of blasting high-pressure water at rock walls, it would flood farm fields

Copperhead

A term Republicans applied to northern war dissenters and those suspected of aiding the Confederate cause during the Civil War

"Camelot"

A term applied to Kennedy's presidency (based on the myth), used by Jacqueline Kennedy referring to the optimism of JF Kennedy's presidency.

Revolution of 1800

A term used to refer to when Jefferson won the elections of 1800. A revolution it was called; this is because Adams was not re-elected and Jefferson won the overwhelming majority.

Seward's Folly

A term which referred to Alaska upon purchase from the Russian Empire, directed by William Seward

Al Qaeda

A terrorist organization that formed to force American troops out of the Middle East

Scientific Management

A theory that stated that it is managers, not workmen, who make decisions

Boomtowns

A town made as a byproduct of people going to an area for mining

Ho Chi Minh Trail

A trail in Laos and Vietnam which served as a communist supply route; bombed on occasions by the US Armed Forces.

tribal nation

A tribal nation is usually defined as a domestic dependent sovereign in the United States.

Class III

A tribe may only offer Class III gaming after it enters into a tribal-state compact with the state. Class III gaming is co-regulated by the state and the tribe, and the compact governs how that co-regulation will occur, including governing any revenue sharing with the state. The tribe also must enter into an approve management contract for operation of a Class III casino.

Capitalism

A type of economic system where private owners own companies on production and making goods and services. Similar to a republic/democracy.

Yellow Journalism

A type of journalism which is illegitimate in its research and exaggerated in content; somewhat similar to muckraking though muckraking was more truthful.

Great Awakening

A wave of religious revivalism by Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield

Bill of Rights

A written summary of inalienable rights and liberties

Greensboro Sit-ins

AN event where four African American students sat down to eat at a white-only area, they gained supporters as time went on

Don't Talk, Don't Live Carol Snow Moon Bachofner

Abenaki language

13th Amendment

Abolished slavery throughout the United States of America

Legal Tender Act

Act creating a national currency in February 1862

Quartering Acts

Act passed by British Government stating that when asked, colonists had to house soldiers and pay at their own expenses.

Embargo Act

Act passed by Congress in 1807 prohibiting American ships from leaving for any foreign port

National Bank Act

Act prohibiting state banks from issuing their own notes and forcing them to apply for federal charters

Edmunds Act

Act that banned polygamy and declared it a felony

Food and Drug Act

Act that established the FDA, which tested and approved food and drugs before they went to the market

Adamson Act

Act that established the eight-hour workday

Civil Rights Act of 1866

Act that gave full citizenship to African Americans

Morrill Tariff Act

Act that raised tariffs to more than double their prewar rate

1993 Family and Medical Leave Act

Act that required large employers to allow workers to take unpaid leave for family or medical emergency

1921 Immigration Act

Act that set a maximum of 357,000 new immigrants each year

Hepburn Act

Act that strengthened the Interstate Commerce Commission by authorizing it to set maximum railroad rates and inspect financial records

US Forest Service Act

Act that worked to protect forests and the environment

Defense of Marriage Act

Act which specified that homosexual couples would be ineligible for spousal benefits provided by federal law

National Security League

Active in Banking in Eastern cities; it pushed for a larger military and more training

Missions Indian Federation

Active in ensuring that the rights of the displaced Indians were upheld and than an adequate amount of land would be purchased

Townshend Acts

Acts of Parliament passed in 1767, imposing duties on colonial tea, paint, paper, and glass.

Virginia & Kentucky Acts

Acts passed by Virginia and Kentucky legislatures stating that the constitution should only be a "compact ground" for states

TED TALKS What country has similar poor health

Afghan and Somalia

Benjamin "Pap" Singleton

African American leader, community builder, and former slave; he encouraged African Americans to build their own communities in the West. He later supported Black Nationalism and encouraged African Americans to move to Africa.

Exodusters

African American would-be farmers who left the South, most went to Kansas

exodusters

African Americans who settled western lands in the late 1800s

Harriet Tubman

African-American abolitionist who worked with the underground railroad

Pullman Strike

Aftermath of when Pullman cut wages and not prices, involved future Socialist leader Eugene V. Debs

Olegario Calac

Against 1st reservations Started to make violent threats when people being to actually try and help

Freedmen's Bureau

Agency established by Congress in March 1865 to provide social, educational, economic services, advice, and protection to former slaves and destitute whites; lasted seven years

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

Agreement reached in 1993 by Canada, Mexico, and the United States to substantially reduce barriers to trade

Federal and State Policies and American Indians Donald Fixico

All the different acts n stuff

Alger Hiss and the Rosenbergs

All three accused of being Soviet spies, Hiss given sentence for several years for perjury, the Rosenbergs executed. Only instance of executed spies during the Cold War.

Indian Gaming Regulatory Act (1988)

Allowed for casino like halls

Sherman's March to the Sea

Also known as the Savannah campaign, it was a South-devastating campaign that made use of total war and culminated in the capture of Savannah

Metis

AmerIndian and Euro-American mixed people - Indian and French

Red Power Movement

American Indian political activism in the 1960s and 1970s took place during a time when many groups were actively organizing, groups with branches of their movement dedicated to civil rights pursuits and branches of more radical Power groups. The Indian movement focused more on empowering the tribe, not individuals, the more common reference point for civil rights groups.

George Armstrong Custer

American army officer in the Civil War; he became a Native American fighter in the West and was killed with his troops in the Battle of the Little Bighorn.

Frederick Jackson Turner,

American historian; he developed the idea that the existence of the frontier made the United States distinctive.

America's Master Narrative

American history is a single narrative of nation building and unending progress that united the diverse participants in the country's past in a single American "experience." American historians tended to ignore or dismiss people whose experiences and interpretations of the past did not conform to the master narrative. "The Indians' story was not the American story; best to leave them out." (Calloway, 2-3).

James Oliver

American plow maker who developed a new plow with a sharper edge that helped farmers plow their fields with much less effort.

Cowboy Culture

Americans transformed the cowboy from the low-paid worker he rally was into a powerful and enduring figure of myth. In popular western novels ("The Virginian" (1902)), Americans romanticized his freedom from traditional social constraints, his affinity with nature, even his supposed propensity for violence.

Olaudah Equiano

An African involved in the British abolition of the slave trade

John J. Pershing

An American general leading troops, specifically the AEF in the European Theater ( was given the "General of the Armies," the highest rank possible)

Jamestown

An English colony in North America established through a joint-stock company, the first permanent settlement in British America

William Bradford

An English separatist and governor of Plymouth; he served for 30 years and established Thanksgiving

Samuel Slater

An Englishman who, with Moses Brown and William Almy, established a cotton mill

Indian Removal Act

An act passed in 1830 that granted the removal of tribes living in the South East to the Mid West, vastly changing their ways of life and leading to the death of thousands. Also called the Trail of Tears

Congress of Industrial Organizations

An alliance of industrial unions that spurred the 1930s organizational drive among the mass-production industries

Teller Amendment

An amendment put forth by Sen. Henry Teller (Colorado) to only help Cuba in its struggle for independence, and not annex it.

Alice Fletcher & "biological race"/Social Darwinism

An anthropologist that argued that there was no way the Indians could become civilized in reservations -American Indians were being "obstructed from their natural evolutionary progression" (biological race) by being in reservation

Free-Soil Party

An anti-slavery party that aimed to prevent slavery expanding into the former Mexican territories

Black Hills

An area with a large ore deposit

Shay's Rebellion

An armed movement of debt-ridden farmers in western Massachusetts in the winter of 1786-1787; the rebellion created a crisis atmosphere

Marbury vs. Madison

An early USSC court case where CJ John Marshall (Fed) ruled that the USSC could not force the executive branch to give Marbury his commission; he also ruled that the USSC could determine what was constitutional, and Judicial Review was established.

Tet Offensive

An early part of the Vietnam War. During this time, the Viet Cong and North Vietnamese captured many provincial capitals in the South until the US fought back; many casualties resulted on both sides. South Vietnamese civilians suffered.

Cpt. Alfred T. Mahan

An early president of the Naval War College who wrote The Influence of Sea Power upon American History, 1660-1873 (1890). The book defined foreign policy, and he thought that international strength rested on colonial power.

Boston Tea Party

An early protest done to show hatred for taxes and prices. Colonists dumped tons (literally) of tea into the sea, thus wasting British money and this lead to the Intolerable Acts.

Panic of 1819

An economic crisis that resulted from the War of 1812

Casino

An establishment where betting is allowed and is legal, and which may or may not contain other amenities such as bars, food service, lodging, retail, and so on. From the Latin word "casa", or "house," casino initially meant a public music and dance hall. By the second half of the 19th century, casino developed into entertainment centers with gambling halls.

Christopher Columbus

An explorer from Italy he studied the ocean and wind, he "found" the New World and started its colonization

Battle of Gettysburg

An extremely bloody battle seeing ~50,000 deaths, allowed Lincoln to issue the Gettysburg Address; USA victory

U2 Incident

An incident when an American Pilot did espionage and was shot down over the USSR. Damaged relations.

Juan de Sepulveda

An opposer of Las Casas, he wrote in his own book discussing the importance of colonization and Indian treatment

Interior/Exterior Landscapes Leslie Marmon Silko

Ancient Pueblo people elaborate burial traditions Sustainable practices of antelope people Pueblo potters "Landscape" is misleading because it assumes the viewer is outside of separate from the territory she observes

Conquest

Andrea Smith

The Case of His Countenance - Reading Andrew Montour James H. Merrell

Andrew Montour

What is Mana an example of?

Animatism

Animatism

Animatism describes belief system that posit the existence of an impersonal supernatural power (contrast with animism) -the believe that inanimate objects and nature has a consciousness and personality, but not an individual spirit

Who came up with the three stages of rights of passage?

Anronld van Gennep

McCarthyism

Anti-communist attitudes and actions associated with Joseph McCarthy in the early '50s including smear tactics, blacklists, and innuendo.

In the context of rituals, the essence of oneness and comradeship is often referred to as?

Anti-structure

San Carlos Reservation

Apache leader Geronimo fled the reservation he led raids on both sides of the Arizona-Mexico border for years. Geronimo's surrender marked the end of armed resistance in the Southwest.

Comstock Lode

Area in Nevada where they found a lot of gold but the most valuable ore was silver. Californians dominated the settlement and development of Nevada. Used quartz mining to retrieve silver from deeper veins

Measuring Blood Orrin

Argument: The Blood Quantum system is super flawed

Is Equality Indigenous Sally Roesch-Wagner

Argument: White feminism followed/was influenced by Native gender ideals

Whitewater

Arkansas real estate development in which Bill and Hillary Clinton were investors; several fraud convictions resulted from investigations into the place, but evidence was not found that the Clintons were involved in wrongdoing

War of 1812

Armed conflict between the USA and British Empire from June 1812 to January 1815 fought largely over British restrictions on American shipping

Who came up with the term "rights of passage"

Arnold van Gennep in (1909)

Long Drives

Around 700-1500 miles, they were when cowboys would take cows on long paths to sell them for $30 apiece

supremacy clause

Article VI of the Constitution, which makes the Constitution, national laws, and treaties supreme over state laws when the national government is acting within its constitutional limits.

The Celebrity Athlete

Athletes who were coveted by the media and were extremely popular such as Babe Ruth

Black Muslims:

Attracted primarily young men with Muslim message "act like a MAN!" Effort to reclaim dignity and head of patriarchal family Emphasize clean living, respect for women, success through well-run businesses Black nationalism View blacks as original humans Whites a later mutation Real language is Arabic, real religion is Islam, original homeland is the Nile Valley in Africa Nativistic- seeks to eliminate white customs and values

Ida Tarbell

Author of 'History of the Standard Oil Company', she documented Rockefeller ruthlessly squeezing out competitors with unfair business

Jacob Riis

Author of 'How the Other Half Lives', a portrayer of NYC's poor

Upton Sinclair

Author of 'The Jungle', he condemned the poor treatment of the lower class

Betty Freidan

Author of the Feminine Mystique, she based the work off several surveys

Frederick Jackson Turner

Author of the Frontier thesis, he stated that the US had the right to expand democracy

Jingoism

Nationalism by keeping a very aggressive foreign policy

American Indian Movement (AIM)

Native American activist group founded in 1968; fought for better treatment of Native Americans

Sitting Bull

Native American leader who became head chief of the entire Sioux nation. He encouraged other Sioux leaders to resist government demands to buy lands on the Black Hills reservations.

The Pueblo revolt (Pope's Rebellion)

Bad relationship between Pueblo Indians and colonists in 1680, led by a native religious leader, there was a massive revolt by the New Mexico Indians who banded together and retook over Santa Fe as well as ending some colonization and re-gaining freedom

Paiute: Band Band group/ territory Band Leadership

Band: 100-200 people Band group: Bands related by blood; control a specific resource in a specific territory Band Leadership: Not well organized: specific leaders are ad hoc, arise only when situations call for it, no coercive powers: easily replaced, rule by consensus

Panic of 1857

Banking crisis that caused a credit crunch in the North; it was less severe in the South, where high cotton prices spurred a quick recovery

Chinese Immigration Act of 1882

Banned Chinese immigration into the United States for ten years and barred Chinese already in the country from becoming naturalized citizens. Congress renewed law for another 10 years in 1892 and made it permanent in 1902.

Keating-Owen Child Labor Act

Banned children under fourteen from working in enterprises in interstate commerce without parental consent

Placer Mining

Basic methods of mining, ex. panning, sifting, and the like

Battle of Little Bighorn

Battle in which Sioux forces led by Chief Sitting Bull defeated a U.S. Army troop led by Lieutenant Colonel George Armstrong Custer

Battle of Fallen Timbers

Battle where Anthony Wayne defeated Natives which divided the Shawnees

1st Battle of Bull Run/Manassas

Battle where Northerners projected a victory, but the outcome proved the war would be long and full of casualties; CSA victory

Battle of Saratoga

Battle which foreshadowed, but did not determine, British surrender

Lexington and Concorde

Battles where the British first attacked, resulting in the start of the Revolutionary War.

Redefined families after Dawes Act (1887) (Allotment)

Because land ideally went to the adult males of the head of the household of patrilineal, nuclear families. Because of this extended families and and non-patrilineal families broke apart in order to get the land. (the opposite of Joint land holding)

Yes; Texas was Mexican territory

Before the Texas revolution, was Mexico independent of Spain? Was Texas a part of Mexico or Spain?

Native American tribes did not value women

Native American women often wielded considerable power within their tribes

Carlisle Indian School

Best example of assimilation of native americans "forced"

Why was Big Foot and his band of Indians away from their reservation?

Big Foot's band of Indians had fled their homes on the reservation because

Scopes Monkey Trial

Big trial of science vs. religion, a clear verdict wasn't actually found

Paiute Kinship

Bilateral Exogamy Neolocal Nuclear "close" extended family

Class II Gaming

Bingo and other similar games if authorized by tribal resolutions

indigeneity

Biological, cultural, and political groupings constituted in dynamic, long-standing relationships with each other and with living landscapes that define their people-specific identities. Not simply genetic ancestry.

Why did you paint your Ghost Shirts?

Black Elk in his biography "Black Elk Speaks" says that he made Ghost Shirts all day long and painted them in the way of his vision. He also took 6 Ghost shirts and 6 Ghost dresses to the Brules and they made some others just like the ones he gave them. On page 255-256 he describes his own ghost dance shirt. "The Last Day's of the Sioux Nation" states on page 86 that the Ghost Shirt was a saclike garmet of cotton or muslin ornamented , with painted circles, crescents, and crosses, and with designs symbolizing the eagle, magpie, and other birds and animals having special significance to the Sioux mythology.

Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)

Black civil rights organization (also aided by whites) where college students and other youths nonviolently protested for civil rights; participated in many freedom 'battles'

SCLC

Black civil rights organization founded in 1957 by Martin Luther King, Jr. and other clergy

Blizzards of 1886 and 1887

Blizzards that severely harmed the cattle industry

Theodore Roosevelt

Blue Lake - Saved 48,000 acres by setting it aside for the federal government

Russian Revolution

Bolsheviks (Communist) led by Vladimir Lenin violently overthrew the Russian government and established the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (EVENTUALLY the USSR), led to Russia leaving WWI

Poor Richard's Almanac

Book by Ben Franklin filled with wise words and proverbs that became extremely popular

A Century of Dishonor

Book by Helen Hunt Jackson condemning US policy towards Natives

How the Other Half Lives

Book by Jacob Riis that described the poor conditions the lower class was forced to cope with

Common Sense

Book by Thomas Paine that said the British System was tyrannical and for America; George III was a royal brute

The Jungle

Book by Upton Sinclair, a socialist tract set among Chicago packaging house workers

Howard Hughes

Bought up Vegas, but legitimate footprint on Vegas and Gaming

How did the move westward affect Native Americans?

Native Americans and their cultures faced extinction. Indians lost their land, homes, and food sources. If Native Americans would not settle down in one place, many Americans believed, their lands were available for the taking.

Native Americans were warlike and treacherous

Native Americans fought to defend their lands, sovereignty and way of life from invaders

Native Americans had no civilization until Europeans brought it to them

Native Americans were civilized. Their culture was distinct from those of Europeans

Executive Branch

Branch that executes the law

Legislative Branch

Branch that handles the making of laws

Judicial Branch

Branch that interprets the law

Loyalists

British colonists who opposed independence from Britain (aka Tories).

John Maynard Keyes

British economist who said each government dollar spent had a multiplier effect, pumping $2-3 into the depressed gross national product

Native Americans were conquered because they were inferior

Native Americans were conquered because of their lack of immunity to European diseases

Department of Energy

Bureaucratic organization that was designed to lower dependence on electricity

'Kinder, Gentler Nation'

Bush's ideals for his policy, it was meant to be somewhat distant from those of Reagan's

Impact of Wounded Knee

By the end of the fight, about 300 Sioux men, women, and children lay dead.This was the end of the bloody conflict between the army and the Plains Indians. To this day Wounded Knee remains a symbol of injustice toward Native Americans

Jefferson Davis

CSA president, he found it very difficult to unify the country; was ultimately imprisoned for two years

Proposition 187

California legislation adopted by popular vote in California in 1994, which cuts off state-funded health and education benefits to undocumented or illegal immigrants

Cherokee

Native Americans who were settled in the southeastern British America, today they live in North Carolina and Oklahoma

Organization of Petroleum Exporting (OPEC)

Cartel of oil-producing nations in Asia, Africa, and Latin America that gained substantial power over the world economy in the mid-to late-1970's by controlling the price of oil

General Malaise Speech

Carter's speech that blamed the American public for the energy crisis, it was met with severe criticism

Thomas Nast

Cartoonist who exposed William 'Boss' Tweed and Tammany Hall

Gibbons vs. Ogden

Case that prevented NY from gaining a monopoly over steamboat line to the inventor, Robert Fulton

Worcester vs. Georgia

Case where Cherokee fought Georgia in the USSC; they won by Marshall's decree but overridden by Jackson

McCulloch vs. Maryland

Case where USSC denied a state's right to tax federal property

Schecter vs. US

Case where the USSC found the National Recovery Administration unconstitutional in its entirety

Why must casino managers pay attention to politics

Casino profits depend on government decisions

Lord Calvert of Maryland

Cecilius Calvert, Lord Baltimore; he established a colony that was religiously tolerant of all types of Christianity in Maryland

Where are the Azande from

Central Africa (sudan, democratic republic of Congo central African republic)

American Medical Association

Certified medical schools, but did nothing to increase flow of new doctors. Did not want government to have power over public health, denounced Eisenhower's policies.

3 Elements of gambling

Chance, Consideration, Prize

Steve Wynn

Changed Vegas into a world class gaming destination

Nickelodeons

Cheap, storefront theaters that hosted various types of movies

Bozeman Trail

Cheyenne stepped up raids. The Sioux did as well. Sioux chief Red Cloud tried without success to negotiate an end to white encroachment The Sioux attacked a supply wagon train near Fort Kearny. When a patrol of some 80 soldiers tried to drive off the war party, the Sioux killed the entire group of soldiers.

Geronimo

Chiricahua Apache leader; he evaded capture for years and led an opposition struggle against white settlements in the American Southwest until his eventual surrender.

"Buffalo Bill" Cody's Wild West Show

Natives frequently fought each other on this show, it played a role in bringing easterners to the west but also formed western stereotypes

IGRA divides all gambling into three classes:

Class I: Game are low-stakes social, traditional and ceremonial games. Class I gaming remains entirely within the control of the tribes. Class II: Generally, Class II gaming is bingo, very broadly defined (including electronic games that look and function like slot machines, but are considered "bingo type" games), and non-banking card games, like poker. Class III: Class III is the residual class - it includes all other forms of gambling, including slot machines, lotteries, pari-mutuel wagering, and table games, including banking card games like blackjack and baccarat.

Tribes may only operate Class ___ or class ___ gambling if the state where the tribe is located also permits that form of gambling "for any purpose" and "by any person."

Class II or Class III

Pentagon Papers

Classified Defense Department documents on the history of the US's involvement in Vietnam, prepared in '68 and leaked to press in '71.

Edward Bellamy

Clergyman who highlighted discrepancy between Christianity and attitudes of the poor

Voting Rights Act of 1965

Closed anti-voting obstructions such as the literacy tests.

Levi Strauss

Clothing designer who invented blue jeans, they proved useful and durable to miners

Elouise Cobell

Cobell decision

Teddy Roosevelt

Coiner of the term 'muckraker', a man fond of conserving nature and the eventual 26th President

Alien & Sedition Acts

Collective name given to four acts passed by Congress in 1798 that curtailed freedom of speech and the liberty of foreign residents in the United States

New England Colonies

Colonies that housed Puritans and centered on trade

Middle Colonies

Colonies with more fertile land that were focused on trading

Patriots

Colonists who supported independence

State within state

Colonizing nation provides for a liaison agency between the colonizer and native people. -Creates the ability to have discussions. Bring their needs and concerns to the colonizer and solve the problem. EX: Hawai'i with America

who are the Taino?

Columbus finds them when he comes to the new world; native Caribbean people, noble savage/ redman, i.e., innocent, submissive, love nature, "civilized"

Medicine Lodge Treaty

Comanche, Kiowa, Cheyenne, and other southern nations to sign moved to reservations in what is now western Oklahoma.

Quanah Parker

Comanches leader

The Battle of Palo Duro Canyon

Comanches, Kiowas, and Cheyennes preparing a winter encampment in the Texas Panhandle. Colonel Ranald McKenzie sent in his cavalry. They slaughtered more than 1,000 Indian ponies and destroyed all food stores. The Indian Wars in the southern Plains were over.

George Washington

Commander-in-chief of the continental army, the leader chosen to represent New England forces

Mao Zedong

Communist leader during the Chinese Civil War who overthrew Chiang Kai-Shek (Nationalist) with support of many Chinese citizens.

Ford Motor Company

Company established by Henry Ford to retail automobiles

Virginia Company

Company named for Elizabeth I, provided nomenclature for Virginia; it was a joint-stock company

Republican Motherhood

Complex, changing body of ideas, values, and assumptions, closely related to country ideology that influenced American political behavior during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.

Missouri Compromise

Compromise in 1820 that permitted slavery in Missouri and all territories south of it (36°30′)

Peaceful Co-existence

Concept that the USA and USSR could exist peacefully with one another. It never came into effect in the 1950s.

Stamp Act Congress

Congress made to protest stamp act

National Defense Act

Congressional bill allowing an army of 220,000 & integrated National Guard under federal government

Fundamental orders of Connecticut

Considered the First written constitution of British North America

Northeast Indians

Consisted of hundreds of tribes from Cherokee to Iroquois - lack of authority until 1500s forming Great Councils

Oligopoly

Control of a market by a few large producers

Constitutional Convention

Convention that met in Philadelphia in 1787 and drafted the Constitution

Vigilantes

Cowboy

Blacklists

Created by the HUAC containing Hollywood personnel accused of being communists. Element of McCarthyism.

1877 Black Hills removed from Great Sioux reservations

Created by the original 1851 Treaty of Fort Laramie, which will basically turn all of the Black Hills and more into one massive reserve of land

Who is Wovoka/ Jack Wilson

Created the Ghost dance

Medicine Lodge Treaty

Created the Reservation Policy

Enforcement Acts

Criminal codes which protected blacks' right to vote, to hold office, to serve on juries, and receive equal protection of laws; if the states failed to act and enforce these laws, the federal government had the right to intervene

American Indian Literary Nationalism Robert Warrior

Critiques Alfred "the singular key to an indigenous future is tradition" Tohe's argument Says she generalizes using her own experiences Not everyone had as strong a sense of Diné tradition

"Ceded lands"

Crown Lands = 43% of Hawai'i ~ 1.8 million acres.

Consumer Behavior Theory External Factors

Culture, Social Environment, Economy, Legal

Chinese Exclusion Act

Curtailed Chinese immigration of ten years, it was meant to stop Chinese Americans from entering hard labor

Chinese Exclusion Act of 1887

Curtailed Chinese immigration of ten years, it was meant to stop Chinese Americans from entering hard labor

What is the Lakota prophecy

Dance and white people will disappear; the dead will return and so will the buffalo

Dawes Act

Dawes Severalty Act of 1887 provided for the gradual elimination of tribal ownership of land and the allotment of tracts to individual owners. Adult owners were given US citizenship, but couldn't gain full title to their property for 25 yrs; applied most to western tribes; aka the gradual taking of Indian Lands (fail)

Wovoka's prophecy & prescription?

Dead would be resurrected & reunite w/ living everyone would be happy free from death disease & misery

Lincoln-Douglas Debates

Debates between the two over slavery and the future of the Union

Effects of Problem Gambling

Debt, loss of employment, legal battles, mental issues, divorce, suicide

Massacre at Wounded Knee Creek

Dec. 29, 1890; James W. Forsynth and the 7th Calvary Regiment surrounded the native americans and tried to disarm them, while taking away their weapons someones went off causing the 7th calvary to start massacring them

Battle of New Orleans

Decisive American War of 1812 victory over British hopes of gaining control of the lower Mississippi River Valley

Monroe Doctrine

Declaration by President Monroe in 1823 that the West was closed to colonization and the USA wouldn't interfere in European affairs

Emancipation Proclamation

Decree announced by President Lincoln in September 1862 and formally issued on January 1st, 1863, freeing slaves in all Confederate States still in rebellion

Negative Economic Impacts

Demand for land and displaces existing expenditures

William Jennings Bryan

Democrat who ran against McKinley twice

William 'Boss' Tweed

Democratic Party leader who stole $10 million from the NYC treasury in bribe, he was viewed as corrupt and was a major political machine

oppositional definition

Describing a person or group by their differences from the self. For example, when the "Indian" is looked at through the viewpoint of the "white" man, and portrayed in ways that highlight how different "Indians" are from "Whites."

moralizing as description

Descriptions coming from outsiders that are actually value judgements. These descriptions don't say much about the Indians, but do reveal something about what the describer thinks about their own society, religion, and culture.

Great Basin

Desert Indians that were mainly gatherers and were influenced by the Great Plains (Southern Paiute, Ute, Shoshone)

Ethnic cleansing

Destruction of specific groups (ex: Indians: this can be either physically of culturally)

Manuel Noriega

Dictator of Panama who was captured by CIA-led forces

Ferdinand Marcos

Dictator of the Philippines, he was an ally of the United States government, especially the Nixon administration

There is No Word for Feminism in My Language Laura Tohe

Diné matrilineal customs

XYZ Affair

Diplomatic row between the United States and Napoleonic France where the Americans were outraged by the demand of the French for a bribe as a condition for negotiating with American diplomats

Ishi

Discovered in northern CA Lived in Berkley anthropology museum He was exhibited as the "last wild Indian"

Manifest Destiny

Doctrine, first expressed in 1845, that the expansion of White Americans across the continent was inevitable and ordained by God

King Philip's War

Done and led by Metacomet, it was a Native-English conflict which was considered one of the bloodies conflicts between them

Freedom Rides

Done by blacks and whites, took buses and toured areas in deep south to protest for courts to ban segregation.

Annexation of Hawaii

Done on behalf of Congress's Newlands Resolution. The act had been planned for a while, and the US Military overthrew Queen Liliuokalani and installed a protectorate before it became a territory in 1900.

Kent State Massacre

During a protest in Kent State University (Ohio), 28 National Guardsmen panicked and fired on students, killing 4 and wounding 9.

Why or how did you pick this topic?

Each of us looked on the NHD website for possible topics and our group got together and discussed them. We picked GD@WK because it had action, dancing, singing, drama, we felt we could incorporate musical instruments, and it fit the theme. It also was a topic that none of us knew anything about.

Democratic-Republicans

Early political party with ideologies including republicanism, Jeffersonian democracy (equal democracy) states' rights, and more.

Types of Motivation

Economic, Symbolic, Pleasure seeking

John Kenneth Galbraith

Economist who wrote "The Affluent Society", he believed that Americans had to spend more on services than on themselves

Lillian Wald

Education and women's rights reformer, she worked with Jane Addams toward the same purpose

Martin Van Buren

Eighth president who presided over bank failures, bankruptcies, and massive unemployment

John Collier/Eleanor Roosevelt

Eleanor was pro indians and appointed Collier as the head attorney for the Indians and made sure they were being treated with respect

Election of 1864

Election spurning Lincoln as a re-elect, it saved the Republican Party, results were affected by the fall of Atlanta

Election of 1992

Election that produced Democrat Bill Clinton as winner as opposed to President Bush and candidate Perot

Election of 1932

Election that produced Democrat Franklin D. Roosevelt as the winner over Republican President Hoover

Election of 1936

Election that produced Democrat President Roosevelt as the winner over Republican Alfred Landon

Election of 1896

Election that produced McKinley as the winner as opposed to Bryan

Election of 1988

Election that produced Republican George H. W. Bush as president as opposed to Dukakis

Election of 1824

Election where Adams defeated Jackson through the House of Representatives

Election of 1912

Election which produced Wilson as a victor as opposed to Roosevelt, Taft, or Debs

Positive Economic Impacts

Employment, Tax Revenue, and Spin off development

Deer Creek

Near Oroville, California

State Government Role

Negotiates compacts, Enforces compact provisions

comstock lode

Nevada gold and silver mine discovered by Henry Comstock in 1859

Hartford Convention

New England Federalists discussed secession, but the idea died out

John Brown's raid

New England abolitionist John Brown's ill-fated attempt to free Virginia's slaves with a raid on the federal arsenal at Harper's Ferry, Virginia, in 1859

Night Flying Woman, An Ojibwe Narrative Ignatia Broker

Nibowissegwe (Oona) a great-great-grandmother to many Minnesota Ojibwe, born during a lunar eclipse at a time when white influence in Northern Minnesota was just beginning to manifest

"Peace With Honor"

Nixon was maneuvering to bring this out, but Americans had already been too scared to accept 'honor.'

Is being a shaman very profitable/lucrative?

No

Capitan Grande

No farmland or water source Kumeyaay settlers - Los Conejos Turns into Viejas and Barona

Noble Indian v. boodthirsty Indian v. Vanishing Indian

Noble Indian- more submissive, simplistic Bloodthirsty Indian- mean, war-like Vanishing Indian- Disappearing, dying out

Paiute

North and South divided by Shoshone majority in Nevada

Yahi/Yana

Northern California in the central Sierra Nevada Mountains; massacred but Ishi the last known survivor was captured

Carpetbaggers

Northern transplants to the South, many were Union soldiers who re-settled in the South

San Pasqual

Not a reservation at this time

Ernest Hemingway

Novelist who wrote books depicting the war and its aftermath in world-weary and unsentimental tones

Fairness

Offer right price mix, and balance price/profit

Pueblo Religion

Olympian -Clown -Kachina -Dances

What changes can be done in the future? How we can change?

On September 13, 2007, The United Nations General Assembly Adopted The Declaration on Rights of Indigenous Peoples...The United States was one of 4 nations that did not Vote in favor. Still to be approved by Congress, A recent 3 billion dollar settlement to compensate indigenous tribes for unjust occupation of their lands is considered by American Indian activists as not enough to heal their wounds. On 16 December 2010, President Obama declared that the United States is going to sign the declaration. The decision was announced during the second White House Tribal Conference, where he said he is "working hard to live up to" the name that was given to him by the Crow Nation: "One Who Helps People Throughout the Land." Obama has told Native American leaders that he wants to improve the "nation-to-nation" relationship between the United States and the tribes and repair broken promises.

Korean War

One of the armed conflicts in the Cold War which started after the US established South Korea and the USSR established North Korea. After North invaded the South, many UN forces led by Gen. MacArthur intervened for the South, but the PRC and the USSR helped the North. Ended in '53.

trustee

One who holds and manages the trust corpus for the benefit of the beneficiary Trustee has the duty to preserve and maintain trust assets

Indentured Servants

One who typically gave servitude and labor for about seven years before becoming free, many did not survive through it

Anti-Federalists

Opponents of the Constitution in the debate over its ratification

pan-indianism

Organization of NA groups into more complex political and social units that will cross tribal lines Examples: The National Congress for American Indians, American Indian Movement, A sense of shared identity as Indians that transcended tribal boundaries. After 2nd WW there were a number of pan indian movements emerged that were trying to promote Indian issues and Welfare

Woman's Christian Temperance Union

Organization that appealed to women angered by alcohol-abusing men, it worked to stop alcohol sale, consumption, and production

Negro National League

Organized in 1920 by Andrew Foster, it allowed African Americans to play professional baseball

How did you conduct your research?

Our research utilizing the internet, movies, and books. We also conducted three interviews. We read detailed articles and books about the Sioux Indians and the Wounded Knee Massacre. The most important source was the biography of Black Elk, entitled Black Elk Speaks. In his own words, Black Elk describes what he witnessed at Wounded Knee and how this event shattered the dreams of the Sioux People; the loss of land, culture and the Sioux way of life.

Do you feel that your research was bias towards the Indian?

Our research was well rounded. One of our primary sources was from Hugh McGinnis who was the last living soldier from the 7th cavalry at the time that he was sharing his experiences from the massacre. He describes Wounded Knee as a MASSACRE. We also sourced three books other then Black Elks book.

4 Major Trends in Gaming

Outlaw to respectable, Individual owners to team management, low tech to high tech, focus on individual to focus on the masses

Civil Rights Act of 1875

Outlawed racial discrimination in theaters, hotels, railroads, and other public places

Truman Doctrine

Outlined containment policy, used in Turkey and Greece , and pledged to give $400 million to help them.

Treaty signing & allotment divided Lakota

Over time about 50% of Sioux land will be lost to treaties of allotment. The 1877 Manypenny agreement will reduce landholdings even further

Oregon Trail

Overland trail of more than 2,000 miles that carried American settlers from the Midwest to new settlements

Great Basin (4000 years ago)

Paiute's first appearance in the Great Basin Because of the location there was very little direct interaction with spaniards in the 16th-18th c.

Fugitive Slave Act of 1852

Part of the Compromise of 1850 that required the authorities in the North to assist southern slave catchers and return runaway slaves to their owners

French and Indian War

Part of the seven years war, this fraction was a war between the French and some natives against the British and the Iroquois. While New France was seceded, many people from the colonies and British commanders died. Mainly fought in Canada.

A shaman is like

Part-time religious practitioner

Republican Party

Party that emerged in the 1850s in the aftermath of the bitter controversy over the Kansas-Nebraska Act, consisting of former Whigs, some northern Democrats, and many Know-Nothings

Gag Rule

Passed by Congress in 1836 to stop abolition petitions

Fifteenth Amendment

Passed by Congress in 1869, guaranteed the right of American men to vote, regardless of race

The Dawes Act

Passed by Congress in 1887. Its purpose was to Americanize the Native Americans. The act broke up the reservations, gave some of the land to Native Americans. The government was to sell the remainder to white settlers and use the income from that sale for Native Americans to buy farm equipment.

War Powers Act

Passed by Congress in 1973; the president is limited in the deployment of troops overseas to a sixty-day period in peacetime (which can be extended for an extra thirty days to permit withdrawal) unless Congress explicitly gives its approval for a longer period.

Pacific Railway Act

Passed without Southern Democratic presence, it gave land from Nebraska through California to the railway companies

Economist Theories

People just don't know better, theory of conspicuous consumption, theory of personality traits, utility of wealth

Federalists

People who supported a strong central government; early political party with ideologies including nationalism and industrialism. The de facto party of George Washington

Ku Klux Klan

Perhaps the most prominent of the vigilante groups that terrorized blacks in the South during the Reconstruction era, formed by CSA veterans in 1866

Hundred Days

Period from March to June 1933 when FDR pushed through Congress an extraordinary number of acts designed to combat various Depression aspects

Bull Market

Period where stock market prices increased at roughly twice the rate of industrial production

Homestead Act of 1862

Permitted settlers to buy plots of 160 acres for a small fee if they occupied the land they purchased for five years and improved it; intended as a progressive measure; failed

The Rat Pack

Peter Lawford, Frank Sinatra, Dean Martin, Sammy Davis Jr, Joey Bishop. Refused to go in casinos that did not hire African Americans

Playing Indian

Philip Deloria

John Dewey

Philosopher who criticized the excessively rigid and formal approach to education found in most American schools such as 'The School and Society' and 'Democracy and Education', advocated creative intelligence

TED TALKS Reservation

Pine Ridge - POW #334

Frederick W. Taylor

Pioneer of scientific management, said managers must take decisions

Jonas Salk

Pioneered first-ever successful polio vaccine in '55.

Anaconda Plan

Plan made by the North to slowly defeat the South with various blockades to cut it off

Great (Connecticut) Compromise

Plan that established a national bicameral legislature where all states would be equally represented in the Senate and proportionally represented in the House

Ten-Percent Plan

Plan with state acceptance on reconstructed governments, it called for 10% citizens of Confederate States (based on the election of 1860) to swear allegiance to the USA

Contract with America

Platform proposing a sweeping reduction in the role and activities of the federal government on which many Republican candidates ran for Congress in 1994

Keeping Up with the Jones

Policy that each American family had to outdo its neighbors

James Weaver

Populist leader who ran on the national ticket in 1892

Massachusetts Bay Colony

Powerful colony established by the Congregationalists

Imperialism

Practice of taking over a smaller nation by a larger one; countries which perform this are normally called "empires"

tradition

Practices that maintain and reinforce a continuous connection within a group. Important note: traditions change, because cultures change. Importantly, no culture is "pure," static, frozen-in-time or unchanging; therefore, no traditions are pure or static or unchanging.

The New Frontier

President JFK's domestic & foreign liberal policy initiatives designed to reinvigorate sense of national purpose & energy. Examples included increased federal funds and minimum wages as well as upgrading colleges.

Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI)

President Reagan's program announced in 1983, it was meant to defend the US against nuclear missile attacks with untested weapons systems and sophisticated technologies

What are they doing to treat people affected by Historical trauma?

Prevention programs are using culture-based strategies to address the effects of historical trauma in individuals, families, and communities.

What are two broad categories of religious specialists?

Priests and Shamans

What are some reason of shamanic performances and rituals?

Private sessions and public ceremonies commorating deities

Olive Branch Petition

Pro-George III petition signed by some colonists in hope of reduced atrocities.

Charles Wetmore

Pro-Indian/Pro-Reservation Federal Official Commissioner of Mission Indians and laid a new era for San Diego Indians & issues of California native land rights Set up lands specifically for Indians that whites couldn't intrude on

Lecompton Constitution

Pro-slavery draft written in 1857 by Kansas territorial delegates elected under questionable circumstances; it was rejected by two governors, supported by Buchanan, and decisively defeated by Congress

Hawks vs. Doves

Pro-war sentiment vs. anti-war (peace) sentiment.

Initiative

Procedure by which citizens can introduce a subject for legislation, usually through a petition signed by a specific number of voters

Johnson's Impeachment

Process in which Congress tried to impeach Johnson (126-47 vote); Johnson decided to abide by the acts passed and barely (35-19 vote) avoided conviction by the Senate

Vietnamization

Process of South Vietnamese doing most of the combat rather than the US Armed Forces.

Player rating

Process used to determine the value of a player

Impressment

Process where Royal Navy members searched American ships and captured sailors, regardless of their nationality

Open Door Policy

Proclaimed by John Hay where the US could advance just as other imperial nations would.

Putting Out System

Production of goods in private homes under the supervision of a merchant who "put out" the raw materials, paid a certain sum per finished piece, and sold the completed item to a distant market

"War on Poverty"

Programs introduced by L. Johnson between 1963-66 designed to break cycle of poverty by providing funds for job training, community development, nutrition, and supplementary education.

The Federal Wire Act

Prohibits the operation of certain types of betting businesses in the United States:

Virginia Plan

Proposal calling for a national legislature in which the states would be represented according to population

New Jersey Plan

Proposal of the New Jersey delegation for a strengthened national government in which all states would have an equal representation in a unicameral legislature

Equal Rights Amendment

Proposed amendment which said men and women would have equal rights

Albany Plan of Union

Proposed by B. Franklin, it proposed all native settlements and western areas to be under one government.

Platt Amendment

Proposed by Sen. Orville Platt (Connecticut), it was an amendment which replaced the Teller Amendment and gave the US many rights over Cuba, effectively making Cuba a protectorate.

Lansing Casino

Proposed casino by Upper Peninsula American Indian Tribe currently in legal battle

Clarence Darrow

Prosecutor in the Scopes Monkey trial. he was a famous trial lawyer who argued in favor of Scopes

Selma to Montgomery March

Protest march where people were met with gunfire, took place in Alabama (Montgomery is Alabama's Capital)

Federal Emergency Relief Administration

Provided direct federal money for relief, funneled through state and local governments

Agricultural Adjustment Administration

Provided federal farm aid based on parity pricing and subsidy

17th Amendment

Provided for the direct election of Senators, done through William Jennings Bryan

Federal Workmen's Compensation Act

Provided injured workers with compensation benefits

Consumer Behavior Theory Internal Forces

Psychological Core, Problem Recognition, Information Search, Decision Making, Post Purchase Evaluation

Halfway Covenant

Puritan law that allowed children with baptized parents to become baptized; it came because too few second- and third-generation Puritans were willing to testify publicly about their conversion experiences

12th Amendment

Put the president and vice president on different ballots

Boldt Decision

RE: US vs Washington State, recognized the treaty rights of tribes regarding fishing, and allocated 1/2 of salmon harvest to Indian tribes. The court upholding the fishing rights is a significant example of the judiciary system holding consistent to the idea that treaties are the supreme law of the land and out of individual state's power.

race

Racial categorization is frequently based on differences of physical appearance. But these do not correlate with differences in genetic makeup. The placing of the term "race" in quotation marks is now seen by some scholars as a useful way of indicating that this manner of categorizing people is not based on any biologically valid distinctions.

Transcontinental Railroad

Railroad formed with the merger of the Union Pacific and Central Pacific

Union Pacific Railroad

Railway stretching from Chicago to Omaha

Central Pacific Railway

Railway stretching from Sacramento to Ogden

Stereotype- Native Americans have no religion.

Reality- Indians are deeply religious. Each tribe has its own religion.

Stereotype- Native American tribes did not value women

Reality- Native American women often wielded considerable power within their tribes.

Stereotype- Native Americans were warlike and treacherous.

Reality- Native Americans fought to defend their lands, sovereignty and way of life from invaders.

Stereotype- Native Americans had no culture until Europeans brought it to them.

Reality- Native Americans were civilized. Their cultures were distinct from those of Europeans.

Stereotype- Native Americans were conquered because they were inferior.

Reality- Native Americans were conquered because of their lack of immunity to European diseases.

Stereotype- Indians are a vanished race

Reality- There is a population of 2.1 million United States Native Americans today

Stereotype- Indians get a free ride from the government.

Reality- the benefits Native Americans receive from the government derive from treaty agreements, which purport to compensate them for the surrender of some or all of their invaluable lands.

Stereotype- Native Americans had nothing to contribute to Europeans or to the growth of America.

Reality- the contributions of American Indians have changed and enriched the world.

Types of Gamblers

Recreational gamblers, occupational gamblers, compulsive gamblers

Dawes Plan

Reduced German debt, stretched repayment period, and arranged for American bankers lend funds to Germany

Splendid Little War

Refers to Spanish American War (the Cuban front) since the war only lasted 16 weeks and cost less than other American Wars. In addition, fewer lives were lost.

self-representation

Refers to the act of representing oneself. Self-representation can act as a critical exercise of political sovereignty and can aid the process of decolonization by presenting, "cultural practices and sensibilities," without "explanatory apparatuses," often included in hegemonic discourses of indigenous peoples. (Raheja, pg. 1176).

black seminoles

Refugees from the Southeast combined forces in Florida; fulfilling the white citizenry's deepest fear in the Indian territories Seminoles were mistreated 1849 ruling that black Seminoles could be enslaved, escape to Mexico after being moved to Oklahoma

Many anthropological definitions of religion differ by:

Religion as a domain of culture Religion as a combination of actions and beliefs.

Second Great Awakening

Religious revival among black and white southerners in the 1790s

Clayton Anti-Trust Act

Replaced the old Sherman Act of 1890 as the nation's basic antitrust law. It exempted unions from being construed as illegal combinations in restraint of trade, and it forbade federal courts from issuing injunctions against strikers.

Wade-Davis Bill

Required 50% of a former seceding state's white male citizens to take a loyalty oath before elections and could be held for a convention to rewrite the state's constitution (also had to guarantee equal rights)

Economic Factors

Residents or visitors, where did the money come from, substitution effect, different tax rates, expenditure and employment multiplyers

Religious Freedom Restoration Act (NRFA) 1993

Restored religious rights to Indians - cannot impede the practice of their religion • Prior to this law is anyone is out in a forest and picked up a dead bald eagle or its feathers & if they were caught by a Ranger they would get in trouble (1,000-10,000 $$) • Indians were talking Claws/Talons of endangered animals that were DEAD

Richard Nixon

Richard Nixon 1. GETS RID OF TERMINATION (repeals) Gave land back to : 2. Taos (blue lake), 3. Yakama (ada deer) 4. Indian child welfare act o States cannot be in charge of indian adoption - Federal takes over Self Determination Cared about Indian Child Welfare QUAKER FOOTBALL

Hay Market Square Riot

Riot where anarchists threw a bomb during the main melee; the Knights of Labor was blamed and their role was severely damaged

Ghost Dance

Ritual dance by Plain Indians to hasten end of the world, dissapearance of whites, revilization of former cultures and hunting grounds, and reuniting with departed friends.

General Motors

Rival company to Ford Motor Company that made different automobiles for different people

Brain Trust

Roosevelt's group of close New Deal advisors

Rastafarians:

Roots in Marcus Garvey's "back to Africa" movement: "Look to Africa, when a black king shall be crowned for the day of deliverance is near" Haile Selassic- Ras Tafari- the immortal messiah Rejects consumerism and the pollution of white culture- "Babylon" Focus on "nature", ital. Taboos against eating meat, cutting hair, alcohol, and birth control Sacred use of "the holy herb" for wisdom and reasoning

Triangle Trade

Route amongst North America, Europe, and Africa which exchanged slaves

Policies of Lamar and Houston

Sam Houston's policies towards native Americans -Pacification and mutual defense -Policy towards N. Americans was one of peace and commerce -Align himself with natives in eastern Texas -- mentally divided Texas indigenous people to southeast and west --Southeast - sedentary, agricultural --West - more mobile, pasteuralist, depended on cattle, buffalo, etc. --- 1 and 3 prez of texas Mirabeau B. Lamar 2nd prez of texas -Expulsion and extermination, complete believer in expulsion by whatever manner in order to remove N. American people from Texas territory -Thought pacification, cooperation, and trade was a failure -Antagonistic relationship with native people -Believer in policy of expulsion to move them out of Texas -1830s- his policies led to ongoing war with them --Houston comes back as leader and reverses those policies

Indian Wars

Sand Creek Massacre, Colorado, Cheyenne raided ranches. Army officials offered amnesty, or forgiveness, if they returned to their reservation at Sand Creek. Cheyenne chief Black Kettle wanted peace. He led his people back.

American Holocaust David Stannard

Sand Creek, told through first person accounts

European views on Amer-Indians

Saw the Native Americans as being savages and without freedom, believed they dealt with witch craft, main opinions centered around "religion, land use and gender relations"

Teapot Dome Scandal

Scandal involving Interior Secretary Albert Fall, it was when he received hundreds of dollar in payoffs when he leased navy oil reserves

Iran-Contra Affair

Scandal where the US provided money received from an Iranian arms sale to provide that money to the scandal's nominal group to fight against the Nicaraguan government

Peggy Eaton Scandal

Scandal with Henry Eaton's wife where she was an alleged bigamist; Jackson defended her

Southwestern Hispanic Societies

Scattered from TX-CA; in NM centers of these societies were farming &trading communities Spanish est. in 1600s; lived alongside Pueblo Indians &some American taders &engaged primarily in cattle &sheep ranching. Major trading center=Santa Fe. Tribes included Pueblos, Apache, &Navajos

Sumner-Brooks Incident

Scene when Congressman Preston Brooks beat up Senator Charles Sumner on the floor of the Senate; attracted a horrified Northern and pleased Southern audience

Assimilation Schools

Schools meant to change the ways of Native children to be more like European-American children

John Adams

Second president of the United States and first Vice President.

Sons of Liberty

Secret organizations in the colonies formed to oppose the Stamp Act

Missouri Compromise

Sectional compromise in Congress in 1820 that admitted Missouri to the Union as a slave state and Maine as a free state and prohibited slavery in the northern Louisiana Purchase territory

Nullification Crisis

Sectional crisis in the early 1830s in which a states' rights party in South Carolina attempted to nullify federal law

Pueblo Economy

Sedentary, farming and agriculture but they also are hunter gatherers

What are the three main stages in rights of passage?

Separation, transition, and reaggregation or reincorporation

Indian Reorganization Act (1934)

Set aside reservations as we know them now, to be reserved for the benefit of entire Indian tribles

Settler colonialism

Settlers come and they don't go When settlers arrive, move in, and set up a social structure where they put Natives at the bottom and take their resources

Marshall Trilogy

Several acts by which Marshall ultimately ruled that Native people have less property over the land than whites (only as wanderers/nomads). This enforced rights of conquest and supremacy over the states

Paiute religion

Shamanic religion, Olympian religion-very individualistic without a lot of structure, shamans or "medicine" men or women speak with spirits, control weather, helped with healing

Rosa Parks

She refused to give up her seat on a bus in Alabama, sparking the Montgomery Bus Boycott

The Absolutely True Diary of a Part-Time Indian Sherman Alexie

Short story, poor Indian kid

How to Write the Great American Indian Novel Sherman Alexie

Shows the way Euro-Americans glamorize/fetishize certain aspects of Indianness, ignore, oppress others

Kellogg-Briand Pact

Signed by the US & 62 others, it grandly and naively renounced war in private

Sand Creek

Simon Ortiz

Appomattox

Site of the final battle of the Civil War where Lee surrendered to Grant; USA victory

Fort Sumter

Site of the first battle of the Civil War, at Fort Sumter, South Carolina; CSA victory

Panic of 1837

Six-year recession caused by the bank war and the disestablishment of the second bank

3/5 Compromise

Slaves were agreed to make up 3/5 an American citizen

Hoovervilles

Slums set up by homeless people, they were made up of cardboard shacks

Speakeasy

Small place where people could (illegally) drink and enjoy entertainment, they were in most urban areas and were secretive

Jamul

Smallest reservation -- SD county//Yuma//Baja Controlled by catholics

Class I Gaming

Social and traditional game

Fur Trade

Some of the first people to settle in America were the fur traders, it was also a connection between the French and Indians

Scalawags

Southern whites, mainly small landowning farmers and well-off merchants & planters who supported the southern Republican Party during Reconstruction

For Whom Sovereignty Matters Joanne Barker

Sovereignty

WHAT HAVE THE LAST 4 WEEKS BEEN ABOUT

Sovereignty making the Indians independent from gov't control

Exploration/Conquest Motives

Spanish led the exploration and wanted to spread Catholicism and find wealth and national glory

Meditations of the Spirit Inés Hernández-Ávila

Starts by delineating identity: Nimipu-Mexican descent, mother and grandmother, scholar, etc. "It matters very much who is speaking, about what, and from which particular social, historical, and political location" Sweat lodges

Granger Laws

State laws enacted in the Midwest in the 1870's that regulated rates charged by railroads, grain elevators, and other middlemen

American Indian Religious Freedom Act (1978)

Statement of Fed. Policy of greater sensitivity, tolerance, and respect for Indian religion Doesn't prohibit Fed. Agencies from adopting land use policies that conflict with traditional Indian beliefs Carries no judicially enforceable rights Native should be encouraged to use these places

Indian Child Welfare Act of 1978

States cannot be in charge of indian adoption - Federal takes over

American Indians Stereotypes and Realities Devon A. Mihesuah

Stereotype... Reality

Homestead Strike

Strike against Carnegie's steel company, federal troops had to subdue it

Coeur D'Alene Strike

Strike staged by miners against leaders

Referendum

Submission of a law, proposed or already in effect, to a direct popular vote with approval or rejection

Ulysses S. Grant

Successful general from the USA, he was originally in the west but then went south, also the 18th president, Republican

Social Darwinism

Superimposed that the brutal struggle for existence that supposedly dominated nature onto modern society, and underscored the principle of "survival of the fittest"

domestic dependent nations

Supreme Court Justice John Marshall used the term "domestic dependent nations" in the case of Worcester vs. Georgia "distinct community" with self government, "in which the laws of Georgia can have no force" can't cede lands or make treaties with/to foreign countries

Kumeyaay

Sycuan

Spoil System

System used by Jackson where most positions were given to his personal friends

TED TALKS What are the major diseases

TB, cervical cancer and diabetes

trail of broken treaties

Taking place in the fall of 1972, it was a nationwide movement by numerous American Indian organizations, including: American Indian Movement, National Indian Brotherhood, and the National American Indian Council. The protest was in response to numerous Indigenous issues such as living standards and treaty rights. After the protest reached Washington D.C., the President's administration began a stand-off with the group at the BIA Headquarters. While the group pushed for their "Twenty-Point Plan", the White House didn't budge. Eventually the conflict ended with the government making certain compromises and renegotiating certain treaty rights, while Indigenous activists made off with several important records from the BIA offices.

Navigation Acts

Tariffs that required colonists to buy and sell to England only (anything else had to come in from London)

Foreign Miners Tax

Tax placed on foreign miners that charged extra

Gilded Age

Term applied to late nineteenth-century America that refers to the shallow display and worship of wealth characteristic of that period

Where does the term shaman come from?

Term is from the Tungus of Siberia

Levitt-towns

Term to describe four larges suburban areas created by William Levitt, but they did have racist atmospheres

Corrupt Bargain

Term used to describe how Clay became the Secretary of State after let Adams become president

new world

Term used to name the Western Hemisphere and most specifically the Americas. "Before it became the New World, the Western Hemisphere was vastly more populous and sophisticated than has been thought-an altogether more salubrious place to live at the time than, say, Europe." (Mann)

Interstate Commerce Commission

The 1887 law that expanded federal power over business by prohibiting pooling and discriminatory rates by railroads and establishing the first federal regulatory and agency, the ICC

Federal Reserve Act

The 1913 law that revised banking and currency by extending limited government regulation through the creation of the Federal Reserve System

Lech Walesa

The 2nd President of Poland, he was a reformer and anti-communist

Dwight D. "Ike" Eisenhower

The 34th President and former General of the Army, a Republican who won races in '52 and '56, both against A.E. Stevenson.

John Fitzgerald Kennedy

The 35th President of the United States. Democrat. 1961-63, assassinated.

Lyndon Baines Johnson

The 36th President of the United States. Democrat. 1963-69

Richard Nixon

The 37th President of the United States, a Republican who was Ike Eisenhower's Vice President. Nearly impeached but resigned due to Watergate Scandal.

George H. W. Bush

The 41st President of the United States, a Republican

The Unlawful Internet Gambling Enforcement Act (UIGEA)

The Act prohibits gambling businesses from knowingly accepting payments in connection with the participation of another person in a bet or wager that involve the use of the Internet and that is unlawful under any federal or state law (termed "restricted transactions" in the Act).

Custer's Last Stand

The Battle of Little Big Horn, it was when General Custer died against a large alliance of Natives

Unresolved injustices

The Big 5: Powerful and influential companies in hawaii today that were owned and founded by the conspirators who overthrew the kingdom. 1. Castle & Cooke 2. Alexander & Baldwin 3. C. Brewer & Co. 4. American Factors (Amfac) 5. Theo H. Davies & Co.

Proclamation of 1763

The British government put the western region behind the Appalachians aside for the natives, even though colonists thought it theirs.

Hanoi

The Capital of North Vietnam and present-day Vietnam.

Saigon

The Capital of South Vietnam, now called Ho Chi Minh City and the largest city in Vietnam. A major place in the Vietnam War which fell on April 30, 1975, resulting in a communist victory.

1892 Chicago World's Fair

The Colombian exposition, it opened less than 2 months after an economic collapse; crowds gathered in more than 400 buildings with many domestic and international expositions

Bull Connor

The Commissioner of Public Safety who worked to deny black civil rights, implemented dogs and hoses.

New France

The French and the Indians had connections and were "respectful" to one another, accepeted one another and shared cultures

How does your topic fit the theme?

The Ghost Dance and the massacre at Wounded Knee fits the theme of turning point in history because it marks the death of a dream for the Sioux people. It also marked the end of the Indian Wars.

Indian Rights Association (IRA)

The IRA was an activist group founded in 1882 that fought to guarantee the rights of Indians that were given to them through treaties and statutes of the US. "The IRA did not interpret rights to mean that Indians enjoyed particular privileges and protections guaranteed to them as citizens of sovereign tribal nations; instead, they focused on the right of Indians to assimilate, even if Indians opposed such efforts." - (Rose Stremlau)

Indian Reorganization Act (1934)

The Indian Reorganization Act (IRA) offers federal subsidies to tribes that adopt constitutions like that of the United States and replace their governments with a city council-style governments Renewal of Government-to-Government and Trust relationship Ended the Dawes Act (Allotment Act) Reservations started emulating the U.S. Government Established credit fund to promote economic development gave preferential hiring to native Americans in the BIA giving them a bigger voice

Indian territory

The Indian territory was a very small portion of land in Oklahoma, Kansas, Iowa, and Nebraska. Many different tribes were shoved into a small plot of land with the removal process

Why did Indians (like the sioux) allot?

The Indians that do allot want to stop the further loss of Indian land; also because they think the government will take the land away, so might as well get something for future generations.

Ho Chi Minh

The Leader of Viet Minh and (later) the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam) until his death in 1969. An influential communist leader who was seen as a hero in Vietnam (mainly the North) who would have won elections if they were held.

Leonid Brezhnev

The Leader of the Soviet Union during the late 1960s until the early 1980s. Started "The Era of Stagnation."

Leonid Brezhnev

The Leader of the Soviet Union during the late 1960s until the early 1980s; started "The Era of Stagnation"

TED TALKS What is the defining event

The Massacre of Wounded Knee

Ngo Dinh Diem

The Prime Minister of the unified State of Vietnam and (later) the Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam); known for his brutal policies, especially persecution against Buddhists (he was a Catholic). A former Japanese collaborator backed by the USA until 1961 when he was overthrown and assassinated.

Henry Kissinger

The Secretary of State during Nixon's term, responsible for many foreign policy directives.

How does this project connect to us today?

The Sioux today still are struggling, they have not recovered from the death of their dream. Many suffer from historic trauma which contributes to high rates of alcoholism, substance abuse, suicides, and other health issues.

SEATO

The Southeast Asian Treaty Organization, formed by the USA, the Philippines, Australia, France, New Zealand, Pakistan, the UK and Thailand. Formed to block communism in Southeast Asia, especially in Vietnam.

Wounded Knee Massacre

The U.S. Army's killing of approximately 300 Sioux at Wounded Knee Creek in South Dakota

Cuban Missile Crisis

The USA-USSR confrontation in 1961 when missiles were discovered in Cuba placed there by the USSR. In this near-war incident, Khrushchev said he would remove the missiles only if the US removed missiles from Turkey (and Italy) and would pledge not to invade Cuba, which it accepted.

Containment

The United States' idea to keep communism from spreading, using espionage, an arms race, proxy wars, and bi-polarization of Europe.

What is your thesis?

The Wounded Knee Massacre was a turning point in American History that brought about the death of the Sioux dream of ever being free.

wounded knee incident

The Wounded Knee incident began February 27, 1973 when about 200 Oglala Lakota and followers of the American Indian Movement (AIM) seized and occupied the town of Wounded Knee, South Dakota on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation. The grassroots protest followed the failure of their effort to impeach the elected tribal president Richard Wilson, whom they accused of corruption and abuse of opponents; they also protested the United States government's failure to fulfill treaties with Indian peoples and demanded the reopening of treaty negotiations

Indigenismo

The acknowledgment that although Indians' role in the political and social development of Mexico had been minimized since independence, Indians and their culture were critical to the development of Mexico in the 20th century. policy of national intergration/assimilation formalized schooling Mestijaze as a nation-building project.

colonization

The act or process of establishing a colony or colonies. The colonial power works to dominate the colony, while the colony works to dominate indigenous peoples and lands.

Gambling and Gaming

The activity or practice of playing at a game of chance for money or other stakes. "Gambling" and "gaming" are generally considered to have the same meaning by the public and gamblers, but distinctions exist for (a) context (informal and/or illegal "gambling" versus formal and/or legal "gaming"), (b) advertising and (c) entertainment. "Gaming" or "gambling" are probably derived from the ancient Middle English word "gamen" which meant "to amuse oneself."

Salutary Neglect

The age of British treatment of colonies during the period preceding the Seven Year' War; England interfered in its colonial affairs as little as possible

Central Powers*

The alliance between the German Empire, the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria (and some co-belligerents).

Entente Powers*

The alliance between the Russian Empire, the British Empire, France, Italy, and many others (the United States would join in 1917).

The Dawes Act/ Allotment Act (1887)

The allotment of the American Indian land started in 1798. The Allotment succeeded in convincing the federal government to adopt the policy nationally. In 1887, Congress passed the General Allotment Act, which authorized the president (at the time Grover Cleveland) to survey Indian tribal land and divide the area into allotments for individual Indians and families. If the amount of reservation land exceeded the amount needed for allotment, the federal government could negotiate to purchase the land from the tribes and sell it to non-Indian settlers. As a result, 60 million acres were either ceded outright or sold to the government. After 1871, however, Congress declared that no further treaties would be made and all future dealings with Indian nations would be conducted through legislation Would fall under Attempted Assimilation time period Head of Household received 160 acres of land and fractionalized it by heirships

Wilmot Proviso

The amendment offered by David Wilmot (PA-D) in 1846 which stipulated that "as and express and fundamental condition to the acquisition of any territory from Mexico...neither slavery nor involuntary servitude shall ever exist in any part of said territory"

Juvenile Delinquency

The apparent rise in the youth population engaging in crime

Stephen Douglas

The architect of the Compromise of 1850, from Illinois

Mayflower Compact

The basic political and legal system of the colonies, and asserted that power came from the governed

New Spain

The biggest empire of urban areas and trade/ good exchange - also most populous area

Social Gospel

The bringing of religion and Christ into a question of working, a religious revival

Cherokee: "brown white man"

The cherokee openly accepted and tried to assimilate into white society by wearing western clothing, learning how to farm, and majority of them learning the english language.

Nisei

The children of the Issei

Stagflation

The combination of sky-rocketing prices, rising unemployment, and low economic growth

intertexuality

The complex interrelationship between a text and other texts taken as basic to the creation and interpretation of the text.

who should establish a working relationship with gaming authorities which those authorities should promote.

The compliance officer, compliance committee, board of directors and senior management

Compromise of 1877

The congressional setting of the 1876 election that installed Republican Rutherford B. Hayes in the White House & gave Democrats control of all state governments in the South

Vertical Integration

The consolidation of numerous production functions, from the extraction of the raw materials to the distribution and marketing of the finished products, under the direction of one firm

indigenous paradigm

The cultural standard based on the Indigenous people's values and view

Brown v. BOE

The decision that overturned part of the 'separate bu equal' clause, was a landmark in the Civil Rights Movement

Alan Freed

The disc jockey who popularized the term "rock 'n' roll"

What motivated Americans to move westward?

The east was becoming crowded. Migration was easier due to railroads. The West offered economic opportunities due to the gold rush. Businesses developed to cater to the miners. Stores and blacksmiths and hotels and saloons sprang up.

The First New Deal

The economic and political policies of the Roosevelt administration in the 1930's

Election of 1860

The election that was four-way and produced Lincoln as a winner. Sectionalism, though, was the true winner.

Chesapeake Colonies

The encompassing area which Jamestown was a part of; now, it is divided amongst Virginia and Maryland

Mass Culture/Pop Culture

The entertainment enjoyed by citizens

The "Indian Estate"

The entirety of Indian land occupation prior to contact; 97% of land lost from the Indian Estate by 20th c.

Mohammed Reza Pahlavi

The final Shah (emperor) of Iran, he was an ally of the United States but was ultimately overthrown in the 1979 Revolution within his country

Battle of Yorktown

The final battle of the revolution where the British surrendered under Lord Cornwallis

Mikhail Gorbachev

The final head of state of the Soviet Union, he implemented many reforms and was a friend of President Reagan

Jackie Robinson

The first African American to play in Major League Baseball, he marked symbolic progress in the Civil Rights Movement

Ruhollah Khomeini

The first Grand Ayatollah and Supreme Leader of Iran, he became the country's leader after the Shah was exiled; he also approved of the hostage crisis

Spiro Agnew

The first Vice President of Richard Nixon who resigned due to tax problems. Succeeded by Gerald Ford.

Sherman Anti-Trust Act

The first federal antitrust measure, passed in 1890; sought to promote economic competition by prohibiting combinations in restraint of trade or commerce

The Jazz Singer

The first synchronized motion and sound feature-length film, released by The Warner Brothers, released 1928

Forty-Niners

The first wave of people who went to mine for gold

What is mana also known as?

The force Luck Karma Mana in online video games world of warcraft

Trail of Tears

The forced march in 1838 of the Cherokees from their homelands in Georgia to the Native Territory in the West

Muammar Gaddafi

The former leader of Libya, he was an enemy of Ronald Reagan and was a dictator

Roger Williams

The founder of secular Rhode Island with intentions of separation from the Puritan church

Compromise of 1850

The four-step compromise which admitted California as a free state, allowed the residents of the New Mexico and Utah territories to decide the slavery issue for themselves, and established that slaves fleeing to a free state would be returned to the owner

James Madison

The fourth American President, a Democratic-Republican

Americans impact in the 1840-90s for the Sioux

The gold rush brought people out through the gold trails and Lakota territory

Iroquois Confederacy

The group of Iroquois that aided the British in the Seven Years' War, made treaties with Ben Franklin

Traditioning

The idea that religious texts are relevant to life today.

Land-Bridge Theory

The idea that the first America inhabitants crossed the Bering Land Bridge

New Conservatism

The ideology used by rightists highlighting anti-ERA, antiabortion, and the 'me' decade

cultural imperialism

The imposition of dominant culture on others typically spread through trade, the mass media, institutional replacement, and the internet.

Louisiana Purchase

The land (not just today's state) of Louisiana was purchased from Napoleonic France, where the entire land, as a bargain, was sold for $15,000,000 to Jefferson after purchasing it in April 1803.

Anaconda Copper Company

The largest (and most successful) western mining corporation, it owned the gold it found

Birmingham

The largest city in Alabama and one of the crucial areas in the Civil Rights Movement. A Freedom Bus was attacked here and led to end of Freedom Rides.

Southern Farmer's Alliance

The largest of several organizations that formed in the post-Reconstruction South to advance the interests of beleaguered small farmers

Battle of Wounded Knee

The last Army-Native conflict, it put the US in charge of Native policy

Removal

The law authorized the president to negotiate with southern Indian tribes for their removal to federal territory west of the Mississippi River in exchange for their ancestral homelands. This act caused division the US was trying to convince some tribal members to sign a treaty in favor of removal to west of the Mississippi River for ancestral homelands , and upholding that treaty over all others Violence: State militias, local vigilantes, and federal troops enforced removal Cherokee driven from their homes (1837) and marched on the Trail of Tears Lack of military support (from federal government to protect tribes)

Equal Rights Amendment

The law that demanded equal rights under sex be upheld throughout the nation, it was challenged by the New Right

Chief Joseph and the Nez Pierce

The leader of a tribe that had peace with the United States, but it was forced onto a reservation

Nikita Khrushchev

The leader of the USSR from '53-'64. Tried to improve relations with the USA but failed due to the Cuban Missile Crisis, the Space Race, and nuclear arms development. Also saw the Sino-Soviet Split.

Students for a Democratic Society

The leading student organization of the New Left of the early and mid-1960s.

Virginia House of Burgesses

The legislature which allowed for white-male property owners to vote, which in turn needed approval by the British Virginia Company

38th Parallel

The line of latitude which until 1953 divided the two Koreas. The DMZ, now occupied by the UN, took over this role afterwards.

William Westmoreland

The main US General serving in the Vietnam War. Attempted to use strategy of attrition (exhausting the enemy).

Teenagers

The main target 'audience of conformity and rebellion in many ways

Thomas Hooker

The man who found secular Connecticut as a proprietorship

influential concept

The manifest destiny becomes an ______________ concept for decades.

It united Texans

The massacre at Goliad and Alamo did what to Texans?

Horizontal Combination

The merger of competitors in the same industry

Middle Passage

The middle leg of the Triangle route in North America where slaves were deposited

Spanish Mission System

The missions were used to protect territory through settlements

"City upon a hill"

The model city for other people to look at and emulate

What is your most important source?

The most important source was the biography of Black Elk, entitled Black Elk Speaks. In his own words, Black Elk describes what he witnessed at Wounded Knee and how this event shattered the dreams of the Sioux People; the loss of land, culture and the Sioux way of life.

Berlin Wall

The notorious wall set up in 1961 to divide East and West Berlin and prevent direct travel between the two sides. Torn down in 1989. Many East-->West defections took place.

Indentured Servitude

The opportunity provided to Englishmen to go to the New World through 7 years of labor

Gang System of Labor

The organization and supervision of slave field hands into working teams on southern plantations

Soviet Satellite States

The other members of the Warsaw Pact, those being Poland, Czechoslovakia, Romania, Bulgaria, the GDR and Hungary. Albania and Yugoslavia were also satellites for short time.

Market Revolution

The outcome of rapid improvements in transportation, commercialization, and industrialization

racism

The patterns of discrimination that are institutionalized as "normal" throughout an entire culture. It's based on an ideological belief that one "race" is somehow better than another "race." It's not one person discriminating against another at this point, but a whole population operating in a social structure that actually makes it difficult for a person not to discriminate.

Silent Majority

The people Nixon would appeal to in order to increase war support; they were mainly former war veterans.

Non-Separatists

The people who did not want to separate from the British/English church

Promontory, Utah

The point where the Central Pacific and Union Pacific Railroads met, it was symbolically done with a golden spike

Comprehensive High School

The policy formed of making stronger education for children

Differentiated Instruction

The policy of catering to all styles of learning in the classroom (visual, hands-on, etc.)

hegemony

The power one group has, be it political, cultural, or economic, over another group or groups. Usually, this power goes unnoticed until it is challenged. The ability to force someone to do something without violence

Scripturalism

The practice of justifying beliefs and actions by reference to the religious text.

racialization

The process by which the identities of individuals or groups are reduced to "race" for political purposes.

Recall

The process of removing an official from office by popular vote, usually after using petitions to call for such a vote

Escalation

The process of rising. In this case, rising combat between Anti-Communist and Communist forces.

Acculturation:

The process whereby a culture received traits from a dominant society.

Silicon Valley

The region of California including San Jose and San Fransisco that holds the nation's greatest concentration of electronics firms

Ghost Town

The remains of boom towns, they were named because of their abandonment

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

The request to congress from Pres. Johnson to respond to North Vietnamese torpedoes fired upon USN ships. Began US intervention in the Vietnam War.

Radio Mania

The response to the new possibilities offered by broadcasting

Credibility Gap

The result of Pres. Johnson attempting to curtail the efforts of the media for presenting Vietnam information, as it was called. It caused a rift between what people heard and what actually happened.

Bear Flag Revolt

The revolt of California's independence from Mexico

sovereignty of the tribes

The right of Native American tribes to operate legal gambling is based

"Indian problem" (end of the 19th c)

The same as in 1783 Indians held too much land Indians still not civilized

Andrew Jackson

The seventh president, he won the Creek War, and was major commander of the Battle of New Orleans

Federalism

The sharing of powers between the national government and the states

John Quincy Adams

The sixth president of the United States; had a conflicting presidency

Snowbelt

The states in the American North and Northeast

Sunbelt

The states of the American South and Southwest

culture

The sum total of the ideas, beliefs, customs, values, knowledge, and material artifacts that are handed down from one generation to the next in a society.

domestic dependent nations

The term recognizes the inherent sovereignty of tribes, while acknowledging certain limits on that sovereignty. Nevertheless, there exists a government-to-government relationship between tribes and the US Federal Government.

Iron Curtain

The term used when Stalin cut off Eastern Europe from the West. The countries affected became Soviet Satellite States/Warsaw Pact members.

Were there any soldiers from the Battle of Little Big Horn at the Massacre on Wounded Knee?

The the book "Voices at Wounded Knee" on page 275 Dewey beard states that 19 officers and men in the 7th cavalry had been at the Little Big Horn.

Thomas Jefferson

The third president of the United States, previously Adams' vice president.

tribal sovereignty

The tribal sovereignty is defined as the internal self-governing system among people with same cultural background, language, and social structure. Treaties are an important component in terms of recognizing the tribes' legitimacy as independent nations. The Federal trust responsibility has been guaranteed by treaties; however, the tribal sovereignty has often been ignored by the U.S congress over certain issues. In addition to that, the idea of the tribal sovereignty is often challenged by the local government, which does not have any authority over the tribal affairs.

Northwest Indians

The tribes lived in independent villages, they survived through fishing, hunting and gathering (Chinook, Skagit, Nootkin)

Ghost Dance "pan-Indian"

The vast majority of the Lakota will at least adopt the GD it, 25-33% will actually preform the dance. It will take on a violent tinge, likely n response to the constant dispossession of the Sioux and the frequent warfare with white settlers in the Plains

smallpox

The virus discovered by Vancouver's crew killed 95 percent of Native Americans during 130 years who had no immunity.

King William's War

The war against the French and the Native Americans on the Canadian border

What was the most interesting thing that you learned from your research?

The whole topic was extremely interesting. We were shocked to learn how badly the Native American's had been treated. Austin--the most interesting and shocking thing that I learned was that 20 medals of honor were awarded for the wounded knee massacre. Which was the most ever awarded in a single battle. This for the killing of innocent women and children.

Paiute v. Lakota GD

Their Ghost Dances are practically identical except Paiute is more peaceful with their practice and Lakota are more violent can hasten the coming of the new world

The Great Society

Theme for Lyndon B. Johnson's administration, focusing on poverty, education, and civil rights.

Hail Mary Tanya L. Rathbun

Theme: Experience in Indian mission schools St. Boniface

Let's Spread the Fun Around Ward Churchill

Theme: Exploring the cultural, racial, aesthetic, historical, and political issues surrounding the Native American mascot issue

Historiography Philip J. Deloria

Theme: Grappling with the Western tradition of historical writing and raising the question of Native historiography 30,000 books written about Native Americans by 1997 - 90% by non-Native authors History is subjective

Institutional and Intellectual Histories of Native American Studies Russell Thornton:

Theme: History of forced education on Native Peoples Argument: Not much, pretty historical Early colleges Government schools Native American Studies

Speaking Writing Simon J. Ortiz

Theme: Indigenous peoples relationship with the written word Argument: Indigenous American people are among the world's foremost advocates of oral language; speaking-writing expressed continuing existence as Indigenous people

Native American Systems of Knowledge Clara Sue Kidwell

Theme: Native American epistemologies Argument: The Western popular re-imagination belies the sophisticated techniques that native peoples used to control their environments Purchase of Manhattan for $24 worth of beads and trinkets

Another America Mark Warhus

Theme: Native mapping/cartography/geography customs Argument: In order to appreciate it, one must suspend western preconceptions of what makes a map

Reflection and Revelation Vine Deloria

Theme: Reflective and Revelatory experiences - Indian relationships with the land

Rough Riders

Theodore Roosevelt's troops in the Spanish-American War.

Gospel of Wealth

Theory that hard work and perseverance led to wealth, implying that poverty is a character flaw, came from the Protestant work ethic

Mercantilism

Theory where economic power was rooted in a favorable trade balance and control of specie as such

Indians are a vanished race

There is a population of 2.1 million United States Native Americans today

What is the impact of white settlement on the Paiutes in the Great Basin

There was disease and famine, and there was a loss of hunting and gathering for the Indians to survive off of

How did westward migration change the entire nation?

There was more violence. People learned how to herd cattle. New business and new technologies helped develop post civil war America.

immersion school

These schools rely exclusively on the tribal language as the teaching and learning medium in effort to continue native languages through children

What did Americanization reveal about white Americans' views of Native Americans?

They believed that the native american rights were less than the settlers. The culture of the native people was to be eliminated. The government, however, gave the less productive land to the Indians and sold off the best land. Many Native Americans received near-desert lands unsuitable for farming. But even when Indians received good land, many could not afford the tools, animals, seed, and other supplies necessary to start farms.

H. Ross Perot

Third-party candidate who ran in 1992, he gained a decent portion of votes

Self Determination Act of 1975

This act refers to social movements, legislation, and beliefs by which the tribes in the United States exercise self-governance and decision making on issues that affect their own people. This Act allowed nations to have their own affairs and implement their own sovereign powers.

Manifest Destiny

This expression was popular in the 1840s. Many people believed that the U.S. was destined to secure territory from "sea to sea," from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean. This rationale drove the acquisition of territory.

assimilation

This is a few steps beyond "acculturation," in that the people from one culture become so adapted to a dominant culture that not only are their habits, dress, taste, language, expectations, etc., changed so as to fit into the dominant culture, but further, their ideas about what's normal, good, right and wrong—and their ideas about their identity as members of the dominant culture—are indistinguishable from the people of the dominant group.

California Senate Bill 18.

This is a state law • Tribes fought for this bill because it used to be their land but they don't live there now • They have to do any environmental impact report before they do anything • Has to do with sacred sites/archaeological sites • ONLY APPLIES TO NON FEDERAL PROJECTS • Have to ask Indians for their input

vanishing race

This term assumes that all Indians will be gone through assimilation or extermination. The end result concludes that there will be less "Indians."

Cattle Barons

Those with heavy influence on farms and ranches, they were rich and controlled the small farmers

Era of Good Feelings

Time of expansion and national development; from 1817 to 1823 in which the disappearance of the Federalists enabled the Democratic-Republicans to govern in a spirit of seemingly nonpartisan harmony

romanticized

To present things in a way that is not consistent with something that actually exists. To view things in a (positively or negatively) glamorized manner that is skewed from reality.

Boxer Rebellion

Took place in the Qing Empire (mostly modern China), the said nation fought eight others (including the USA) due to intense nationalism; the "Boxers" rioted and surrounded embassies leading to foreign nations crushing the revolt

Boomtowns

Towns that would pop up near mining areas that was practically built over night. It started out with some men looking for gold and living in tents. Then a farmer realized that they would need a supply of food so he went to that area. Merchants realized that these miners needed to purchase manufactured items, construction workers to build houses, and then the town needed entertainment. All this built up one right after another, after the mining and the gold moved out, so did the people &businesses; it became a Ghost Town

Regalia

Traditional outfits that are custom made and worn at certain times like potlatches, powwows, etc. These are not to be referred to as "costumes."

Which stages of rights of passage did Victor Turner give special attention to?

Transformation

Treaty Making

Treaties were used to maintain peace w/ tribes and to purchase Indian Lands Treaties negotiated with California Indians 1851-1852 • 18 treaties, approx. 8 million acres • Signatories persuaded to leave their lands and congregate on reserves, where they would receive supplies and protection • Not ratified, because of pressure from CA settlers, miners, developer • Hidden until 1905

Transcontinental Treaty of 1819

Treaty between the US and Spain where Spain ceded Florida to the US, surrendered the Pacific Northwest and agreed to a boundary between the Louisiana Purchase territory and Spanish Southwest

Rush-Bagot Treaty of 1817

Treaty between the US and UK that demilitarized the Great Lakes by sharply limiting the number of ships each power could station on them

Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo

Treaty of Mexican secession, it ended the war

SALT I

Treaty signed by the US & USSR to slow the nuclear arms race

Treaty of Ghent

Treaty signed in December 1814 between the US and UK that ended the war of 1812

Treaty of Versailles

Treaty signed in Versailles, France, officially declared WWI over. Devised by France and the United Kingdom, not ratified by the United States senate.

Treaty of Fort Wayne

Treaty which allowed the USA to gain 3 million acres of Delaware and Potawatomi land in Indiana

Jay's Treaty

Treaty with the Kingdom of Great Britain negotiated in 1794 where the US made major concessions to avert a war over the British seizure of US ships

Pinckney's Treaty

Treaty with the Kingdom of Spain, boundary at 31st parallel was established so Mississippi river was opened to US for trade

Who decides tribal membership?

Tribe

Pueblo Kinship

Tribe level (Eastern) Bilateral (western) Matrilineal

Buffalo

Tribes would move thru grasslands to follow herds; these tribes were nomadic and set up tepees when stopped. They provided economic basis for the Plains Indians' way of life; principle source of food, skin supplied materials for clothing, shoes, tepees, blankets, robes &utensils. "Buffalo chips"= dried manure, which provided fuel. Bones=knives &arrow tips; tendons=strings of bows

Religion can be both religious and secular: T or F

True

Religious rituals are often performed by or involve religious specialists...

True

Witches can be used to describe both male and female witches.

True

shamans often have to play multiple roles

True

Villagers responses towards Mrs. Chen was divided but some villagers considered some of her performances convincing. What were they?

True; knowledge of personal affairs, dancing like a tang-ki , speaking in unfamiliar languages

Caminetti Act

Turned mines over to states to regulate

# of Indians

Two largest tribes=Cherokee and Navajo 1/4 Indians in Oklahoma or California - California most

Various Kinds of Two-Spirit People Sabine Lang

Two-Spirit people

Wild West shows

Typically depicted a romanticized view of the west. Wildly popular. Usually included gun demonstration and trick riding. Buffalo Bills Wild West Show 1883-1913

What is the training of a shaman like?

Typically less formalized training than priests (apprenticeships) but training can be quite intensive

Sand Creek Massacre

U.S. Army's killing of about 150 Cheyenne elderly, women, and children at Sand Creek Reservation in Colorado Territory

Oliphant vs. Suquamish Indian Tribe 1978

US Supreme Court case which ruled that tribal courts do not have criminal jurisdiction over non-Indians

trust status/ ward

US federal government recognizes special responsibility it holds towards tribes

Operation Desert Storm

US military campaign to force Iraqi forces out of Kuwait

Sand Creek Massacre

US soldiers killed 133 Native civilians of multiple tribes

Plessy v. Ferguson

USSC decision holding that Louisiana's railroad segregation law didn't violate the Constitution as long as the railroads or the state provided equal accommodations

Roe v. Wade

USSC decision in 1973 that disallowed state laws prohibiting abortion during the first three months (trimester) of pregnancy and establishing guidelines for abortion in the second and third trimesters

US vs. Reynolds

USSC decision to completely ban polygamy regardless of religion

US v. Cruikshank

USSC restricted Congressional power to enforce the Ku Klux Klan act; affected Bill of Rights application in the states

Dartmouth College vs. Woodward

USSC ruled that states must abide to contracts and cannot interfere in them

Dred Scott decision

USSC ruling; in a lawsuit brought by Dred Scott, a slave demanding his freedom based on his residence in a free state, but it was determined that slaves could not be US citizens and that Congress had no jurisdiction over slavery in the territories

Janet Reno

Under Clinton o Change the way legal and law was dealt with for tribes o Set up a police force if they want to o 400 mill to help Indians - old cop gear to Indians and new things for American police o Indian judges o Health Clinics on reservaitons (will reduce your student loans by 15% each yr you work) - same with teachers etc.

Bonus Army

Unemployed veterans of WWI gathering in Washington demanding payment of service bonuses not due until 1945

American Federation of Labor

Union formed in 1886 that organized skilled workers along craft lines and emphasized a few workplace issues rather than a broad social program

Peninsular Campaign

Union offensive led by General McClellan with an objective of capturing Richmond, it ultimately was abandoned and US troops retreated

California v. Cabazon (1897)

Upheld right of tribes to conduct gaming on Indian land without state control

Nat Turner's revolt:

Uprising of slaves in Southampton County, Virginia, in the summer of 1831 led by Nat Turner

Pueblo Revolt

Uprising that lasted from August 10th-21st, 1680 by Pueblo people against New Spain; also known as Popé's Rebellion

Relocation Program (began 1952)

Urban populations - 75% of native population became urban; high native populations in cities that participated in program (Dallas, San Francisco, etc) Indians went to different cities to specialize in a skill (Dallas: welding) If an Indian decided to come back to their reservation, it was difficult still to get a job because their people could not afford the service or there wasn't any need for that skill

Immigration Act of 1917

Used a literacy test and $8 head tax for immigrants, which halved Mexican immigration. Eventually, the act was suspended

Agent Orange

Used for chemical warfare, in this case to defoliate forests.

Cold War Liberalism

Used to describe Truman's presidency where foreign and domestic policies were after entangled. Fierce anti-communism for foreign and welfare for domestic.

Multiplier

Used to determine total impact of each dollar of direct spending on the local economy

Good Neighbor Policy

Using a neighboring country's market to benefit one's own

Linguistic

Verbal and non-verbal communication. Looks at structures of languages and social discourse. Ex. language preservation

Pueblo Government

Very stint leadership roles -War chief -Governor -Cacique Entire government revolves around religion

Hubert Humphrey

Vice President of Lyndon B. Johnson and Democratic Candidate for Election of 1968; lost to R. Nixon.

NYC Draft Riots

Violent revolts against the draft in NYC, resulted in heavy lynching

Pala

Voted to allot a portion of their lands/wanted to allot Largest one Lusieno

Secret Ballot

Voters' choices are made anonymous

F. Scott Fitzgerald

WWI soldier and novelist who wrote novels celebrating youthful vitality but was also deeply distrustful of the promises of American prosperity and politics

Mexican American War

War fought between Mexico and the US between 1846 & 1848 over control of territory in southwest North America

Persian Gulf War

War initiated by President Bush in response to Iraq's invasion of Kuwait

Pequot War

War where after Natives attacked the settlers for their integration methods, the colonists retaliated by burning an entire village

Total War

War with scorched earth techniques and with the aim of complete destruction

Reclamation Bureau

Was there to provide federal funding for dam and canal projects

What made you select the performance category?

We chose the performance category to utilize our many talents. We created our project by brainstorming, writing the script, blocking the script, memorizing our lines, selecting costumes and designing the backdrop. This project was a work in progress as we had to change things along the way until it came together fitting into the allotted time and still getting all the critical information presented.

How did you write your script?

We wrote our script by picking events from the Sioux's history that we felt were important to our theme. Once we had selected our scenes we began writing our script together. We have continued to edit and change things over the last few months.

Ghost Shirts

Were thought to guard against bullets; the shirts did not work and 153 Lakota Sioux died because of it with 50 wounded and 150 missing at the Wounded Knee Massacre

The Great Desert

Western part of the Great Plains to the Rockies, it was named so because of its desert region

Mexico outlaws slavery. Mexican govt tires to restrict immigration from U.S.

What 2 major things does the Mexican government do that creates conflict with Texas?

democrats generally favor manifest destiny and Whigs oppose it.

What are the views of the democrats and whigs on the manifest destiny?

They want autonomy, self-govt, and freedoms guaranteed in Mexican Constitution of 1824.

What do Texans and Tejanos want (they can't get these things, so it ends up leading to the revolution)?

slaves

What do many Anglo immigrants bring to Texas?

Col. Travis requests reinforcements, but none arrives. Santa Anna slaughters the entire garrison and captures Goliad and murders Texans.

What happened at the Battle of the Alamo? (Hint: Reinforcements? Who loses? What are the end results of the city?)

Santa Anna sends troops to Texas and the Alamo is under siege for 12 days.

What is the last straw that officially kicks off the Texas Rev.?

Baby Boom

What resulted from the returning WWII soldier population, it was when the US population saw a massive increase

Stock Market Crash

What resulted in the economy's minimal resistance to existing sources of infection

Second New Deal

What was established after the Second Hundred Days, an extension of the first

America, its people, and its institutions are special. As a result, it's America's mission to redeem the W. by spreading American values.

What was the idea behind manifest destiny? What was manifest destiny's mission?

belief that there is a divine design or purpose and also the central idea for understanding American growth

What was the manifest Destiny?

population growth and crowding, frontiersmen making their own way, greed, and freedom of the frontier

What were reasons many people moved West?

tejanos

What were the people who lived in Texas reffered to as?

Buying on Margin

What would allow investors to purchase stocks with small payments, borrowing the remainder from a broker, and using shares as collateral on the loan

Freeport Doctrine

When Douglas believed that slavery could be prevented in any territory

Pottawatomie Massacre

When John Brown and sons attacked and killed five unarmed people in a pro-slavery settlement

Bleeding Kansas

When both pro and anti-slavery people from other states battled in violent means in Kansas

after the Mexican war as a slave state

When does Texas finally join the Union?

Leakage

When parts of dollars are exported outside the local economy

cultural appropriation

When people from one culture "borrow" cultural products that are from another culture, and then use it for their own purposes. This process isn't inherently "good" or "bad," but those ethical measures can be determined by looking at what kind of power is challenged or reinforced through the act of appropriation.

Americans arrive 1820s

When whites got here in 1820s they slowly started to implement their ways on the Paiute. they started fur trade, then mining for silver (1859) and then Nevada became a state in 1864

San Jacinto; Houston's army won and massacred most of Santa Anna's army. Santa Anna was captured, after trying to flee.

Where did Sam Houston attack Santa Anna? What was the result of the battle?

Lowell Mills

Where power looms were used, they also introduced textile mills

expropriation

While "appropriation" is when one group borrows something from another culture in order to use it for their own purposes, expropriation is not "borrowing" - it's the taking away of something - depriving the original owners of that thing

Ku Klux Klan

White-supremacist organization that grew at this time, it also targeted immigrants from Eastern and Southern Europe

William Travis, Jim Bowie, and David Crockett

Who are the commanders during the Texas Rev.?

John O'Sullivan

Who came up with the manifest destiny?

Jerk but he becomes the George Washington of Texas

Who is Sam Houston?

He becomes the president of Mexico and calls himself "The Napoleon of the W." He wants centralized govt. and nearly dictates powers.

Who is Santa Anna? What does he call himself? How does he rule?

Stephen F. Austin; he gets a land grant from Mexican govt to start colony in Texas and he brings 300 families. Soon the "Anglo" population outnumbers tejanos

Who is the 1st empresario (entrepreneur) to go to Texas? What does he do?

because Northerners are afraid it will be admitted as a slave state.

Why is Texas initially rejected form the Union?

Theoretical Win

Win based on mathematical equation that consists of house advantage, average time played, and decisions per hour. HA*Game pace*average bet*duration

All Our Relations

Winona LaDuke

Secession Winter

Winter of 1860-1861 where many states seceded from the Union

Ghost Dance

Wovoka promised that a messiah would come to save only the Indians. During the dances people saw visions of buffalo returning and white settlers leaving . The Ghost Dance offered hope

Articles of Confederation

Written Document setting up the loose confederation of states that comprised the 1st national government

Five Power Treaty

Written in Washington in 1922, it was meant to scale down navies

Can communities temporarily subvert the norms that govern things like status differences, gender roles, and sexuality?

Yes

In wolfs reading, does Mrs. Chen exhibit shaman like behavior?

Yes

Is this power believed to be transferable from human to human?

Yes, it is by some people.

acculturation

You can think of this as "getting used to" what it takes to live in or fit into a culture other than your own, including changes in dress, habits, taste, expectations, food, language, etc.

The Third Gender Will Roscoe

Zunis distinguished between biological sex and gender identity

ethnocentrism

a "culture of prejudice" i.e., believing one culture is superior to all others

Indian Relocation Act 1956

a US law intended to encourage Native Americans in the US to leave indian reservations, acquire vocational skills, and stimulate into the general population

kinship

a connection, relation, or relationship. Usually family members.

morrill act

a federal law passed by Congress that gave land to western states to encourage them to build colleges

racism

a form of opression based upon a classification of difference determines by skin color

Colloquial (everyday) Definition of ritual:

a formal ceremony or a series of acts that are preformed in more or less the same way.

Shamanism can also be understood as

a genre of cultural performance

race

a group of people classified and characterized by skin color

homestead act

a law passed by Congress to encourage settlement in the West by giving government-owned land to small farmers

Nation within nation

a national body which exists within the boundaries of another and maintains a political relationship with such as well as jurisdiction over it own people and territory. Example: Native America reservations. -recognized as indigenous, provided them with a land to build their nation. -At a reservation: inside a nation of its own surrounded by the bigger nation (America). -own school systems, and school systems. -Create their own system of stability. -Need a land base for this

bias

a preference that prevents one from being impartial or fair in one's decisions and judgments

Rocky Mountain School

a school for those with artistic abilities; famous painters Albert Bierstadt and Thomas Moran. Painters celebrated the new West in grandiose canvases, some of which were taken on tours around the eaters and Midwestern states and attracted enormous crowds, eager for a vision of the Great West.

What is magic?

a set of beliefs and practices designed to control the visible or invisible world for specific purposes" supernatural techniques used to accomplish specific aims lack of direct or empirical connections between the means and the end

Wovoka

a shaman of the Northern Paiute in Nevada, became known as a healer who could bring rain. Working for white farmers, Wovoka learned about Christianity

Kivas

a subterranean place; also a place where unmarried adolescent males reside

social safety net

a system in which everyone's basic needs are met

Chisholm Trail

a trail that ran from San Antonio, Texas, to Abilene, Kansas, established by Jesse Chisholm in the late 1860s for cattle drives.

"functionally literate"

able to read and write well enough to participate in certain basic activities

2nd Wounded Knee in 1973

about 200 Oglala Lakota and followers of the AIM movement seized and occupied Wounded Knee in protest; during the 71 days that they controlled it both sided were armed and shooting frequently

Nez Percé

agreed to move onto a reservation in Idaho and Oregon. Gold discovered and gold miners and settlers took over the reservation, the government took back nine tenths of the Nez Percé land and hostilities broke out among settlers and Nez Percé. The Indians were forced to flee,to Canada, fighting major battles as they fled. Less than 40 miles from the Canadian border, they were forced to surrender to the U.S. Army.

Taxes at Tribal Casinos

agreed upon in compacts between states and tribes

impact of VSEs

all native people affected eventually 90% mortality in new world

Indian Claims Commission cases

allowed Indians the right to sue the federal government Marie Potts, from Big Meadows, helped get land back for the native people $150 per person

Indian Reorganization Act

allowed for more self government- on tribal areas and reservations, called on congressional policy "to study Indian civilization", also provided money for education- excavations, changed land allocation system- undid land alienation practices that dawes act had allowed, also changed the legislative organization of reservations- set up special court of Indian affairs Not all of this was passed

Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA)

an agency of the Federal government of the United States within the U.S. Department of Interior. It is responsible for the administration and management of 55,700,000 acres of land held in trust by the United States for Native Americans in the U.S., Native American Tribes and Alaska Natives.

Columbian exchange

an exchange of goods, ideas, and disease between the old and new worlds

Alfred Kroeber

anthropologist; knew Ishi

Alice Kehoe

anthropologist; wrote books

Federal Government in Indian gaming

approves tribal/state compacts, rules on revenue allocation, enforces criminal violations, background on key gaming employees

fields of anthropology

archeology, linguistic, cultural, and biological

Millenarian movement

are based on a vision of change through an apocalyptic transformation

Millenarian movements

are based on a vision of change through an apocalyptic transformation.

Unlawful business practices

are defined as any activity that contravenes any local, state, or federal laws. Casinos must be particularly vigilant regarding securities laws, the Bank Secrecy Act and anti-money laundering laws, campaign contribution laws, the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, advertising and marketing policies, and conflicts of interest.

Unethical business practices

are those that involve practices that, if exposed, would jeopardize any specific government policy goal adopted in a jurisdiction. May include deceptive trade practices such as dishonesty or trickery to win or gain money from patrons, paying or accepting bribes, altering or forging documents to avoid taxes or regulatory violation, or, generally, a lack of candor in dealing with regulator or otherwise obstructing a regulatory investigation.

Religion defined as:

as "ideas and practices that postulate reality beyond that which is immediately available to the senses."

How are deaths commonly viewed?

as a result of witchcraft

Range Wars

as settlement of the plains increased, new forms of competition emerged. Sheep breeders from Cali and Oregon brought their flocks onto the range to compete for grass. Farmers ("nesters") from the East threw fences around their claims, blocking trails and breaking up the open range.

food sovereignty

asserts that the people who produce, distribute, and consume food should control the mechanisms and policies of food production and distribution

Revivalistic movements:

attempt to revive what is often perceived as a past golden age in which ancient customs come to symbolize the noble features and legitimacy of the repressed culture.

What the response to Mrs. Chen's episode?

became considered the work of a malicious ghost as opposed to deity.

Joint land holding destroyed

because each head of the household was given 160 acres of land so everyone wanted as much land as they could get so the families separated in order to get the land.

Salvage anthropology

because indians are viewed as disappearing, anthropologists scramble to "save" whatever hey can of Indian cultures

forced colonization in context of the Spanish and Pueblo

because they follow the assimilation model the Spanish forcefully made Pueblo convert to Christianity, either through torture or coersion

reconquest of New Mexico occur according to the Spanish

because they needed to protect their converted Christian subjects; also to create buffer zone between themselves and the French and English; also because the Pueblo can't really stop it

Wounded Knee Massacre

began as a result of, Colonel James Forsyth ordered the Sioux to give up their rifles. Black Coyote did not give up his gun, and in his struggle with the soldiers, the gun went off. Instantly, the Sioux and the soldiers began shooting.

Chisholm Trail

between 1867-71, cattlemen drove nearly 1.5 million head up the Chisholm Trail to Abilene—a town that, when filled with rampaging cowboys at the end of a drive, rivaled the mining towns in rowdiness.

Compacts

called "revenue sharing" not taxes

who are the Carib?

caribbean people, bloodthirsty savage, warlike, cannibals, resist Europeans, "uncivilized"

theocracy

centers around religion, led by religious elites

language revitalization

change existing norms and trends in language use and transmission; reverse and undo endangerment

sex

chromosomal, chemical, anatomical

Cobell v. Norton

class action lawsuit filed 1996 claim that gov. mismanaged Indian Monetary accounts, account holders (Indians) never received payments for leases, timber/mineral extraction on trust lands Secretary of interior discovered breach of trust for mismanaging IM accounts trust found to be poorly mismanaged Indians won mismanaged law (trust law: corpus(land or money))

Sand Creek Massacre

colonel John M. Chivington arrived at Sand Creek with about 700 troops. Black Kettle raised an American flag and a white flag as a sign of peace. But Chivington did not want peace. After burning the camp to the ground, the troops returned to Denver with scalps, which they displayed to cheering crowds.

Ghost Dance was a sign of

coming uprising.

the Meriam Report of 1928

commissioned by the Institute for Government Research to compile information and report on the conditions of Native Americans across the country. The report criticized the Dawes Act, and the general conditions found at boarding schools and reservations. The report provided much of the data to support the Indian Reorganization Act (1934) which terminated the allotment act and reinstated their self-governance.

Independence

complete succession from colonizing nation. Reinstated nation would have full jurisdiction over all aspects of government and land control.

Fish-ins

conflict btw. Indians and Government over off reservation fishing indians did off-reservation salmon fishing, gov. tried to arrest them because of conservation laws led to Natives rebelling and having weapon standoff with law enforcement

Pacific railway act

congressional measure which gave land to railroad companies to help facilitate the construction of a railroad and telegraph line from the Missouri River to the Pacific Ocean

three sisters

corn, beans, and squash

Bureau of Indian Affairs

created by War department to fulfill trust responsibilities and promote self determination for the Native Americans provides services directly to Indians Self-determination on behalf of federally recognized tribes

written tradition

cultural material and tradition is transmitted at least in part through a written code (body language, pictures, maps, videos)

oral tradition

cultural material and tradition is transmitted orally from one generation to another

cultural pluralism

cultural variations w/i american society native americans as subculture to american society

governor

dealt with outsiders; this position was created by the Spanish

Animism:

describes the belief systems that posit that the natural world and or inanimate objects posses a spiritual essence, or are "animated" by spirits.

Ethnocide

destroying the culture of population, same thing as assimilation

A government-mandated compliance program bridges this gap. It requires (and allows) gaming companies to use their own resources to fashion a compliance plan that fosters compliance by both ______ and _____ regulatory issues.

detecting/preventing

Nativistic movements:

develop in societies in which the cultural gap between the dominant and subordinate cultures is vast. These movements stress the elimination of the dominant culture and a return to the past, keeping the desirable elements of the dominant culture to which the society has been exposed, but with these elements now under the control of the subordinate culture.

Saxton Pope

doctor who knew Ishi; Ishi taught him how to hunt

buffalo

driven to extinction as cattle gave buffalo diseases fences by settlers cut off grazing and migration U.S. Army adopted a policy of destruction of the buffalo. It sought to wipe out the Plains Indians' food supply to force them onto reservations. hunting of buffalo for sport and profit.

shamans are more associated with what types of societies?

egalitarian

Spanish colonial policy after Columbus

emphasizes assimilation through Christianity, through Indians could never be equal to the Spanish

Win/Hold

equal to money brought in minus money out Hold = win/drop

Juan de Onate

established first permanent colony in New Mexico, was first governor, fought in the Acoma war

egalitarian

everyone is treated equally

Prior to Evans Pritzhard witchcraft was thought of as

evidence of primitive thought

Being accused by witchcraft is a common insult that is not considered to be a big deal

false; neither side takes it lightly

significance of vikings

first to travel to the new world (Newfoundland) around 1000 AD or CE. do not stay long and have no permanent impact on native people

Attempted assimilation (1850s-1930s)

forced education in boarding schools Missionization Effective incarceration, attempt to keep people from moving off of the reservation lands, even temporarily.

International Indian Treaty Council

formed from Wounded Knee occupation formed to protect indigenous rights helps in decision making regarding foods share traditional food knowledge programs: Food Sovereignty, Environmental Health, Treaty Rights

Indian wars

from 1850s-late 1880s; Indian warriors attacked wagon trains, stagecoaches, and isolated ranches in retaliation for earlier attacks. As the US army became more involved, Indians focused more on their attacks on white soldiers.

Kicking Bear

from Lakota tribe; captured and put in Buffalo Bill Cody's Wild West Show

Big Foot

from Miniconjou Lakota tribe; allied with Crazy Horse and Sitting Bull; his tribe was eventually killed by Colonel James Forsyth while they were trying to take the indians guns someones went off then all the indians were massacred

Jack Wilson/Wovoka

from Northern Paiute tribe; Prophet of Ghost Dance movement had a vision during a solar eclipse; dance would bring back old ways

How did you get your costumes?

g

How did you get your props?

g

How did you paint your backdrop?

g

Gold Rush

gold discovered in CA led to California Statehood colonists started moving over towards Cal in search for gold, led to invasion of Native land mining continues to be source of pollution, contaminating air, water, and buildings during the gold rush, the native population fell from about 275,000 to 30,000

must enter into an approve management contract for operation of a Class III casino. IGRA requires the states to negotiate compacts in ______

good faith

Second Treaty of Fort Laramie

government agreed to close the Bozeman Trail. In exchange, officials pressured the Sioux to sign Sioux agreed to live on a reservation along the Missouri River.

clan

group of related extended families, creates social safety net

What does the term shaman refer to generally?

healers, curers mediums, spiritualists, etc.

Reason why people see shamans:

health and illness, family problems

Buffalo used for

hides could easily be shipped east, where demand for them increased in the 1870s. Hides were used to make belts for factory machines and fashionable buffalo robes.

sod house

home built from squares of turf and soil of the prairie, stacked up like bricks

• The efficacy of a ritual (e.g. healing) often depends on...

how competently the shaman performs that ritual

kinship

how family is organized i.e., lineage, important because it determines social organization

schools on reservations

hundreds of miles away from the students' homes. In these schools, students could only speak English and could not wear their traditional clothing. Every effort was made to discourage students from practicing their own culture so that they might learn to live like white Americans.

Denomination:

if the new religious group is still considered mainstream and differs on just a few points from the mainstream religion. A religious group founded by key concepts taken from mainstream religions.

Trail of Tears

in 1838 about 16,000 Cherokee Indians were forcibly removed by the Army in the Tennessee area. they were told they there would be transportation for elders and children and that their resources would be paid for on the walk there but none of that was true. There were 4,000 deaths of Cherokee Indians while they were on the walk to their new Indian territory.

Massacre of Yahi Indians

in 1860's and 1870's; initially numbered around 400; lacking firearms they were destroyed by four raids by armed white settlers

what are the results of witchcraft?

in a slow, wasting disease for the victim

cacique

in charge of ritual and planting cycle

war chief

in charge of social control inside the Pueblo

Tribal trust land

indians have right to live on land but do not own it (only Fed. Gov can own it.), tribes takes care of land

Shamans are believed to have a direct connection with?

invisible power

subjugate the pueblos

iron fist in velvet glove strategy; they used might and intimidation to scare the Pueblo, then preists came in as compassionate humanitarians

E.E Eveans-pritchard's Witchcraft, oracles, and magic coming to the azande (1937)

is a classic account of Zande culture that documents the pervasiveness of witchcraft and azande life

Check cashing

is also a form of credit.

"Rim" credit

is credit given without a formal document, like a verbal IOU, that is typically given at the table.

Trade and Intercourse Act

is the collective name given to six statutes passed by the Congress in the late 18th century by which Native people are only allowed to have correspondence with the federal government, nullifying their bonds with local government

Tribal sovereignty

is the doctrine that recognizes tribes' inherent rights as independent nations that preexisted the United States and the U.S. Constitution. Because the U.S. now recognizes the tribes as independent sovereign nations, their location within a state does not subject them to state law.

self-determination

is the right of cohesive national groups, or "peoples," to choose their own form of political organization, free of external domination.

What is communitas?

is the term that Turner used to describe the sense of freedom from the demands of daily life that liminality in ritual tends to produce. More specifically, describes the phenomenon of Feeling great social solidarity, oneness with fellow participants An intense community spirit Personal and social differences are typically swept away; emphasis on equality and togetherness Promotion of a total unmediated (uninterrupted) relationship among participants

mangu:

is the term the azande used to describe the "witchcraft substance" found in the body of witches

IGRA provides that "Indian gaming"

is to be conducted by an "Indian tribe" on "Indian Lands." Under IGRA, only federally-recognized tribes may conduct tribal gaming, and only on federally defined Indian lands.

What do shamanic rituals typically deal with?

issues of health and well-being

Tribal fee land

land bought by Natives that are not on reservations private property of the Natives

Recognized title

land given to recognized tribes recognized in treaties, statutes Congress, judiciary, and treaties recognize these lands

Aboriginal title

land previously lived on before colonization rightful occupant of land, possessing exclusive use and occupation from time immemorial (since forever) government doesn't recognize land

corpus of trust

land, funds, other asset

ceded territories

lands transferred from tribes to the Federal government by treaty. Usually such treaties guarantee the right to hunt, fish, and gather on ceded territories, despite being outside reservation boundaries.

bonanza farm

large-scale farm with expensive machinery, professional managers, and hired laborers working at specialized tasks

Dennis Banks

leader from the Ojibwe tribe; co-founded the American Indian Movement; wanted to protect rights of Native Americans

Po'pay

leader of the Pueblo revolt

End of the Indian wars in 1890

leads to cultural and physical destruction The first wounded knee make the end of armed resistance by the Indians... "vanishing Indian" creates the impression that they're all disappearing

Dawes Act

legislation passed by Congress that split up Indian reservation lands among individual Indians and promised them citizenship

Gaming regulatory bodies

like the Mississippi Gaming Commission and the Louisiana Gaming Control Board, act in a quasi-legislative role. They promulgate the rules and regulations that govern the operation of the gambling entities in the state. (The statutes, on the other hand, are enacted by the legislature.)

The transformation stage of rights of passage is also known as:

limunal phase of ritual

patrilineal

lineage traced through the father

bilateral

lineage traced through the father and mother

matrilineal

lineage traced through the mother

Plains Indians

lived a nomadic lifestyle, traveling the great grasslands followed the migrations of the buffalo herds.

Assimilation

making natives more like whites; In applying the Dawes Act, the Bureau of Indian Affairs promoted the idea of assimilation that lay behind it.

Witchcraft accusations usually target people who are

marginal and socially ostracized (e.g. internal enemies, evil outsiders) e.g. scapegoating of witches in Europe and north America in 1500's-1700's

When credit is extended, the player can draw on the line of credit to the extent he or she has been approved, by requesting a ____ . A _____ is a negotiable instrument that the casino may

marker

neolocal

married couple lives independently

matrilocal

married couple resides with the mother

ambilocal

married couple resides with the mother or the father

gaming regulatory bodies

may deny, revoke or suspend a license for any reason they see fit. And, generally, they are enjoy absolute immunity against civil lawsuits by licensees that may be unhappy with their decisions.

gender

meanings given by societies; masculinity & femininity

hydraulic mining

method of mining that uses water under high pressure to blast away gravel and dirt to expose the minerals underneath

Sitting Bull,

military ordered his arrest as he had joined the Ghost Dance movement. A skirmish broke out, and Sitting Bull was killed. Many of Sitting Bull's band of Sioux fled west. The Sioux surrendered to U.S. troops, who took them to Wounded Knee Creek, in modern-day South Dakota,

hard rock mining

mining that requires cutting deep shafts in solid rock to extract the ore

tribe

multiple bands, 100-500 people range, most egalitarian some stratification

cheifdom

multiple bands, more than 500 people, definite stratification and leadership hierarchy; one supreme chief over lesser village chiefs

band

multiple families, 100 people range, most egalitarian and least stratified

What could shamanic performances include:

music, dance, singing, story-telling, masks, costumes

House Concurrent Resolution 10/8 Termination (1954)

name for law of termination, people lost rights to land/territory At the earliest possible time the Indians should be freed from all Federal supervision and control from all disabilities and limitations The BIA developed criteria to identify those Indigenous groups thought prepared for termination Fed. Lawmakers and BIA believed that some tribes were already sufficiently acculturated and no longer needed the Fed. Gov. to act as their trustee Tribes faced termination, others were given time to acculturate before being terminated Between 1945-1960 the Government processed 109 cases=1,362,455acres & 11,466 individuals 1956 Relocation of Indians from rural and reservation areas to designate "relocation centers" The 2 largest terminated tribes: 1)Menominee of Wisconsin, 2)Klamath of Oregon

Sect

new branches of a mainstream religion

new world

north, south, and central America

Sioux, Black-foot, and Cheyenne

northern Plains

Enterprise Zones on Reservations (Ronald Reagan & Jack Kemp (HUD))`

o Building facilities - gives them tax breaks and help them build buildings and also give them labor and train them o NO TAX on inventory!! Can store without paying o 80% had to be Native American o Unions cannot touch you - but have to pay them wage o You can pollute • 5th year - people getting cancer and so much pollution, loaned them $$ to clean the air

• Some examples of what shamanic rituals might be directed toward:

o Diagnosing and treating illnesses, divination, prophecy, locating game, settling quarrels, easing child birth

American Indian Movement

o Founded 1968 (sense during this time that country was coming apart at seams) o Non violent direct action o 1972 trail of broken treaties- march on Washington that led to occupation of Bureau of Indian Affairs (below) o 1972 occupation of BIA o 1973 occupation of Wounded Knee

National Congress for American Indians

o Founded in 1944 o U of Chicago anthropology helped to increase its size in the 1960's o About 80 tribes as members o Primary agenda item- self determination- return a lot of the decision making authority to tribes o Cooperation among tribes

What are the characteristics that a shaman ought to possess?

o Quick thinking (interviews with clients are often short) o Keen reader of social motivations o Honesty and sincerity o Knowledge in domains of science, medicine, and psychology o awareness of potential family tensions

What lead to the ultimate conclusion that Mrs. Chen could not become a shaman?

o Speaking too mcu has herself (not behaving like a "vehicle" for gods in trance) o rambling forms of speech (not enigmatic, authoritative) o the perception that her husband might be trying to "cash in"

What do shamans do?

o Travels to different realms, often via "trance" (an altered state of consciousness) serves as intermediary for individuals and groups

What are the social features of witchcraft?

o Witchcraft powers are "short range" often travel at night o Neighbors and acquaintances are potential witches; strangers and outsiders are not o victims have to give names of people they think might have bewitched them (e.g. personal disputes) o addressing witchcraft accusations are not taken lightly by either side

In wolf's reading, what is the typical demographic profile of shamans in the village?

o humble origins o not literate o chosen by a deity

What were some social factors that worked against Mrs. Chen?

o marginal, "outsider" position o gender roles and social definitions of appropriate behavior for a shaman o cultural norms regarding the importance of separating shamanic performance from everyday. She did not master this

Credit is

offered as a guest convenience.

How are shamans called upon?

often "called to service" by spirits

Battle of Wounded Knee

on Dec. 29, 1890, the 7th Cavalry (once Custer's regiment) tried to round up a group of about 350 cold and starving Sioux at Wounded Knee, South Dakota. Fighting broke out; 40 whites and 200 natives died.

disease swap

one aspect of Columbian exchange, not equal, leads to massive loss of native life

beneficiary (tribe or individual Indian person)

party for whom trust corpus is held and managed trustee should be acting in beneficiary's best interest has right to sue Trustee for damages resulting from breach of trust

culture brokers

people with a foot in two cultural worlds; often the result of marriage

What is the prophet dance?

performed for 5 days every 6 weeks to hasten the coming of the new world and participants went into trances where they received prophecies about the future

Life cycle rituals or rights of passage are:

performed to mark a change in status from on life stange to another (puberty, marriage, and funerary rights)

Government effect

popular for of entertainment, taxes, more crime, defrauds customers, addiction, religions don't like it

Compliance plans are intended to:

prevent possible regulatory violations, monitor activities impacting the licensee's continuing qualifications as a licensee, and report those activities to senior management and the gaming regulators.

demographic collapse of the Pueblo

primarily disease but also famine and warfare

A gaming license is not a right - it is a ______. Gaming regulatory bodies have full and absolute power and authority to deny or revoke application.

privilege

Americanization/assimilation

process in which Native Americans were forced to abandon their traditional cultures and adopt the culture of white America. "Advance" indians by destroying their culture.

repatriation

process of returning someone/something to its place of origin

An important function of religion cross culturally is to:

provides a logical framework through which coincidences, bad luck and unfortunate events can be explained.

Suspicious Activity Report by Casinos and Card Clubs ("SAR-C")

pursuant to federal regulations, casinos must file a report of any suspicious transaction relevant to a possible violation of law or regulation. A transaction must be reported if it is conducted or attempted by, at, or through a casino, and involves or aggregates at least $5,000 in funds or other assets, and the casino knows, suspects, or has reason to suspect that the transaction involves funds derived from illegal activity, is designed to evade financial reporting requirements, or has no business or apparent lawful purpose, or is not the sort in which the particular customer would normally be expected to engage.

Currency Transaction Reports ("CTRs")

pursuant to federal regulations, casinos must file a report of each transaction in currency, involving either cash in or cash out, of more than $10,000. CTRs are designed to prevent money laundering.

significance of raiding to the Spanish and Pueblo

raiding by the Apache intensifies with heavy Spanish tribute demands. This makes the situation worse for the Pueblo, who turn to the Spanish for protection

open-range ranching

rangeland where cattle roam freely regardless of land ownership. Where there are "open range" laws, those wanting to keep animals off their property must erect a fence to keep animals out; this applies to public roads as well. Land in open range that is designated as part of a "herd district" reverses liabilities, requiring an animal's owner to fence it in or otherwise keep it on the person's own property.[1] Most eastern states and jurisdictions in Canada require owners to fence in or herd their livestock. (Think Oklahoma) Originated in Western territories

What is Mana?

refers to an impersonal superhuman power;

In wolfs reading what is also implied?

relationship between shamanism and mental illness

define "gold, glory and god"

religion, spreading religion; status, discovery of new places for your country; wealth, gold

cause of he pueblo revolt

religious oppression and famine

Religious lien

right of access to religious sites

writing

role in communities: - communicating facts - entertainment - turning a character into something more - ceremonial roles - religious reasons - to pass on knowledge

How can witchcraft work?

rough removing "soul" or organ in victims body

placer mining

searching for gold by using pans or other devices to wash gold nuggets out of loose rock

What happened on April 10, 1883?

secretary of interior Henry M. Teller, the commissioner of Indian Affairs distributed a set of rules designed to stamp out demoralization and barbarous customs. The directive defined a number of indian offensives. it was an offense to hold feasts and dances including the sun dance. It was an offense to have more than one wife. All practices of medicine men, medical and religious were offenses. purchase of wives by leaving property at the father's door was an offense. Willful destruction of property, the traditional way of showing grief over the death of a relative was an offense. (LDSN page 31)

Mexican period

secularization of missions population-113,000 little land was returned despite secularization of missions treaty of guadalupe Hidalgo: recognized Native land rights, citizenship

dugout

shelter dug out of the sides of hills

Internal Controls

should safeguard the assets of the casino, maintain accountability for transactions, and prevent and detect any errors and irregularities that might occur in a timely manner.

Paiute social control: gossip/ostracism/ ban fissioning

social control is maintained through gossip/ostracism Band fissioning can occur when members in band disagree on course of action

pigmentocracy

social stratification determined by race

ancestry

sociocultural concept based on the "long-standing relationships" built between one another and the land that they inhabit.

Kiowa and Comanche

southern Plains

stereotype

standardized mental picture of a group of people

Removal (1830-1850's)

state militias, local vigilantes, federal troops enforced removal with violence

T. T. Waterman

studied Yana indians knew Ishi

Alice Fletcher

studied and documented American Indian culture; studied Sioux

Genocide

targeting a group of people for mass murder based on ethnicity, religion, politics etc.

virgin soil

term used to describe Indians in relation to European disease. Having been isolated from European diseases for millennia, Indians didn't have the necessary immunities to the diseases and lacked experience in dealing with epidemics, so they did not know methods for preventing spread, like quarantine. The term "virgin soil" refers to how the Indians were fresh territory for countless diseases.

How did U.S. government policies bring the army into conflict with Plains Indians?

the Army had forcibly removed Native Americans from the East and relocated them farther west. By the 1850s growing numbers of white settlers wanted to move into those western lands as well. So instead of pushing the Indians further westward, the government began seizing their land and sending them to reservations. The goal was to break the power of the Plains Indians and open up their lands for settlement.

Boarding Schools

the Bureau took Indian children away from their families and sent them to boarding schools run by whites, where they believed the young people could be educated to abandon tribal ways.

Why is the Ghost Dance syncretic and pan-Indian?

the GD was syncretic because Wavoka was educated in christianity, and it was pan-Indian because it reached out to revitalize other Indian cultures too

irrigation

the Hohokam dug irrigation ditches for farming; had simple temple mound and ball courts

three fires

the Potawatomi, Odawa, and Ojibwe

Ghost Dance

the Sioux turned to Prophet Wovoka, a Paiute who inspired an ecstatic spiritual awakening that began in Nevada and spread quickly to the plains. The new revival emphasized coming of the messiah; its most conspicuous feature was the "Ghost Dance", which inspired ecstatic visions that many participants believed were genuinely mystical.

In Seminole Tribe v. Florida

the United States Supreme Court held that Congress does not have the power to allow a tribe to sue a state without the state's consent. This invalidated IGRA's mechanism to enforce the states' obligation of good faith, based on the states' sovereignty.

allotment

the amount of something given to a particular person, in this context it meant a piece of land deeded by the government to a Native American, as part of the division of tribally held land (especially associated with the Dawes Act).

Indians get a free ride from the government

the benefits Native Americans receive from the government derive from treaty agreements, which purport to compensate them for the surrender of some or all of their invaluable land

syncretism

the blending of two or more belief systems, i.e., mix of Pueblo and Spanish religion

Shultz and Lavenda consider relgion within what category?

the broader category of worldview

primary mode of kinship among the Amishinaabeg

the clan or doodem

salvage anthropology

the collection of cultural artifacts and human remains, ostensibly before the cultures disappear through death or assimilation. Salvage anthropology would draw upon older forms of stereotyping found in early colonial texts, captivity narratives, and turn-of-the-century dime novels as well as scientific discourses on race to create the "savage"-- a doomed, "leftover" figure who, like Flaherty's description of "the Eskimo" in the BBC interview, exists only as a static, flat, protohuman type.

Native Americans had nothing to contribute to Europeans or growth of America

the contributions of American Indians have changed and enriched the world

demand as tribute and why was it justified?

the demand food as tribute, justifies in that Pueblo were declared subjects of the Spanish monarchy

new spain

the entirety of the Spanish empire in the New World, though it typically meant the land that became mexico

historical demography

the estimation of the population inhabiting a part of a country in the past.

genocide

the extermination or destruction of a race, ethnic group, or religious group in whole or in part, through the killing of members of that group, the inflicting of conditions of life that result in destruction of that group, or forcibly transferring children of that group to another group.

Bureau of Indian Affairs

the federal agency that managed the Native American reservations

the Indian Problem

the general idea of how non-Native Americans should go about containing, isolating, removing Native peoples from their lands. This led to the concept of reservations and designated Indian lands as a buffer between civilized American life and Native American life. The hope was for the Indian Peoples to live their lives separately and eventually die off, thus ending any treaty obligations.

anthropology

the holistic study of all cultures

food security

the ongoing availability of food

linguistic differentiation

the process of language families branching out and forming new languages for smaller, individual communities. These new branches of language families tend to slowly lose their similarities to each other over time, acquiring environmental or culturally specific traits to take the place of the similarities.

The Cattle Kingdom

the railroads gave birth to the range-cattle industry by giving it access to markets. The same railroads ended it by bringing farmers to the plains and thus destroying the open range. Long before U.S. citizens invaded the Southwest, Mexican ranchers developed the techniques and equipment that the cattlemen and cowboys of the Great Plains later employed. Americans in Texas adopted these methods and carried them to the northernmost ranges of the cattle kingdom. The journey of cattle to markets marked the beginning of the "cattle kingdom"

revitalization

the renewal or uprising of a form of culture that had been previously dormant or lost. It renews that aspect of culture.

sovereignty

the right of a nation of people to self-determination.

Frederick Jackson Turner's Frontier Thesis

the settlement of the west by white people was the central story of American History. The process of westward expansion has transformed a desolate and savage land into modern civilization. It has also continually renewed American ideas of democracy and individualism and had, therefore, shaped, not just the West, but the nation as a whole.

Sorcery involves:

the use of charms, spells, etc. as opposed to psychic or innate powers

visual sovereignty

the visual self-representation of the Native Tribes' self-determination. This form of sovereignty can be in forms of film and video projects or in any other form of self-representation.

In the "the woman who did not become a shaman, Margery wolf documents the "negative case" meaning...

the woman who possessed some shaman qualities but did not get to become a shaman.

Cargo Cults:

these movements began along the coast during and after WW2, when the US military brought large quantities of manufactured goods. a. one of the best known cargo cults was the Vailala Madness, it centered of divination traces. They believed steamships would arrive with cargo and build a large warehouse to hold the goods; however, the steamships would not come if they had food so they burn their own crops.

native people believe

they have always been around

Wild West Shows

they stamped out on their audiences an image of the West as a place of adventure and romance that has lasted for generations. They emerged out of a number of earlier entertainment traditions; were first opened in Omaha, Nebraska in 1883 by William F. Cody and died out after WWI. They were like Vaudeville shows/talent shows.

What is the significance of the Black Hills

this is considered sacred land of the Sioux, they are incredibly upset by its loss so much that they are willing to use violence to reclaim it

Native American Language Act of 1990

this policy, in short declaration, was that the United States "declares to preserve, protect and promote the rights and freedoms of Native Americans to use practice and develop Native American Languages."

California gold rush

thousands of people to rush to the West Idaho, Montana, the Black Hills of the Dakota Territory, Arizona, and to Cripple Creek, Colorado.

what are the appropriate ways to avenge and detect witchcraft?

through magic and oracles e.g. poison oracle "speaking" though chickens, the use of vengeance magic against witches

Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act (1975)

to determine their own spiritual practice in a community federal gov. funding for programs(schools, healthcare) can run their own community(autonomy) they are able to maintain their spirituality in prison and were able to go and do what they wanted to practice their religious beliefs on gov. land

Anthropologically witchcraft refers to:

to the use of powers to affect people through thought

culture

traditions and customs of people transmitted through learning that guide their beliefs and behaviors

retribalization

tribes apply and provide evidence that they have existed for "" years and have a gov't and treaties and such - reinstituting tribal sovereignty and federal respect for tribes as special entities. - 450 recognized tribes o Problem- some tribes didn't have all this documentation Basically, reinstituting tribal sovereignty and federal respect for tribes

same-sex marriage among female shamans in Siberia is present.

true

Unsuitable situations include ____ or _____ business practices. Typically an event or circumstance that may adversely affect public perceptions of the games' honesty, and the industry's integrity.

unethical or unlawful

Licensing is intended to exclude ____ persons from participating in the gaming industry, on a variety of levels.

unsuitable

Costal Migration hypothesis

use of watercraft to sail around ice sheets in North America, explains how places like Monte Verde were established prior to the creation of the Ice Free Corridor used by the Bering Strait hypothesis

Spanish mindset in New Mexico

very ethnocentric and forceful; they attempted to insert themselves into the governance of the Pueblo as they did with the aztecs

In Wolf's "The Woman Who Didn't Become A Shama," tang ki refers to?

village shaman, which are conduits to the supernatural.

The purpose of the Indian Gaming Regulatory Act (IGRA)

was to provide a statutory basis for gaming operations "as a means of promoting tribal economic development, self-sufficiency and strong tribal governments."

sedetism occurs

when a culture has fully adopted agriculture and the population has become too large with the ceremonial societies of Pueblo i.e., Kachina

virgin soil epidemics

when a population with no previous exposure to disease encounters it, leading to massive loss of life

What is the significance of the Lakota Ghost Dance shirt?

when worn, these shirts made you invisible to gunshots (believed by the Paiute too but there was less of an emphasis)

general allotment (dawes) act

who: america and the native americans all over the united states. what: act that authorized the government to survey native land, and then to divide that land into allotments for individual people. in addition to the land given to natives, there was additional land left over that was sold to non-natives who were eager to buy. when: 1887. where: north america. significance: each indians was given a certain amount of land, and even when it was first given, it was not a lot of land to farm to on. as these landholders died, they needed to pass of the land to their kin so they divided their land into however many kin they had. this process continued until there was hardly any land left for all of the people living there. in addition, it is devious on the part of the united states not only because they forced native americans to live on allotments, but because they had left over land and instead of giving the land to the indians, they sold the land to promote westwards expansion and turn a profit.

d'arcy mcnickle

who: american indian activist, mother was a cree indian. what: originally lived on the flathead indian reservation until he sold his land in order to study at oxford university. he helped with the plight of the american indians by creating the national congress of american indians and other organizations to promote their cause. he wrote "the surrounded" which shines light on the subject of assimilation and how difficult of a time it can be for natives. when: 20th century.where: flathead indian reservation, oxford university. significance: the work by dr.cobb and his colleagues outlines the significance of d'arcy mcnickle. he is heralded as a hero in native american history, and no one can take his accomplishments away from him but the motivation is something to consider. he originally was not someone interested in fighting for his people or even holding onto their traditions. he simply wanted to make a career as a writer in new york, he only became involved with his heritage once he became a famous writer and activist. this aside, he did have a large impact on the lives of native americans in the united states.

carlos montezuma

who: apache indian. what: he is against the the bureau of indian affairs because it takes advantage of the native americans. they have fallen into commercialism in his opinion, and he says the indians are denied proper land because they do not attempt to profit from it, and because the u.s. thinks only of money, they believe that they are better suited to hold and profit from the land since the indians are not. where: born in arizona, attended college in illinois. when: late 19th century, early 20th century. significance: believed that the reservations were prisons where the native americans were kept to live and die. exposed the indian bureau as being corrupt and money-driven. he brings to the table the unfairness of it all, how just because indians have a lot of land and do not profit from it, then the u.s. should be able to have it and give the indians only what they need. in reality, there is no excess land, because indians use all of it but the u.s does not understand.

charles eastman

who: dakota indian, as well as physician, writer, and reformer. what: he was originally ohiyesa, but after his father encouraged him to learn the ways of the americans, he became charles. he attended one of the all indian boarding schools in nebraska, and then got his degree from dartmouth. he became the physician at the pine ridge reservation and treated people that were hurt during wounded knee. he supported the dawes act and worked for the bureau of indian affairs. when: late 18th, early 19th century. significance: was the example of one who adapted without perfectly assimilating. although he worked the the bureau of indian affairs, he later challenged the administration due to its corrupt agents. he insisted that americans had much to learn from the indians in terms of spirituality and morality. the way he died showed how he had stayed true to his sioux values, as he died deep in the woods in canada where he had lived as a boy.

luther standing bear

who: lakota indian who was an author, educator, and philosopher. what: he grew up learning traditional sioux practices, until he was given the choice to go to the carlisle indian industrial school. his father gave him the choice, and he did so as if he was being called to go to war, and he did so to be brave. he educated the american public about the plight of the native americans, and created popular support for policies to help the native americans. when: late 18th century, early 20th century. where: carlisle indian school. significance: his accounts of the carlisle indian school raised awareness on just how frightening and dreadful it was to go to the school. he talks about how everything seems unnatural and uncomfortable. in addition, he garnered support from the american public to change governmental policies towards native americans. another example of a native american who assimilated, but never completely and he shows the importance of that.

black kettle

who: leader of the cheyenne people. what: he was the leader of the cheyenne's when they were attacked at sand creek in colorado. they were attacked by colonel chivington, and around 270 cheyenne people were murdered, many of them women and children. when: 1864. where: sand creek in colorado, which was a land set aside and was supposedly under the protection of the u.s government. significance: this was land that supposedly set aside by the u.s. government and protected as well. there was a conflict between the u.s. and the cheyenne people along with other plains indians, but this group was not militant and they were attacked anyway. they were waving an american flag and the white flag of surrender when they were attacked. this shows that agreements between the cheyenne and other groups of plains indians meant very little to the u.s government. it also exemplifies the total war that was present.

dohasan calendar

who: leader of the kiowa people, as well as calendar keeper. what: he is known as the last chief before the tribe was forced into reservations. he was the calendar keeper for most of the 19th century, and he was replaced by his nephew when he died. he created winter counts that included an image for each year's sun dance. when: 19th century. where: in the area that is present day oklahoma. significance: it was a version of winter counts that were originally created by the lakotas. he was calendar keeper for so long that he became one of the most well known artists in kiowa history and he passed his talents onto his nephew who continued to convey the tribes history through drawings.

chief joseph

who: leader of the wallowa people. what: led his people when they were removed by force from their home in the wallowa valley and forced onto a reservation. they were admired by the american public and their military adversaries due to the way they fought in the face of great adversity. when: 19th century. where: wallowa valley in northeastern oregon. significance: chief joseph became known as a humanitarian and peacemaker through the coverage of the war in the american newspapers. he stuck to his principles in battle and in morals and became a legendary figure. the american public admired him, yet did very little to help his people and stop them from being removed from their land. the fact that they recognized them and admired their beliefs was great, but the truth is that they still were violently removed from their territory.

corps of discovery

who: meriweather Lewis and william Clark. what: mission that began and ended in missouri. they traveled through areas such as the continental divide and the bitterroot mountains. they had the task of defining maps and boundaries, describing native people and technology, and describing plants animals and climates. when: early 19th century. where: the western part of what is now the USA, began and ended in missouri. significance: lewis and clark may have collected a wealth of new information (old news for the native americans) but they missed many important features about the native americans they encountered. they missed how it was it was a very interconnected space that is constantly in flux. this lack of knowledge caused them to be labeled incorrectly.

wovoka and the ghost dance

who: paiute prophet wovoka. what: a dance that is based on the traditional circle dance. wovoka was the creator of this dance and he said that if performed properly, it could living spirits with the dead, make the colonists leave, and bring back peace and prosperity to the native people. when: late 19th century. where: lands of the paiute people including california, idaho, nevada, and oregon. significance: practice of the ghost dance was said to have helped with the resistance to assimilation by the lakota and other groups. was an outlet for the natives such as the lakota that were being pressured to assimilate to continue to fight for their beliefs. was associated with clean living, which went against drinking alcohol which was constantly done by the white people.

horse nations

who: plains indians such as the dakota and pawnee. introduced by the spanish. what: the culture and lifestyles of natives in the plains were changed with the introduction of horses. the wealth of a person was oftentimes understood based on the horses owned by that person. horses were extinct in america, but made a comeback when many escaped from the spanish or were captured during war. when: introduced in the 17th century. where: the plains, places such as modern day nebraska and missouri. significance: changed the way natives hunted and were able to transport items. buffalo could be hunted much more efficiently with the use of horses, and sleds that were originally attached to dogs could now be attached to horses and could carry more items.

carlisle indian industrial school

who: plains indians such as the lakota and richard pratt. what: the first all indian boarding school that was created outside of a reservation. the goal of the school was the assimilate native americans and completely remove all indian-aspects from the students. corporal punishment was used when students exhibited indian-like behaviors. when: late 19th, early 20th century. where: pennsylvania. significance: the goal of the school was to "kill the indian, save the man". these ideals were very hard to accept for many students as they were now being told that what they were told their whole life was not legitimate, and should stop acting in that way. many lakota went to these schools, but still held on to their heritage even if it was in secret. this was a silent way in which indians resisted assimilation. the carlisle school served as a guide for many other all indian boarding schools, creating a wide spread call for assimilation.

merrill e. gates

who: reformer who was a member of the board of indian commissioners. what: he believed that there was one answer to the question "what are indians supposed to do?". he thought that they needed to become intelligent members of the united states. he believed in allotment and education so that indians could become working members of american society. when: 19th century. where: did most of his work in new york. significance: being a member of the board of indian commissioners gave him power in determining the future status of indians. support from him and others gave rise to boarding schools such as the carlisle indian industrial school and shaped policy towards native americans.

dakota conflict

who: the dakota indians and americans. what: conflict between the dakota indians and the americans that arose due to violated treaties, including the failure to give annuities to the dakotas which was promised in a treaty. americans retaliated because a man was found killed, and his mouth stuffed with grass which adhered to the symbolic killings that groups such as the dakotas sometimes performed. 38 indians ended up being killed. when: 1862. where: fort snelling in minnesota. significance: the deaths of 38 natives created huge distrust between groups, but also changes the way lincoln should be thought of. commonly known as the great emancipator, in this situation he actually ordered the hangings of the 38 dakotas, the largest number of hangings to occur at once. the guiltiness of these natives was not concrete whatsoever.

lakota winter countan

who: the lakota people. what: form of calendar used by the lakota, where events are recorded with pictures with one picture per year. they were used to supplement the massive oral history that was told as well. where: originally in minnesota, but then moved to the west. when: this has been occurring since the lakota became a people. significance: the analysis of these winter counts can show historians how history unfolded in the eyes of the lakota. previously, the credibility of the oral traditions of the lakota and other groups was questioned because it wasn't written down, so since these are written down it adds credibility to the stories and recounts given by the lakota.

little big horn

who: the lakota vs. the seventh cavalry regiment of the u.s. army including george custer. what: battle that was won overwhelmingly by the lakota people and their allies. where: near the little bighorn river in montana territory. when: 1876. significance: to begin, the battle was significance because of how overwhelmingly the lakota and allies won the battle, but unfortunately there were more troops to come and eventually they were defeated. also, this is an example of when the winner did not write history, rather when the loser wrote history. they transformed this miserable showing into a symbol of nation building making the men that died martyrs in the fight against the "savages". instead of being known as simply a lakota victory, it is known as custer's last stand because it was the sight of his death and makes it seems like the indians were the ones being agressive.

treaty of fort laramie

who: the u.s. and the specific bands of the lakota people. what: this treaty promised the black hills to the lakota and more land and hunting rights in specified areas in montana, south dakota, and wyoming. this treaty also called for the civilization of the lakota people, and planted people of various professions to teach the lakota the practices that they considered "civilized". when: 1868. where: black hills and fort laramie in wyoming territory. significance: the inclusion of the "civilization" of the lakota people was influential in that it intensified the pressures of assimilation on the lakota. schools such as the carlisle indian industrial school were created and children were sent off to this school to become "civilized". on another note, the needs of the ponca people were not included, and the u.s. gave away lands that were claimed by the ponca which created conflict between them and the lakota who believed the land belonged to them.

manifest destiny

who: the united states of america. what: the attitude held by the united states that believed that they could expand west, but in addition they were destined to. when: 19th century. where: the united States of america, more specifically the western united states. significance: the concept and act of the us expanding west under the idea of manifest is often portrayed as if they were embarking on a journey into land no one had ever seen before, but native americans had already been their for a long time. in order to manifest this destiny, land was needed and that land was held by the native americans and resulted in disputes over land and eventually the loss of land for the native americans.

zitkala sa

who: zitkala sa, sioux indian and writer. what: when she was young, she was sent to an all indian boarding school. in"the melancholy of those black days" she recounts her experiences. she seemed like an outcast as she came to the school, and many people stared an pointed at her and made her uncomfortable. she also recounts how terrible the conditions and staff at the indian schools were, and for that reason she returned to the boarding schools as a teacher. when: 19th century. where: the school she attended was in indiana. significance: her work "the school days of an indian girl" show how difficult it was for indians to be told to stop doing something that they had known and done for their entire life. it also exposes how awful the boarding schools were. she remembers druggies holding the position of teacher, and that the doctor was drunk on the job. she remembers teachers continuously saying that indians were just poor people under the control of the government.

what did the Amishinaabeg harvest the most of?

wild rice

Edward Sapir

worked with Ishi; expert on the Yana language

John and Bobby (robert) Kennedy

• 1960 (both shot) CUT FUNDS • John F. Kennedy - PRESIDENT • Robert F. Kennedy - A.G. o Want to get rid of termination • Senators say no, no will to do it

Oliphant vs Suqamish

• 1978 - tribes have no authority to arrest or punish ppl on reservation (if not living on reso) • Oliphat (white / commited a crime) his rights had been violated • Supreme court found that NO tribe has the authority to arrest a white man on their reservation (b4 clinton)

William Rehnquist

• Anti-soverignty court; anti-indian • Chief Justice of Santa Clara vs Martinez

Native American Religious Freedom Act 1978 (NARFA)

• Applies 1st amend. to Indians - cannot penalize Indains for practicing their religion (peyote) • The Supreme Court decided the ability of the Navajo to practice their religion was not impeded by the type of snow sprayed on the mountain.

opposition to Indian New Deal

• Assimilationism v. pluralism • Should individuals land go back to tribal control? o Part of indian org act, was to take unsettled land and put them back as tribal lands o Argued in public opinion/congress that successful people (native americans) had the opportunity to buy would be squashed as the land was becoming collective "indian land" • Should Native American cultural traditions be preserved? o Weve spent 2 centuries trying to make them conform, now your saying we should preserve their culture o John collier- yeah we should, preservation of cultural traditions is part of pluralism • How much power comes under the heading "self government" o Lots of fights over self government o Whast jurisdictional boundary b/w tribal police state police county police? o Largest set of fights were about tax revenues and government assistance • Balance between government assistance and government cultural reorganization

Native American Graves Protections and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA) 1990

• Bones must go back to tribe with proven ancestral ties if: • It is found on FEDERAL land • There is federal money involved • There is a federal permit involved

Clinton

• Brought the Indians back to being "nations" o Elevated them to same as or higher than state instead of under county gov. o BIA has 72 hrs to get back to Indians - if you don't or if you disrespect them you will get a "slapping" around by someone in Janet Reno's office Best President for Indians - gov't to gov't nation to nation

Nation to Nation/Government to Government Concept

• Brought the Indians back to being "nations" • Elevated them to same as or higher than state instead of under county gov. • BIA has 72 hrs to get back to Indians - if you don't or if you disrespect them you will get a "slapping" around by someone in Janet Reno's office

Teapot Dome Scandal

• By 1921 fall was secretary of the interior (bureau of Indian affairs in under sec of interior) • Teapot Dome- navy oil thing • Fall and sec. of Navy- Fall said Navy shouldn't really handle this- Sec. of Navy givens management of Teapot Dome to Interior- and Fall and his Cronie- Sinclair- ran a company called Mammoth Oil o Fall got Sinclair to run the teapot dome- started kicking back profits o Fall starts spending all this money on himself o He and Sinclair are both charged with Fraud o The trial ends up prematurely when they find out Sinclair threatened jury- sentenced to 6 mo. In Prison

Albert B Fall

• By working in the opp directions manages to move policy away from forced assimilation • Checkered past, cheated ppl, election scandal, constantly accused of fraud and corruption • Proposal to put NMex water rights under white control • "termination" for Mescalero Apache, National park, some amount of money allotted if they would basically forfeit any claim they had on any special ward relationship they had with the government • severance for Indians except Osage and 5 civil. Tribes • Dept. of Interior gets ½ oil royalties (allows sec of interior to appraise the value of all the remaining tribal property- and then force it to be sold to the gov't)

Wilma Mankiller

• Cherokee and first female leader of Cherokee • Asks how do you want your money for the cobell decision. Do you want it given in programs? Highways? Scholarships? How do you want the money? The government is relucatant to write every tribal member a check for 46,000. • The Cherokee want a one time payment to each member of the tribe but the BIA says above what age? So they have a tribal vote that took 4 years and it was decided that men and women above the age of 18 living on the reservation • The Navajo decided easily how they wanted their money and started charging interest. Decided everyone above 16, male or female, don't have to live in the clinic, better road, judges, tear down hydroelectric dam they built. The government was iffy about the hydroelectric dam so the Navajos tore it down themselves secretly.

Three principal arguments against casino credit are:

• Credit allows casinos to engage in undesirable collection methods • Credit allows unscrupulous operators to skim funds • Credit results in players losing more than they can afford

California vs. Cabazon

• Development of Native American gaining • 2 tribes near riverside and they were playing card games - open to public bingo and poker • Overturned the existing law that restricts gambling on reservations

BIA tasks

• Distribute "civilization fund" • Settle white and Indian claims • Manage Indian agents • Carry out both acculturation and removal agendas

Pine Ridge and Wounded Knee Sieges and Events 1973

• FBI worked with corrupt tribal officals at Pine Ridge and Wounded Knee (lokota and psc tribes in South Dakota) • FBI plants bugs in the tribal hall and found the "troublemakers" • Indians found out about these cameras and set the hall on fire - police claim it is "arson" of a government building even though it's on indian property. • Peltier (Leader) - shot at FBI agents (put on trial for murder) o They got an old indian lady who said she saw Leonard shoot the FBI agents - THEY BRIBED HER !! • Completely made up - wasn't Leonards gun • He is still in jail

alcatraz

• Former prison, federal lands • Abandoned federal facility • 1886 treaty said that Lakota could take claim to unused federal facilities • November 1969- june 1971, more than 5600 ppl involved • False starts w/ some activists going and getting kicked off • Significance: coordination, prior to this a lot of NA activism was at tribal level- brought together 100's of NA young people from over 100 different tribes • Lived there and developed an approach that called for self determination/ autonomy • Became symbolic issue for NA resistance • Used media to promote their cause o John Trudell as spokesperson for movement called himself the "voice of Alcatraz" had a radio program- he has remained an activist o Atha Rider Whitemankiller- Cherokee- eloquent spokesperson- used Alcatraz as a metaphor for the plight of people on reservations- spoke in Washington too • Johnson O malley act • Results: Nixon and Ford ultimately end termination policies due to pressure built up from movements and demonstrations such as these to adopt retribalization and self-determination policies

What are the characteristics of a priest?

• Full-time religious practitioner • Not necessarily believed to have direct contact with the invisible powers • formal training, often place within hierarchy of religious institution • more common in hierarchical, state-level societies.

Indian new Deal

• Further allotment ended • Surplus lands not homesteaded returned to tribes • Tribes can make constitutions and have limited self rule • Loan funds made available for tribal projects (land, schools, etc..) o Some tribal debts were cancelled • Federal government worked with state government to make education on reservations comparable to other schools • Repealed a lot of laws that limited civil rights on reservations 1934

Bureau of Indian Affairs

• Grew out of a system of Indian Agents who reported to territorial governors and the war department -- Indian Agents-Little ability to control white encroachment ---Grant's pension problem ----What to do with the Civil War officers? • Office of superintendent of Indian trade, and ultimately the bureau of Indian affairs in the war department

Native American citizenship

• In the Dawes Act, those who took the allotment of the 160 acres and became citizens any Indian who had fought with honorable discharge was also considered a citizen WWI The Indian Citizenship act (or Snyder act of 1924) granted citizenship when WWII came along- reaffirmed their citizenship 1940- they needed to draft them

Duro vs. Reina

• Indian from a different tribe arrested, sues for being held. • Cannot arrest indian on a reservation • Tribes decide who is an "indian" on the reservation

Leonard Peltier

• Kills FBI agents (carrico thinks he didn't) o Pine Ridge; Lakota - did take place in a shoot out w/ FBI o American Indian Movement - started in Minneapolis

Echo Bros

• Larry Echo Hawk - appointed by Obama as Assistant Secretary of Indian Affairs // he was a Pawnee HEAD OF BIA • John Echohawk - executive director of the Native American Rights Fund - filed a class action suit against the secretary of the interior on behalf of a million beneficiaries for misuses of billions of dollars held in trust by the BIA - Indians win o Largest action between an Indian and US govt. o Helped write the NAGPRA • Walter Echo-Hawk- staff attorney for (NARF) Sues government; ensures laws are upheld

Santa Clara vs Martinez 1978

• Ms. Martinez marries an apache - their child is NOT a santa clara • St. Clara wins - 1/4th santa clara than a member - they are allowed to make their constitution • Marries a santa clara and has 2 more kids and they ARE santa clara • TRIBES can make laws on who is a member and who is not

Thus far, three states have opted to license, regulate and tax Internet gaming.

• Nevada • New Jersey • Delaware

Louis Bruce

• Nixon selected him to head the BIA - understood that the new generations of Indians were shooting for self-determination

Most player disputes application and interpretation of law and rules to particular facts. Disputes typically fall into one of three categories

• No malfunction or human error occurs with the device, but a disagreement arises as to the terms of the offer (e.g., disagreement over posted rules) • No malfunction occurs, but the parties disagree as to whether the patron met the terms of the agreement to be paid (e.g., player did not bet the required amount) • Machine malfunctions or human error by a casino employee (e.g., no true jackpot, improper verification by slot staff)

Maine Indian Settlement Act $81.5 Million

• Only thing that Jimmy Carter did as president. • Maine treated their Indians (penobscots) very badly. They took land away and set up state reservations. • Penobscots sue US federal gov. - the fed. gove sues Maine's state gov. on behalf of the Indians and use evidence from Elenore/Collier • STATE PAYS $$

American Indian Movement (AIM)

• Peltier began it in Minneapolis • Protect Native people from police harassment

Oregon vs. Smith

• Peyote!!! • Oregon is suing him for trying to get unemployment • US gov. said that Oregon doesn't have to change their law, but was "advised" to • State gov could prosecute; put up many other people for being arrested

Indian Service Schools

• Pro- assimilation but not anti Indian • Indian service saw themselves as protectors- they were trying to advocate for native American groups • Mostly day schools • Vocational things were taught- sewing, cooking, farming, dealing with cattle, also math and English taught as well • Education done in native language? not really effective in quick assimilation

Credit application review includes:

• Recommendation by the marketing department • Review by the credit department • Due diligence checks (Central Credit, source of wealth, exclusion lists)

Indian Gaming Regulatory Act (IGRA)

• Regulate the conduct of gamings on indian lands • No federal gaming structure before this act

Navajo vs. US forest

• SF mountains in New Mexico • Navajos came from these mountains so it is sacred • Normally Taking water out of the lake to make snow • Indians against this • Instead do the sewage snow that is cleaned and put it on the mountain - Indians say NO

Ronald Reagan

• Self-determination People need to help themselves, government is not the answer Give AMIND help, but not with just a check • HIRES : Jack Kemp= H.U.D (housing development) Enterprise Zones

Native american voting rights

• The Indian Citizenship act (or Snyder act of 1924) granted citizenship o Extended voting rights, but AZ and NM restricted voting until 1948 -- previously not allowed to vote b/c they didnt pay taxes There remained instances in many states that still prevented Indians from voting, even though they were citizens of the United States. For example, the attorney general of Colorado in 1936 declared that Indians could not vote because they were not citizens of the state.[52] Similarly, states found ways around voting in other ways. Because the Fifteenth Amendment 1870 barred states from limiting voting on account of race, states found other ways - residency: claiming that Native Americans were not residents of the state if they resided on reservations, self-termination: one must first abandon their tribal ties in order to vote, taxation: Indians who do not need to pay taxes cannot vote, guardianship: the claim that Native Americans were incompetent and "wards of the state", and on the lack of ability to read English

Oklahoma Sooners

• There was unallocated territory in OK • In 1889 there is another act (Indian Appropriations Act) that allows non Indian settlers to occupy unallocated lands • Until a certain date in 1889 and time, no one was supposed to go into the territory- but the "sooners" went in before this (often ended up being able to hang onto the territory they claimed) • "sooner clause" said prior claims invalid • big corporations (railroad appraisers, land appraisers, Indian agents) got away with coming in early normally

Cobell Decision

• This decision is about indian suing the bureau of indian affairs because they had lost their money and cheated them out of their land • Who do we pay and HOW(??) o Fed. Gov. - You owe 1.4 Billion to the Indians o It was decided that less than half the tribes were owed something...no tribe in sd county because they were treminated o Cherokee were owed a lot because of gas drilled oils on their land o 4 yrs figuring out what each tribes wanted o OBAMA (2008) w/in 2 yrs I will start writing you all checks! 2 weeks ago it is over

Federal Power Administration vs Tuscarora

• Tribe in new york. Federal agency came in and told the Tuscarora were gonna put a small dam on your reservation for you're own good. Were gonna put a hydroelectric plant in it and you will start getting electricity out of this and we will sell the rest to white people. • Tuscarora argued and blocked the roads so the federal power aministration sued the Tuscarora tribe saying you have no authority over the fed power admin doing this because congress approved this. Supreme court agreed with fed power admin but told congress they have to stop doing this because they had screwed up laws and needed to choose them • In the end, they built the dam and gave power to the white people and also gave good cheap power to the Tuscarora

Obama

• Violence against women act States were not doing their duty to women (texas - a husband could not rape his wife) DID NOT APPLY TO RESERVATIONS Obama: Helped Indians out by making this apply to reservations • Cobell Decision: Who do we pay and HOW(??) Fed. Gov. - You owe 1.4 Billion to the Indians 4 yrs figuring out what each tribes wanted OBAMA (2008) w/in 2 yrs I will start writing you all checks! 2 weeks ago it is over

how do Shultz and Lavenda define witchcraft?

• the "performance of evil by human beings believed to posses an innate, nonhuman power to do evil, whether or not I is intentional or self aware"