Ant302 Final Exam

What sense can you make of the following uses of kin terms: - The children of a female husband refer to her as "grandmother" (kogo) - The daughter of the female husband calls the female husband's wife "brother's wife" and the female husband's wife calls the daughter "husband's sister" - The female husband's wife calls the female husband's co-wife's son "husband's brother" (bamuru) These terms suggest that the female husband is a stand in for her own what?

- kogo = female husbands and womens son - brothers wife = female husband and husbands daughter calls his females husbands wife this - bamuru = husband and wifes son call his husbands female wifes this - these suggest that the female husband is a stand in for her own son, plays both the role of herself and her son (ghost son), revolves around the ghost son

Commodity

A commodity is something produced for sale on a market. When sold, commodities leave the possession of the seller and are taken possession of by the buyer. Once they are purchased, the relationship between a commodity and the seller is ended, and the relationship between the buyer and the seller is ended.

jelas

feeling of desire for things, individualistic emotion

How long can a person live in his father's village? Where does he or she go after that?

For men to form their own village, the brother has to attract his sister and her children, your mom's sisters kids, and your siblings to become the status of headsmen. Men need to have their sister go out and have kids then reel them in and find someone to have children and prevent them from leaving. Divorce solves conflict in the children's lives. Matrilineal descent and virilocal = conflict (social structure issue)

Myth

The myth transforms cause into effect. Inequalities in rights of cattle-ownership are explained in terms of women's weakness. But the very source of this weakness is women's inability to own cattle. In this way, myth "mystifies" or conceals the causes of a social states-of-affairs. And more than that, the truth or plausibility of myths is self-evident. The very features of social life (e.g., women's weakness) that the myths themselves bring about are premises of the myth

What is the role of race and racism in colonialism and its myths, according to Memmi?

The myth of colonization is that the colonized want to change their skin color and become equal with the colonizer. Internalizes the myth, lack of subjectivity and become labor

What differences are there in the rights and obligations of women and men in Masai social life? In particular, what difference is there in the rights to cattle ownership?

mens wealth is measured by the size of the village, which is the number of children, women, and cows. Women cannot ever have ownership of animals, so in order to survive, they must attach themselves to a man who has cows. Women milk the cows and build houses for the men. All men become warriors at the age of 18 and girls become a group for the warriors

Why does paying bridewealth with the cattle of money help to reduce the likelihood of divorce?

likelihood of divorce goes down because of the cattle of money is used to buy for yourself, cattle is owned by yourself instead of collectively

madane

when someone doesnt fulfill an obligation and it angers you, relational emotion because of another person

Why do women say they become pasinja meri? Who do they do this to hurt? Why? How does prostitution hurt these others? In what way is becoming a pasinja meri a form of "negative agency"?

women say they become pasinja meri because they have been forced to have sex without consent and their family troubles. Passenger women. She did it to hurt her family and her husband. Husbands promiscuity, her own infertility, and her fathers refusal to let her attend. It is a forum of negative agency because the women desert their families to have sex for money. Alot of the time they do it out of rage. Make sure her male kin don't get brideswealth and no reproduction.

How is property passed on from one generation to the next among the Nandi? What is a "house" as a social unit of inheritance?

All property held by a polygynous is ideally divided evenly among sets of full siblings, each set recieving exactly the same share (House Property Complex). Only men can get property so it is passed down through sons. Each house/wife gets the same amount of cattle to be distributed among their children. Women are trustholders of property for a certain amount of time.

What consequences does this difference in rights have for women's lives? What consequences does it have for relations between women and men? What consequences does it have for relations between women and their sons?

Because women can't own cattle, they live their entire lives outside their control. They become servants to men through a myth. It means that the husband completely determines if his wife/children will receive cattle as property. If they don't receive property, then they will live very hard lives.

Mauss challenges a common view among European economists that "primitive economies" were barter systems by emphasizing the importance of gift-exchange in non-market-based societies. How is gift-exchange, according to Mauss, different from barter, which economists have long viewed as the "natural economy"?

Gift exchange is different from barter according to Mauss because it is not individuals but collectives that impose the obligations of exchange and contract. Also, the exchange is not solely property and wealth, but the exchanges are acts of politeness. The total services and counter services are committed to in a voluntary form of presents and gifts. Mauss never existed anything that resembled a natural economy, one hardly finds simply an exchange of goods, wealth, and products in transactions made by individuals.

In what respects did OJ stand on a platform he built for himself? In what respects did he stand on a platform built for him by others (those involved in social movements, his white audience, etc.)?

He built his platform himself by working hard and being a great football player and by others through his commercial and endorsement deals. Surrounded himself with white people.

Why must Ongka give his Moka? Why does he want his Moka to be larger? What would happen if he fails to reciprocate?

He has to give a moka because 10 years ago they were given 400 pigs. He wants his moka to be larger because he is paying interest for the first moka. If he fails to reciprocate then everyone will think of Ongka as a person who doesnt keep his promises and he would feel ashamed.

Lockean Problem

How do people live together and coordinate their activities in relatively stable arrangements without constantly falling into a state of war?

How is desire "managed" in social life? Who is responsible for managing desire?

Huli houses are organized to manage desire and its potentially malignant consequences.

Matrilineality and virilocality

Identity follows from one's mother, but is vested in men Wives reside in their husband's village, leading to a mismatch between residence and the source of inheritance Ideally, then, children would go live with their mother's brother's family

Considering both travesti and pasinja meri, in what ways is prostitution a liberatory activity for both groups? Is prostitution a good thing? How do we decide? In what respects is prostitution not a liberatory activity in these two cases?

It is a liberatory activity for travesti because being a prostitutes allows them to actually become females. For the passenger women, it is liberating because it allows them to actually become females. For the passenger women, it is liberating because it allows them to be free from the brideswealth and choose who they have sex with. Prostitution is a good thing for these types of people because it allows them to have freedoms that they wouldnt have had otherwise. It is not a liberating activity for travesti because they are often harassed and beat by men and policemen while passenger women are disowned by their families. Have the power of men in new and different ways.

Why is bridewealth payment and marriage seen as a fitting end to Wardlow's account of her harassment at the airstrip? What is a wali ore? Why is sex outside of marriage considered a theft? Who is robbed?

It is seen as a fitting end because brideswealth payment is needed in order to have sex with a women. Wali Ore is real good women whos sexuality is about brideswealth and reproduction. It is considered theft because it is robbing the women's sexuality away from her family.

What does it mean to say that Huli women's agency is encompassed by male agency? Why is it, then, that the form of agency available to women is "negative agency"? How does this negative agency manifest itself?

It means that what women do is controlled by what women do, women are sued for mens big projects and dont get credit. Men are the public face of affairs while women go unrecognized and are hidden. The explanation for negative agency is that everything that women are needed for are behind the scenes, only become visible when they mess up. It manifests itself through things like forgetting to do something, refusing to have sex, or suicide.

If this portrait is merely a myth, why does it persist in colonial situations? What sort of conduct does this myth legitimate? How do the characteristics ascribed to the colonized in the myth relate to the political and economic interests of the colonizer?

It persists in colonial situations because it justifies the actions of the colonizer and serves colonizer. It legitimates the fact that the colonized need to be tamed and civilized so they must produce raw materials and provide labor for the colonizers

What does the Tok Pisin word jelas mean? What does the Huli word madane mean? Are they the same thing? How is being jelas related to feelings of madane? How is the occurrence of these emotions said to be changing?

Jelas (commodity lust) means something more like covetousness or an inordinate and dangerous feeling of desire for money, things, and sometimes people. Madane means resentment at having been disappointed or betrayed, when ones sense of entitlement to something is violated by the givers refusal or failure to abide by promise or obligation. Madane creates relational emotion which is in reference to another person/social relationship with someone while jelas creates individualistic emotion which os a persons relationship to stuff/no social environment.

What does Mauss mean when he says that the gift is "apparently free and disinterested but nevertheless constrained and self-interested"? How is gift-giving self-interested, according to Mauss? What does the "obligation to reciprocate" have to do with the self-interest of the gift?

Mauss means that people give gifts for the reason of getting something in return for the gift. This is why gift giving is self interested, because people are hoping to gain something by gift giving. The obligation to reciprocate is the belief that if someone does something for you, then you are obligated to do the same for them.

Why do men feel madane toward pasinja meri? Why do pasinja meri themselves feel madane toward others? What is the cumulative effect of feelings of madane on both sides?

Men are madane because women could exercise choice over sexual paartners and womens attempts to elicit male sexual desire through visual display and erotic talk. Can't be sexually arousing to other men. Men are only interested in the bridesprice and quickly forget about their relationship with their sisters, Women are feeling madane about the failure of their relatives to live up to their obligations. Women start acting individualistically and take posession of their own sexuality as prostitutes.

) In what respects is the American Dream a "mythical portrait" of American life that shapes the world of the inner city residents discussed by Bourgois? Compare Bourgois description of the American dream with the myths of the "colonizer" we have encountered in Memmi and the OJ documentary. How is full identification with the colonizer ultimately inhibited (or not) in each instance?

Mythical explanation of success/failure is that work hard to succeed, if you fail then its your fault. Sociological explanation of success/failure is that racism and institutionalized inequality limit the opportunities to live the American Dream, success and failure are dependent on race. Those who have been colonized or are different from the main race, will not receive as many opportunities to be successful. White = good job, well off, autonomous, Black = bad job, poor, subservient

How often do Ndembu marriages end in divorce? How do you explain this striking figure?

Ndembu marriages end in divorce very often because marriages are extremely brittle. Some women divorce men in order to take up a residence with their oldest son if they have just found a village. Ndembu divorce in marriage alot, marriage can be completeled by divorce or death. Mother's leave their husbands and take the kids to live with the mother's brothers family because that is the man the children are most closely related to.

) How did OJ view himself? Who did he identify with? What role did race play in his self-image? How might we understand his self-image and his response to the social movements of the 1960s and 1970s in light of his life experiences?

OJ viewed himself as not a black person and he identified with the white population. This is shown when he did not participate in the black athlete boycott of the Olympics. Counter revolutionary athlete.

According to the documentary, what was OJ's ambition in life? What avenues were available for him to achieve it? How was race tied to his ambition?

OJ's ambition in life was fame and to be seen as OJ and not a black person, being accepted and recognized as a person. The way that he could do this was through his football career and the white population.

In what respects did OJ's success depend on his self-image? In what respects did his self-image grow out of something like a colonial situation, as described by Memmi? How, then, is OJ's success a product of American colonialism?

OJ's success depended upon his self image because of the way white people saw him. OJ was able to essentially change his skin color and assimilate/identify with the white population.

How does one save up pigs for Moka? Is it possible for Ongka to look after 100 or so pigs? Why not? What does he do instead? What does he need in order to look after even the dozens of pigs that are under his care?

One saves up pigs for the moka by investing them in other people, who will hold them until the moka. They cannot look after 100 pigs because are alot of work so he gives them to other people to take care of them.

Mauss says of the Pacific Northwest potlatch that "what is noteworthy about these tribes is the principle of rivalry and hostility that prevails in these practices" (6). In what respect does Ongka's big Moka have "an extremely marked agonistic character" (6)? In what respect is it self-interested? In what respect does it "create" society? How do self-interest and war-like aggression combine to produce society through the gift?

Ongka's big moka is self interested because he wants to have a very high social status if he can finish it. It creates society because it creates many social relationships and obligations between Ongka and his tribe members. Self interest and warlike aggression combine to produce society through a gift because of the obligations and rivalries.

According to Bourgois, how is participation in the underground (crack) economy related to the American Dream?

Participation in the crack economy is related to the american dream because it allows people to have rugged individualism, work hard to succeed, make money, and be respected. Seek to live out the american dream through whatever avenues are made available to the people.

How do people associate themselves with the cultural values found in meat? According to Sahlins, how do these cultural values get unequally distributed in the United States?

People become associated with what you eat and poor people buy cheaper cuts. Metaphorical attribute of the food is determined by the social class of the people eating it. Civilized is white, good job, rich, and eating nice meat while uncivilized is black, bad job, poor, and eating cheap meats. The value of meat that is eaten determines social status. Totemism = association between social groups and natural species.

Relationships among whom are organized by bridewealth exchanges? What is given in exchange for bridewealth? When are the relationships formed through bridewealth payments concluded? When is the debt considered repaid?

Relationships among men and women to be married are organized through brideswealth exchanges. The womens sexuality is given in exchange for pigs and sometimes cash. The relationships are concluded when the brideswealth payments are finished/fully payed. The debt is considered repayed when the price has been payed.

How are smaller Mokas and larger Mokas connected to one another over time? What is created through each of these Mokas? What sort of things stand in the way of Ongka achieving his big Moka? What skills must Ongka have to pull it off?

Small mokas and big mokas are connected together over time because the small mokas will make up the components of the big one. Obligations and social relations are created through each of these mokas. People not fulfilling their moka or being lazy/disobedient stand in the way. Ongka must be a very good motivator and speaker in order to pull it off.

What values did he live by? In what respects do these values resemble American ideals (such as the American Dream, rugged individualism, and the like)? What American myths are embodied in OJ's early life? How did this fuel his appeal and success?

The American dream that is showed in OJ is that anybody can be successful if they work hard enough, regardless of the color of their skin. Individualism.

Mauss' account of the gift, we could say, offers a solution to the Lockean problem of having a political society without a state. How does the gift serve to maintain social relations among a group of people? How does it transform self-interest into social bonds?

The act of gift giving create social bonds through exchanges and transforms physical objects into social status and social relations. The 3 obligations of to give, to recieve, and to reciprocate creates and maintains social relations among people. It creates social bonds because you give them away so you can get them back later. Creates hierarchy = bigger gifts means higher social status. Lockean Problem = in a state of war because there is no common judge or government, no institutions

Can the colonized, according to Memmi, ever escape this mythical portrait of them? Can the colonized, according to Memmi, ever achieve full identification with the colonizer? Why or why not? If assimilation is impossible, what other avenues are available to the colonized to escape from the colonial situation? How does the colonial situation continue to shape the world of the colonized even after they have liberated themselves from the colonizer?

The colonized can escape the mythical portrait but they can never achieve full identification with the colonizer or assimilate. The only way they can escape is through revolting against all the values of the colonizer. It continues to shape the colonized because they will still rely on support from the colonizer and their values will persist.

What are the characteristics attributed to the colonized in the "mythical portrait" of them? Why does Memmi call the portrait "mythical"?

The colonized in the mythical portrait are unbelieveable laziness, a virtuous taste for action, and unreasonable wages. Wretched, savage, too much energy, eat anything.

What is the "culture of poverty" argument? How does Bourgois' account challenge it?

The culture of poverty argument is that poverty will lead to the development of a subculture for those conditions, creating a cycle where people cannot escape poverty. Bourgois challenges this by stating that people can be successful depending on their circumstances.

How is the lineage system related to the segmentary character of Nuer tribes? Compare Figures 2.3 and 2.4. What do the letters in Figure 2.4 stand for? How do the genealogical relations presented in Figure 2.4 relate to the tribal divisions in Figure 2.3? Who, for instance, is person A in Figure 2.4? Or, put another way, who are A's descendants?

The lineage system is related to the segmentary character of the Nuer tribes because the 2 combine together to form the segmentary lineage system which explains tribal unity. Each new family creates a new tribe as they get further down through shared ancestors. A = B, B = X, C = Y, D = X1, E = X2, F = Y1, G =

Drawing on Mauss' discussion of the Northwest Coast potlatch, explain how the self-interest of giftgiving gives rise to the obligation to give, the obligation to receive, and the obligation to reciprocate. In particular, what is the relationship of rank and honor to the giving, receiving and reciprocating of gifts?

The obligation to give is the essence of the potlatch, to give, to receive, and to reciprocate. The potlatch is a massive competitive exchange of gifts and people time it right so when the potlatch comes, people must reciprocate back. Refusing a gift shows that one is afraid to reciprocate back. Gift giving is essentially creating your social status by showing off.

What are the benefits of marrying a female husband? What are the downsides?

The wife of a female husband should bear sons who will become their female father's houses male heirs in the property system. It is better to marry a wealthy women than a poor man because the property will always be there. Greater sexual and social freedom for the wife. Female husbands are less likely to quarrel and beat their wives. Less abusive, controlling, and questioning.

What are the most important kinship relations among the Ndembu? Why? What relationships are most conflict ridden? Why?

There is an extremely powerful bond between mother and her own children, acting against the dispersal of this matricentric family and toward its maintenance as a residential unit. Brother and brother in law are trying to break up marriage and get the kids. Husband and wife are either having children and staying together or divorcing. Father and children with the father trying to keep the children in the village.

Aside from the tribe, what other political groups is a Nuer individual a member of? How are these groups related one to another? How are they like a tribe and how are they unlike a tribe? What is the basis of unity for these political groups?

They are apart of primary, secondary, and tertiary tribal sections. They are related because primary are segments of the tribe, secondary and segments of the primary, and tertiary are segments of the secondary. Tertiary is then divided into villages and domestic groups. Shares attributes with the tribe such as name, sense of patriotism, dominant lineage, and territorial distinction. Each is a minature tribe, only differ in size, degree of integration. Unite for war and have common principle of justice. The basis for unity is a shared ancestor, smaller groups are closer related and more connected.

What does Evans-Pritchard mean when he says the Nuer live in an "anarchic state"? (What does the Greek term anarkhos mean?) What are the "principles" of their anarchic state? (Isn't there a contradiction in seeking the "principles of an anarchic state"?)

They live in an anarchic state because the term anarkhos means being in a state of being unruler or without a leader. This means that they are not ruled by anyone according to Evans Pritchard. They have no government and are united by kinship relationships. No centrailized government. Patrilineal descent (agnastic seniority). They are pastorialists and have little agriculture, interact with different tribes, behaviors and movement depends on the seasons. Leopard skin chief = do not have authority to tell people what to do

How do leaders among the Kawelka—called "big men"—influence others to act? Do they have the authority to issue commands? What role do gifts play in influencing the actions of others?

They tell them to stop drinking and wasting time with women to get them motivated to get the moka ready. They can't issue commands, only persuade others.

What is a Nuer tribe? What are its definitive attributes? How do relations between people in the same tribe differ from relations with people of other tribes?

Tribes have territorial unity and exclusiveness. They are economically self sufficient, having its own pastures, water supplies, and fishing reservations. Has a name which is its symbol of distinction, patriotism. Tribe is the largest community which considers that disputes between its members should be settled by arbritration and ought to combine against other communities of the same kind by foreigners. If a man kills a fellow tribesmen, feud is avoided by paying cattle, but if a man kills a man of another tribe then there will be tribal warfare.

Two important factors that influence where people live among the Ndembu are: 1) matrilineal relation to a village headman and 2) virilocal residence after marriage (i.e. women go to live with their husbands). What would villages look like that live up to both of these ideals? (Avunculocal = living in your mother's brother's village; patrilocal = living in your father's village)

Villages that lived up to both of these ideals would consist entirely of male matrilineal kinsmen, their wives, and dependent children. Adult men would live avunculocally, adult wedded women virilocally, and their young children patrilocally

How does culture does reinforce ethnic, class, and gender hierarchies, rendering them relatively stable over time? In what sense, then, might we say that there is, in fact, a "culture of poverty"?

WE see that everyone is treated equally but we use it to make the world more equal, critique and improve. WE never get to stand apart and see reality without culture and myths. Lives are shaped by culture, myths, and rituals. This means that ther is a culture of poverty that is shaped by certain values.

How are taboos on cannibalism related to the value of meat, according to Sahlins? What does Sahlins mean when he says: "edibility is inversely related to humanity"?

What is edible is inversely related to the human, how closely related to the human, close = savage and far = civilized

Course Syllabus

Where the first half of the course seeks to situate cultural intangibles in social life, the second half looks at 2how social life is rooted in these very values, beliefs, and the like. We consider social and political arrangementsboth familiar (the nation, class stratification) and unfamiliar (the patrilineal segmentary lineage, the matricentricvirilocal residence group ) to see how such arrangements are sustained and transformed in concert with culturalbeliefs and values. We consider (Lockean) possessive individualism in particular as a cultural model ofhumans-in-society that increasingly shapes social, political, and economic arrangements around the world.Ultimately, we aim to be able to bring anthropological methods to bear on our own lives to consider howwe are embedded in and influenced by social, political, historical and cultural environments in ways that we oftendo not realize. We challenge our own beliefs about the nature of humanity and society, about the moral andimmoral, about the valuable and valueless through careful attention to the wide diversity of ways in which humanslive. How do humans' construct their socio-cultural environment? What becomes striking about our own sociallives when set alongside the social lives of others? What aspects of our socio-cultural surround are particularlypotent in shaping the way we live?More particularly, the course aims 1) to develop students' ability to approach social life as"ethnographers"—that is, to empathize with people through careful attention to their social and cultural surround,and to recognize ourselves as part of particular social and cultural worlds; and 2) to develop the ability to readnon-fiction prose—and anthropological writing, in particular—so as to be able to follow and critically appraisearguments, to evaluate and draw conclusions from evidence, and to empathetically engage with diverse forms ofhumanity through the written word.

Prostitution is an activity closely associated with individualism among the Huli, according to Wardlow. Why? In what sense do pasinja meri "eat their own vagina"?

Women are accepting payment for something that doesnt belong to her, which is her sexuality. Families give brideswealth for a womans reproductive powers, so the genitals are where the power comes from. The brideswealth payment is meant to be distributed to others but women are taking that away and keeping it her for herself and being selfish, thus eating their own vagina and not producing children with it

Who benefits from the emergence of the cattle of money and the money of work? Because of the possibilities and limits on the interconversion of cattle, money, and women, wealth is channeled toward what form of value? Who ultimately controls and benefits from this form of value? What social and cultural values are augmented and which ones are drained by the limits on the interconversion of cattle, money, and women?

Women would become a commodity on a market if the money of cattle didnt exist as a separate kind of money. Money would be able to be spent on anything so there would be no brideswealth and lineage would die. Money of cattle ensures that the ancestral herd is not dissipated through individual uses of money, patriline protected.

What does the ritual of marriage look like? How are women's social relationships transformed upon marriage? Who become their future sources of support and close kinship? How does this transformation relate to a patrilineal descent ideology?

a girls head is shaved and she gives all her jewels to her jewels to her younger sister in order to shed her previous identity. After the girl is circumsized, the girl is considered to be fertile and ready to be married. To be married means to be led. The new wife is taken to her husbands village where the other co wives and their children become their sources of support and kinship. The new wife is insulted as children become their sources of support and kinship. The new wife is insulted as she is brought into the village. A man who lives long enough to see alot of grandchildren circumsized achieves immortality because his name will not be forgotten.

What made cattle the "currency of power among men"? Explain what Hutchinson means when she writes: "From men's perspective, cattle, not women, "produced" children." How is it that cattle transformed man's fundamental need for a woman as mother of his children "into a broadened and deepened dependence on other men"? How do senior men, in particular, gain power through the equation of cattle and people ("cattle and people are one")?

cattle were the currency of power among men because they did not use money for exchanges and cows provided everything from social relationships to food. Cattle produced children because they gathered the procreative powers of both sexes and placed them in the hands of wealthy cattle elders. It was transformed into a broadened and deepened dependence on other men. Cattle come under the control of men and become apart of the ancestral herd. Used for brideswealth because cattle produce children.

House property complex

each wife/house gets the same amount of cattle to be distributed among their children

Is the female husband a man? In what sense is "she" a man? In what ways is she not a man?

in the nandi culture, the female husband is a man. They are men because they adopt the male role in sexual division of labor, participate in political discussions, dont carry things on their heads, and attend male initiations. Do behaviors associated with males. They behave as a mother/father depending on children (not monolithic/social roles). The nandi recognize that the female husband is not actually a man, but functions as one and cant have property

Where are the Nandi? How do they make a living?

mixed economy farmers producing maize, milk, tea, and vegetables, maize is the principle subsistence crop. Pastorialists, cattle are the most important property

Social Roles

modes of classifying actors based on standards of behavior appropriate to, and the rights and obligations connected with, certain established types of actors.

Where are the Masai located in relationship to the Nandi we just read about?

near the kenyan - tanzanian boarder is where the masai live, the nandi live in western kenya

Gift

obligation to give, to receive, and reciprocate (self interested) To make a gift of something to someone is to make a present of some part of oneself....In this system of ideas one clearly and logically realizes that one must give back to another person what is really part and parcel of his nature and substance, because to accept something from somebody is to accept some part of his spiritual essence, of his soul Creates a social relationship

How do people make a living among the Kawelka? Why, then, do they need pigs?

people can survive without pigs but if they want to get married and move on with life, then you need pigs. They make a living through selling and farming sweet potatoes.

Segmentary Lineage System

segmentary political organization and the lineage system are related together, forming a big family through a common ancestor for the Nuer Tribe, unity through kinship

Why do the Nandi have female husbands? Why is the institution of woman/woman marriage "widespread in African patrilineal societies"? Why does the female husband need a wife? How does this wife accomplish the task for which she is married?

the acquisition of a male heir for her property. They become a female husband because they fail to attract a female husband, already has a child or is already pregnant from a man who refuses to marry her. If a woman doesnt have a son, then she will marry another women who has a male son so all the cattle/property can go to them. Done through brideswealth where husbands family pays wealth to the brides family because she is leaving, paying for offspring. If no son, then the daughter will be married off and there will be no one to take care of cows.

What, then, is the basis of tribal unity? A Nuer tribe is, effectively, taken to be a large what?

the basis of tribal unity comes from having a shared ancestor, so the neur tribe is essentially a very big family. Lockean Problem = if you don't live in a centrailized government, then people will be in a state of war and be killing each other

What similarities do you see between life in the North African colonies discussed in Memmi's account and life in Los Angeles as presented in the OJ documentary?

the black population faced harsh and racial treatment from white citizens and the police which is similar to the conditions that the colonized faced against the colonizer.

What's the difference between the cattle of money and the cattle of girls? Are they interconvertible with each other? What are the cultural values associated with each?

the cattle of money are purchased cattle that are free to be disposed of in any way that the purchaser wishes. The cattle of girls are brideswealth cattle received by specific relatives of the bride on the basis of a system of inheritable rights. Cattle of money can be ritually transformed into cattle of girls. Cattle of money is used money to obtain the cow from work. Cattle of girls are used to protect the lineage.

What effects does this mythical portrait of the colonized have on the colonized themselves, according to Memmi? In other words, even though the portrait is merely mythical, how does it transform the actions and thoughts of the colonized?

the colonized want to assimilate by the colonizer but they dont give it to them and can never have full identification with the colonizer.

The "force of things"--the hau of the gift--derives not in large measure from the physical properties of the gift itself, but from its capacity to do what?

the hau of the gift derives from its capacity to posess productive power itself. Gift giving creates social bonds through the exchanges. They transform physical objects into social status and social relations, and the value of gifts lies in giving them away so you can acquire later. Capacity of social power.

What is the hau of the gift? What is one giving when one gives a gift, according to Mauss? How does this help us understand the "obligation to reciprocate"?

the hau of the gift is the spirit/force of things. When one is giving a gift, they are giving part of their spiritual essence/soul. The hau is social pressure, feel compelled to respond to a gift which is their obligation to respond and reciprocate. Spirit of the giver that gnaws at you, giving apart of yourself so they feel obligated to give one back.

What's the difference between the money of work and the money of cattle? What differences are there in the way they can be exchanged? What cultural values are associated with each?

the money of work is the money that is earned through wages through the sale of goods obtained by self exertion. It stands opposed to cattle of money because it comes from the sale of collectively owned cattle. Money of the work can become money of cattle if the money of work is used to purchase a cattle.

Why does Ongka want to perform a Moka? What will he give as part of his Moka? Why does it take so long to pull off a Moka?

the ongka wants to perform a moka because he can earn famous status for his tribe and himself, and the size of the gift is what matters. It takes so long because he cant order people around, only persuade, and must collect all pigs. Pigs, rare animals, money, cars, and motorcycles.

What are the two spheres of exchange that emerge with the growing use of money? What distinguishes these two spheres of exchange?

the two spheres of exchange are blood and nonblood. The difference is that blood exchanges are with cows while nonblood exchanges are done with money. Cattle of money and cattle of girls.

How is the value of meat determined? Why, according to Sahlins, is "supply and demand" (i.e. an economist's explanation) not a sufficient answer? What does an account of value that centers on "supply and demand" fail to account for?

the value of meat is determined by the identification of cattle or increaseable wealth and rivilry and the idispensability of meat as strength and epitome of virile meats. Supply and demand determined the price of a commodity in a market economy but different cultures have an opinion on what is edible and what is not. Price of meat is determined by the cultural values about the meat.

How are differences between men's and women's rights to own cattle legitimated among the Masai? Is there conflict among men and women about this inequality in rights, according to the film?

the women get to pick out 9 cows which will become her animals and apart of her family. Her husband can slaughter or sell her cows and there is nothing she can do about it, only holding the cows for her sons. Women can't choose their husbands but they may choose their lovers. If her husband dies, then the cows are dispersed if no sons. Enkishon = depending on one's children as they grow old, living with her sons. Women live their lives completely in their husbands control.

What sorts of evidence does Sahlins draw on to make the case that some animals are more human than other animals? How does the cultural and economic value system sketched by Sahlins help us to account for the relative value of "meat" and "innards"?

we dont eat innards because humans have the same parts, the outtards are called other things like chops or steaks. Some animals are more human like horses and dogs which are inedible and some are edible like cows and pigs. This is because they have different spatial areas, names, loved/unloved, spoken about/ spoken to. Dogs are metaphorically equivalent to children

Encompassed Agency

women's agency is encompassed by male's agency, what women do is controlled by what men do, women are used for men's big projects and dont get credit, women go unrecognized and don't get credit while men are the face of social affairs

What are pigs good for?...pork? What are cassowaries good for? How do you achieve status and power in a society where there are no well-defined positions of authority?

you have to have pigs for everything you do such as paying for troubles and paying for wives. The cassowaries are rare birds that are given as a gift in the moka. They achieve power and status through the giving of pigs.