ANTH 23O2 Final
The earliest pottery making techniques include _____.
hand-forming
Casts of plants in ceramics can be used to _______.
identify the species of plants present
Relative dating relies on the _______.
principle of superposition
Studies of wood charcoal from _______ showed what plants were cultivated and what was imported in the Aegean Bronze Age.
Akrotiri
Public archaeology includes ______.
Archaeology Week activities collaborations with descendant groups public outreach through museums
James Deetz examined social organization through _____.
Arikara ceramics
_______ is inherited at birth.
Ascribed status
Archaeologists no longer use water screening to find small objects from excavated soils.
False
At the African Burial Ground National Monument, archaeological human remains are on display so visitors can learn about the history of slavery in New York.
False
At the SunWatch site in Ohio, plant remains were available only in the summer.
False
Because of international efforts, the Bamiyan Buddhas were protected from destruction.
False
Cause of death can be determined for a large percentage of burials.
False
Conservation involves two primary activities, cleaning and preservation.
False
Ethnography is not used by archaeologists.
False
Evolutionary ecologists in archaeology are also considered postprocessual archaeologists.
False
Georadar, magnetometry, resistivity, and total stations are all important aspects of remote sensing.
False
Major characteristics of flakes contain a bulb of percussion and a blade.
False
The Elgin Marbles have been returned to Greece.
False
The Fertile Crescent was home to both wild and domesticated einkorn and emmer wheat as well as wild rice.
False
The Poplar Forest excavations revealed much about the lives of enslaved peoples at President George Washington's plantation.
False
The chemical composition of obsidian varies greatly within a single source and cannot be used to source obsidian objects.
False
The contrast between ritual and practical acts is very ancient and widespread.
False
The units of a typology are called keys or guides.
False
To make pottery, people usually collect clays from at least 100 kilometers from their residences.
False
The first ceramic vessels were wheel-thrown.
False- Wheel-thrown ceramics appear relatively late, around 3000 BC
The Ypres Battlefield site contains the remains of soldiers killed during the ______.
First World War
According to isotopic analysis, the first kind of Copan, a Classic Maya center in Honduras, came from _______.
Guatemala
One way that archaeologists understand stratigraphy is through a _____.
Harris Matrix
he archaeologist _______ used historical gravestones in New England to study changes in styles over time.
James Deetz
Microwear studies at the East African site of ________ demonstrated evidence of meat cutting and slicing soft plant materials.
Koobi Fora
Excavations at the _______ in Illinois have uncovered more than 10,000 years of human settlement in North America.
Koster site
Important processual archaeologists include _______.
Lewis Binford
By sending laser pulses or energy beams to the ground and reading the returning signal, archaeologists use ______ to discover archaeological sites below thick jungle canopies.
LiDAR
Important archaeologists who have published on gender include _______.
Meg Conkey Patty Jo Watson Elizabeth Brumfiel
Cutmark analysis at ______showed that early humans scavenged large game.
Olduvai Gorge
The site of ______ shows evidence of the first bioarchaeologically documented gunshot victim in the New World.
Puruchuco-Huaquerones
Remote sensing techniques in archaeology do NOT include _________.
SAAs
At the Mesolithic site of _______, there was more activity during the warmer summer months.
Starr Carr
The explorers ________ published wildly popular illustrated volumes about Maya sites in 1841 and 1843.
Stephens and Catherwood
An ethical archaeologist should not provide estimates of the value of antiquities to collectors and retailers.
True
Anthropophagy has been found in contexts of warfare and ritual in the past.
True
Archaeologists can determine the sequence of removals and flaking from refitted assemblages.
True
Archaeologists can use chemicals in sediments to understand activity areas in the past. Correct!
True
Archaeologists who work at CRM firms often conduct salvage excavations.
True
Artifact conservation should be considered at the point of excavation or discovery.
True
Artifact style can vary enormously based on the traditions and choices of the person who made it.
True
At Smakkerup Huse, small, fur-bearing mammals were likely killed during cooler months when fur is in prime condition.
True
Both mineral and chemical composition were used to source Salado polychromes.
True
Excavations on the Mary Rose, a Tudor gunship, yielded a minimum of 179 individuals.
True
Experimental archaeology is the "hands-on" investigation of the past, often through replicating technologies.
True
Flow charts that focus on cause and effect are commonly used in processual archaeology.
True
Function tends to change more slowly than style.
True
How food is prepared can sometimes be inferred from the cuts of meat used.
True
Human activities can dramatically change the stratigraphy at a site.
True
Isotopic tracers allow archaeologists to identify human migration in the humans themselves, rather than relying only on the movement of artifacts.
True
It is important to learn as much as possible about a site before excavating.
True
Kennewick Man was initially claimed by five Native American tribes for reburial.
True
One indicator of domestication is increased seed size.
True
One major change in domesticated plants is the human removal of plants from their natural habitat to new environmental zones.
True
One principle of ethical archaeology involves making sure that workplace environments are safe and respectful.
True
Parenchyma are particularly useful for identifying root crops, such as sweet potatoes.
True
People of European and Asian descent have about 2 percent of their genome from Neanderthal DNA.
True
Plant remains are usually some of the first things to decompose at an archaeological site.
True
Several Preneolithic sites in the Near East have shown evidence for human commensals.
True
Site seasonality can be determined through annual growth rings of certain mollusks.
True
The archaeological record refers to the body of materials and information that make up the evidence of the past.
True
The magnificent tomb of Qin Shihuang outside Xian, China, was conceived of as a miniature universe.
True
The presence of theobromine in Chaco Canyon pottery residues confirmed that chocolate had been consumed there.
True
The provenience postulate states that the chemical differences within a single source of material must be less than the difference between two or more sources of the same material.
True
There are an increasing number of archaeological science laboratories and degree programs around the world.
True
Using deciduous and permanent teeth, bioarchaeologists can determine the age at which children and adolescents died.
True
Worked bone tools was often used in the Upper Paleolithic and Mesolithic in Europe.
True
Archaeological conservation can be _____.
active stabilizing passive
An artifact's attributes can include _______.
age, style, size and shape
Chert is _______.
also called flint a cryptocrystalline quartz commonly used when available
At Smakkerup Huse, site seasonality was determined by _____.
antler development hazelnut harvesting oyster collecting
The earliest ceramic containers, or pottery, __________.
appeared about 18,000 years ago in china
The Elgin Marbles at the British Museum _______.
are also called the Parthenon Sculptures
After excavation, archaeological objects _______.
are assigned identification numbers are often cleaned are entered into a catalog of permanent records
Accession Numbers _______.
are assigned when an object is incorporated into a curated collection
Rock art sites __________.
are found on all inhabited continents
Metal detectors ______.
are particularly useful at historic period sites emit an electronic magnetic field are of limited use in most prehistoric North American sites
Archaeologists can use _______ to examine stability and change in large, self-organizing systems.
complexity theory
Methods of decorating pottery include _____.
cord-marking burnishing impressing the pottery with shells
The earliest known use of fired clay _____.
dates to about 25,000 years ago was in small animal or human figurines is from the Upper Paleolithic in Europe
After an organism dies, the amount of radioactive carbon in the body______.
decreases at a constant rate
Dating methods based on the principle of the accumulation of layers include _______.
dendrochronology obsidian hydration
The environment _______.
directly conditions human life
Some new directions in archaeological theory include _____.
esilience theory cognitive archaeology practice theory
The archaeologist Charles Leonard Woolley ________.
excavated the ziggurat of Ur
Individuals preserved in peat bogs in northern Europe ______.
exhibit exceptional preservation because of tannic acid
Paleoindian projectile points ________.
exhibit variation in geographic space
An archaeologist might use _______ archaeology when recreating how people made stone tools in the past.
experimental
For sites older than 500,000 years, thermoluminescence dating can be used.
false
Heavier isotopes (such as strontium) fractionate more than lighter elements.
false
The Black Sea Flood Hypothesis has been tested repeatedly and is now well-established in archaeology
false
Features at an archaeological site can include _________.
fire pits inhumations cremations
In a flotation system, the lighter, carbonized plant remains that float to the top are called the _______.
flot
Examples of animals that went extinct near the end of the Pleistocene include _____.
giant sloth giant beavers American camels
Paleolithic tool types include _____.
harpoons handaxes blade borers
To understand the_______, archaeologists must understand the stratigraphy of a site.
history of a site relationships between artifacts and activities at a site activities that took place at a site
The anthropologist Raoul Naroll used ethnographic data to investigate _______.
house floor areas, population size, dwelling areas
Ethnoarchaeological analysis in Pakistan by Mark Kenoyer showed _______.
how bead production was organized at Harappan sites
To identify where a ceramic was made, an archaeologist could ______
identify the kind of temper examine the vessel shape and design motifs use ceramic petrography
Attributes of pottery styles _______.
include design elements and decoration
Between 1900 and 1950, archaeologists _______.
included the first female PhD in archaeology in the United States, conducted famous excavations, such as Tutankhamen's tomb, focused on culture history
The ______ of an element is the number of protons in the nucleus.
isotope
The remains of Piltdown Man were ________.
later debunked as a forgery
Sediment samples from lake cores showed evidence of _____ as early as AD 400 in the Andes.
lead pollution
The past can be protected through _____.
learning more about our archaeological heritage contacting legislators in support of archaeological issues supporting local museums
Some archaeologists use ________ analysis to determine how stone tools were used.
microwear
Specific organic molecules retained in ceramic sherds have identified the presence of _____ at archaeological sites.
milk wine olive oil
Archaeologists who study extractive sites may focus on ______.
mines where minerals are extracted kill sites were animals are butchered agricultural crops grown in a field
The core of an atom is made up of ______ and protons.
neutrons
Variations in _____ isotopes largely reflect trophic level.
nitrogen
A _____ results from raising an arm to protect oneself from a blow.
parry fracture
Literally "plant rocks," _______ can survive under conditions where pollen disappears.
phytoliths
Microbotanical remains important in archaeology include _____.
pollen phytoliths diatoms
In Europe over the last 2,000 years, _____ had the biggest impact on average height.
population density
The _______ movement was led by archaeologists including Ian Hodder and Christopher Tilley.
postprocessual archaeology
The Laetoli footsteps were dated using ______.
radiopotassium dating
Artifacts can be classified by ______.
raw materials style and function technology
Archaeological survey can involve _______.
reconnaissance instrumental survey remote sensing
Diatoms are particularly useful for ______.
reconstructing past environmental conditions
The sequence of construction can be determined by _______.
sedimentology thin sections of house floors micromorphology
Bioarchaeological analysis of the Mary Rose showed _____.
shoulder blade deformities in archers
The pithouses of Keatley Creek _______.
showed how space can be used to infer social distinctions
A special kind of sedimentary deposit produced in situ is called ________
soil
Site seasonality can be determined by _______.
specific migratory species specific animal parts, such as antlers the age of the animals present
The French term chaîne opératoire refers to ______.
steps in the process of production
Before 1950, archaeologists used ______ to date artifacts.
stratigraphy
Archaeologists use a petrographic microscope ______.
to examine thin sections
Because it is more porous, _______ usually decomposes first during burial.
trabecular bone
The occupation of Pueblo Bonito in Chaco Canyon, New Mexico began in AD 919 according to _________ dating.
tree-ring
Some _____ plants produce little pollen or phytoliths, so starch grains are useful.
tropical root crops
The principle of radioactive decay is important for _______ dating
uranium series
Lindow Man, from northern England, ______.
was conserved for display at the British Museum
Flintknapping is an additive process.
False
Forager populations were generally larger and more sedentary than agricultural populations in the past.
False
In his Reese River Valley archaeological survey, David Hurst Thomas relied on Lewis Binford's earlier ethnographic work in the region.
False
In the last twenty years, the development of new methods and technologies in archaeology has decreased.
False
Individuals who died from the plague exhibit specific lesions on their skeletons.
False
An artifact's attributes can be visible or invisible.
True
Engineers and scientists with Napoleon's army helped popularize Egyptian archaeology.
True
Some of our earliest evidence for plant domestication comes from _____.
Abu Hureryra
Manufacturing techniques can be either additive or subtractive.
True
A large number of large animals went extinct in North America around _______.
10,000 years ago
The National Historic Preservation Act was passed by the US Congress in ____.
1966
Since ____, US law has forbidden trafficking in Native American cultural or human material.
1990
In the Near East, archaeozoologists have shown that the shift to sedentism occurred _____.
2,000 years before the origins of agriculture
The earliest worked stone artifacts date to at least _______.
3.3 m.y.a
Archaeozoologists can usually identify about _____ of the bone fragments at an archaeological site.
5-40 percent
Believed by many to have wrapped the body of Christ, the Shroud of Turin has been radiocarbon dated to __________.
AD 1300
New technologies, such as LiDAR and genetic analysis through aDNA, are important recent methodological developments.
True
One of the reasons archaeologists study the past environment is to better understand climate change, and its impacts on humans today, in the present.
True
Optimal foraging theory is a concept from biology that some archaeologists use to explain hunter-gatherer behaviors.
True
Possible explanations for the Maya collapse include internal warfare and climate change.
True
Resilience theory in archaeology is used to explain why some societies transform and thrive during difficult times while others collapse.
True
At Jomon sites in Japan, archaeologists have discovered ______.
a subsistence economy based primarily on wild resources
When using the scientific method, it is important to ______.
communicate results, test hypotheses with experiments, test hypotheses with observations
The Folsom site in New Mexico _______.
is an example of the importance of archaeological context showed that humans coexisted with extinct animals was initially discovered by George McJunkin
The initial domestication of plants and animals took place in many places around the world about _________.
10,000 years ago
The Archaeological Conservancy has worked to protect ______.
California's Borax Lake Site
According to the Society for American Archaeology's Ethical Principles, an archaeologist has an indefinite amount of time to analyse excavation data before making the data available to others.
False
All archaeological sites are protected under the law.
False
An archaeological horizon refers to open-air archaeological sites.
False
An important distinction in agricultural plants is made between roots and tubers.
False
Archaeologists must choose between fieldwork and laboratory work
False
Context is rarely useful in determining how a ceramic was used.
False
Data are the observations, counts, and measurements of such material items as stone tools or ceramic sherds.
False
Historical archaeologists have used the classification of clay pipe bowl shapes to create a chronology at New Town, Jamestown Island.
False
Macrobotanical analyses focus on phytoliths and pollen.
False
Micromorphological analysis is conducted in the field, with the sediments in situ.
False
Microwear analysts plan to use "blind" tests to validate their approach.
False
Radiocarbon dating can only be used on materials older than 40,000 years.
False
Researchers isolated the first evidence for the bacteria that causes the plague in human remains that date to about 800 years ago.
False
Secondary products in archaeozoology refers to meat products.
False
Sexual dimorphism in animal species is rare and cannot be used by archaeozoologists.
False
Stature data from Maya sites supported the hypothesis that stature declined before the Maya collapse, reflecting reduced yields from exhausted agricultural fields.
False
Studies of human skeletal remains usually begin in the laboratory, since human remains are fragile.
False
The hunter-gatherers at Keatley Creek lived in small communities of fewer than five houses.
False
Mortuary analysis at the site of _______ in Alabama showed ascribed status.
Moundville
_______ provides a mechanism for museums and federal agencies to return certain Native American cultural materials.
NAGPRA
By combining both modern and ancient DNA, geneticists have shown that ______.
Neanderthals interbred with modern humans
To distinguish naturally broken stone from a stone altered by humans, archaeologists look for _______.
None of these answers are correct.
At the site of ________, macrobotanical remains showed evidence of plant storage so that plant foods were available year-round.
SunWatch
The wild ancestor of corn or maize was _________.
Teosinte
By examining site formation processes and refitting lithic artifacts, the site of ________ was demonstrated to have only two or three possible activity periods.
Terra Amata
A flake can be removed from the parent stone by a blow or pressure.
True
A growing body of geoarchaeological evidence now shows that Noah's Flood did not take place in the Black Sea.
True
A number of opinion polls in the United Kingdom support the return of the Elgin Marbles to Greece.
True
A petrographic microscope is a specialized version of a binocular microscope.
True
A typology is a formal system of classification for assigning time and space meaning to artifacts.
True
Accelerator mass spectrometer (AMS) dating can date much smaller samples than conventional radiocarbon dating.
True
Amateur archaeologists can help discover archaeological sites.
True
Dendrochronology can provide a calendar age for wood samples.
True
Differences in vegetation viewed from the air can indicate buried archaeological remains.
True
Excavations by Nicky Milner followed excavations by Grahame Clark at Star Carr.
True
Lithic refitting is used to investigate the horizontal distribution of artifacts.
True
Lower Paleolithic blade technology allowed people to waste less raw lithic material.
True
Many scholars now agree that the site of Hisarlik, first excavated by Heinrich Scheilmann, is the site of Homeric Troy.
True
Many stone tools were probably used in a range of activities.
True
Meticulous excavation is necessary to determine complex site stratigraphy.
True
Mortuary analysis often includes taphonomic analysis as well.
True
NAA is commonly used in provenience studies of obsidian artifacts.
True
New developments in instrumentation allow the analysis of smaller samples, which minimizes the destruction of priceless archaeological materials.
True
Radiocarbon dating requires preserved organic materials, such as bone or charcoal.
True
Radiopotassium dating is useful for geologic samples older than 500,000 years
True
Thermoluminescence dating can be used to ceramics or burned flint from archaeological sites.
True
Total stations are used in archaeology to measure both vertical and horizontal distances.
True
Underwater archaeology involves excavating in grid units as on land.
True
Using AMS dating, rock art from Blombos Cave in South Africa has been dated to about 77,000 years before the present.
True
Using ZooMS, archaeologists can identify the species of otherwise unidentifiable bone fragments.
True
For his work on radiocarbon dating, ______ later won the Nobel Prize.
Willard Libby
Different instruments used by archaeological chemists include ____.
XRD ICP-MS NAA
Flakes can contain _______.
a bulb of percussion
The archaeologist David Hurst Thomas defined _______ in the Reese River Valley.
a dual-residence settlement pattern
Archaeological pottery is usually made of _______.
a mix of clay and temper
Specialized fields in archaeology, such as ______, are growing rapidly.
bioarchaeology, archaeological science, historical archaeology
The introduction of _______ dramatically increased the amount of cutting edges that could be obtained from the raw material.
blade technology
Taphonomic processes in the archaeological record can include _______.
both natural and cultural forces looting bioturbation
Taphonomic processes that impact faunal remains include _____.
butchery scavenging decomposition
Using organic residue analysis, archaeologists determined that ceramic vessels from Chaco Canyon contained _______.
cacao beans
Residues from the inside or outside of ceramic vessels ______.
can be analysed using isotopic analysis
Archaeological style ________.
can be intentionally or subconsciously added to an artifact
Kilns in the archaeological record ______.
can be open can be closed
Archaeological sites ________.
can be open-air on the surface
By mapping the spatial distribution of artifacts at Meer, archaeologists were able to examine__________.
he behavior of individual flintknappers
Some lithic materials can be ________ to improve flaking.
heat-treated
A soil chemical analysis at Keatley Creek showed _______.
high levels of phosphorus where ash and food remains had been
Using genomic analysis of Ötzi the Iceman, researchers were able to identify _____.
his sheepskin coat the type of leather used to make his shoes the presence of Lyme disease
An early approach to typology involved _______.
indicator fossil fossile directeur
_________ are combinations of elements that do not usually contain carbon.
inorganic compounds
In archaeology, sediment ______.
is a commonly used term is particulate matter that can be transported by water or other fluids can include clay, sand, or leaves
Evidence for anthropophagy _______.
is present at some Ancestral Puebloan sites can come from myoglobin in coprolites is present at Cowboy Wash
The FAI-270 project was _________.
one of the largest CRM projects in US history
Ranked information (such as movie ratings) is an example of _____ scale data.
ordinal
Geoarchaeology can include studies of _____.
pedology hydrology glaciology
Archaeological ceramic provenience studies include _____.
petrographic analysis
Alien archaeology has been ______.
popularized by Erich von Däniken
The vast Chaco road system was not well known until _______ were available.
satellite images air photographs photographs taken by drones
In archaeology, _____ refers to increasing or decreasing levels of analysis
scale
Plants can reveal the _______ of site use.
seasonality
Archaeologists can track the movement of people through _____.
strontium isotpes
Successful collaborations between the Squaxin Island Tribe and the South Puget Sound Community College included _______.
student training at an archaeological field school oral history from the tribe the establishment of a museum and research center
Bioarchaeologists can observe the presence of ________ through skeletal remains.
syphilis anemia tuberculosis
Important aspects of site formation processes include _______.
taphonomic processes
Excavations can be ______.
test pits vertical horizontal
Dendrochronological sequences have been developed for ________.
the Aegean region Central Europe the American Southwest
In 2001, the Taliban destroyed _______ as an act of cultural vandalism
the Bamiyan Buddhas
Famous examples of catastrophes recorded in the archaeological record include _____.
the Maya site of Ceren
The archaeologist Brian Hoffman conducted excavations in household archaeology at _______.
Agayadan Village
Dendrochronology is an example of _______.
absolute dating
Hallmarks of processual archaeology include _______.
an emphasis on cultural evolution, using middle range theory, the use of objective and scientific methods
Selectionist archaeologists ________.
argue that cultural change can be explained in terms of natural selection
Anthropogenic materials in sediments can include ______.
artifact debris charcoal fish bones
According to Polly Wiessner, artifacts can exhibit ______.
assertive style emblematic style
Archaeological chemistry is concerned with ______.
authentication (verifying the antiquity of an item) identification (determining the original material of an unknown item) characterization (measuring the chemical composition of a prehistoric material)
The elm decline in Europe was likely caused by _____, based on pollen analysis.
beetle-borne disease
In archaeology, classification occurs ________.
before more specialized or destructive analyses
Absolute dating _______.
can provide an age in calendar years includes radiocarbon dating complements relative dating methods
Identifying the age and sex composition of animals in an assemblage ______.
can provide direct evidence of domestication
Changes in _____ isotope ratios can tell archaeologists when corn became an important part of the diet.
carbon
The age of an animal when it died can be determined by ______.
cementum annuli
Information from shells at archaeological can tell us about ______.
climate changes, diet, trade and exchange
The first stage in making pottery is ______.
collecting raw materials
Paleopathologists can observed extreme stress in an individual's lifetime through ______.
dental enamel hypoplasia, increased stature
The terms region and landscape _________.
describe physical (region) and conceptual (landscape) geographic areas
The Squaxin Island Museum Library and Research Center _____.
displays artifacts from the Mud Bay excavations
When sorting ceramic sherds, archaeologists _______.
distinguish between rim sherds and body sherds
Unmodified natural objects found in an archaeological context are called ______.
ecofacts
Trapped-charge dating techniques include ______.
electron spin resonance dating
We understand how materials break through ______.
fracture mechanics
In archaeology, ______ can be used to order artifact assemblages.
frequency seriation
Using _____, Daniel Lieberman showed that Preneolithic residential sites were occupied year-round.
gazelle teeth
Palynologists can identify a pollen grain to the _______.
genus
The branch of geology concerned with the shape of the Earth's surface is called _____.
geomorphology
Common food sources in the Early Neolithic Near East did NOT include ______.
maize
Very high nitrogen isotope values could indicate the consumption of ______.
marine fish
A geoarchaeologist interested in how many times a wall had been plastered in the past might use ______.
micromophology
Archaeologists commonly use _______ scales of measurement.
nominal ratio ordinal
The chemical composition of a volcanic glass, ______, can be used to source artifacts.
obsidian
The ratio of arboreal to non-arboreal pollen can show ______.
precipitation patterns, domestication events
Different types of burials include _____.
primary burial scaffold burial secondary burial
An important theoretical development in archaeology during the 1960s and 1970s was _____.
processual archaeology
Recent research in gender in archaeology has investigated _______.
queer archaeology the construction of masculinity gender bias in the practice of archaeology today
The Emeryville site in northern California __________.
reflects a pattern of longer-distance hunting by humans, contains an enormous shell mound, was in use from 600 BC to AD 1300
An organized belief system that promotes cosmology, morals, and values is called _______.
religion
Research on ideology in the past involves _____.
ritual, iconography, cosmology
At the Quarter site excavations at Poplar Forest, archaeologists discovered _____.
sorghum grown in slave gardens
A ______ theoretical approach in archaeology recognizes that an archaeologist's own experiences and biases can impact her or his interpretations of the past.
subjective
Age of death can be determined by _______.
the fusing of the epiphyses
Bioarchaeologists can determine the sex of a skeleton through _________.
the size of the mastoid process the shape of the pelvis the size of the mandible
Archaeologists use the scientific method ________.
to evaluate new ideas by beginning with an observation to form and test hypotheses
Underwater archaeologists ________.
use scuba gear while excavating
Georadar is _______.
used to detect subsoil anomalies similar to submarines and sonar also called ground penetrating radar
The Maya calendar _______.
uses a 365-day solar year
The ______ of refitted pieces of lithic artifacts is useful for learning about site formation processes.
vertical distribution
To understand how past inhabitants may have perceived the landscape, archaeologists can use __________.
viewshed analysis
The preservation of organic materials in archaeology is _______.
visible at Windover Pond
Tempers used in archaeological ceramics include ________.
volcanic ash grog bone
Between 1978 and 1985, fieldwork for the FAI-270 project _______.
was completed before a long-term highway expansion, helped archaeologists understand the adoption of domesticated plants in the region, uncovered spectacular artifacts from the Mississippian period
The Viking Great Hall at Lejre, Denmark _________.
was continuously occupied and rebuilt twice
Regional spatial analysis in archaeology ________.
was developed in the 1970s sometimes uses the gravity model can involve settlement pattern analysis
Ötzi the Iceman is remarkable because he ______.
was exceptionally well preserved
AMS dating in archaeology _________.
was used to date barley samples from Wadi Kubbaniya
Salado polychrome pottery _______.
was used to document a highly integrated trade network
The chemical and biological processes that break down and change the surface of the earth are called _______.
weathering
Originally located under the roofline of the Parthenon, the Elgin Marbles ________.
were legally removed and exported by Lord Elgin
Larger pithouses at Keatley Creek _______.
were occupied by elite families had both large and small storage pits had high-status and low-status areas
Secondary products of animals in the past included ______.
wool, blood, milk
Excavated by _____, the Rivanna River site was particularly important because of the ________ analysis.
Thomas Jefferson, stratigraphic
The raised fields of _______ are an example of archaeological knowledge from the past being used to benefit people in the present.
Tiwanaku
An artifact's provenience refers to its place of origin and is an important part of archaeological context.
True
Archaeologists use the term iconography to describe the pictorial representation of beliefs and concepts.
True
Archaeologists who use a functionalist approach generally also take a positivist or objective view of the world.
True
Archaeology is often able to give a voice to people who have often been ignored in history.
True
Based on Gordon Hillman's experimental archaeological research, wheat may have been domesticated in as little as 25 years.
True
Before humans started using metal tools, most tools with cutting edges were made of stone.
True
Both slips and glazes are applied to a ceramic before firing.
True
Butchery practices often leave distinctive traces on the bones themselves.
True
By examining archaeological evidence for weaving, Elizabeth Brumfiel showed how Aztec tribute demands impacted women in Mexico.
True
Ceramic petrographic analysis at Icehouse Bottom documented ceramic exchange in the Hopewell Interaction Sphere.
True
Ceramics are one of the most common archaeological materials to survive at sites from the last 8,000 years.
True
Compared to seed crops, it is usually much more difficult to identify root crops in the archaeological record.
True
Complete ceramic vessels are rare in the archaeological record.
True
Equifinality means that different human behaviors can produce the same archaeological evidence, complicating archaeological interpretation.
True
In the United States, NAGPRA was passed by the US Congress to provide a mechanism by which museums and government agencies can return certain Native American cultural materials to descendent groups.
True
Leonard Woolley's excavations at Ur uncovered the royal tomb of Queen Puabi.
True
New technologies can be introduced by diffusion or migration.
True
Relative dating cannot provide an actual age for an artifact.
True
Relative dating involves both the principle of superposition and dating by association.
True
Remains of butchered animals in middens can show what foods were most common in the past.
True
Salvage excavations at the African Burial Ground uncovered the remains of at least 419 individuals of African descent.
True
Some archaeologists use a "coefficient of stylistic variability" to examine social interaction.
True
Some archaeologists use decision trees to classify artifacts.
True
Some archaeologists use embodiment to understand gender in the past.
True
Spatial analysis in archaeology can be both within-site and regional.
True
Taphonomic processes can include decomposition and post-mortem transport.
True
Tempers are often added to clay to prevent cracking during drying and firing.
True
The Archaeological Conservancy is the only national, non-profit organization dedicated to acquiring and preserving archaeological sites in the United States.
True
The Lejre Archaeological Research Center in Denmark is an example of experimental archaeology at work.
True
The Society for American Archaeology has more than 7,000 professional archaeologists and students as members today.
True
The importance of preserving our archaeological heritage grew between 1950 and 2000.
True
The majority of archaeology done in the United States is CRM-related work.
True
The massive ziggurat at Ur has suffered damage from both US and Iraqi forces during Saddam Hussein's regime.
True
The scientific method in archaeology is a way of evaluating and testing ideas.
True
The study of economy in the past involves exchange, production, and surplus.
True
Ultimately, all archaeological data comes from archaeological fieldwork.
True
X-ray diffraction can be used to identity the minerals present in rock and ceramic samples.
True
he French word débitage is used to describe waste material.
True
Ötzi the Iceman is the highest-altitude archaeological find in Europe, which contributed to the exceptional preservation of his body.
True
The rescue and reconstruction of Ramses' temple at the Egyptian site of Abu Simbel was sponsored by ______.
UNESCO
Isotopic analysis of archaeological human remains from _______ showed a shift from terrestrial to marine foods as the climate got cooler and harvests declined.
Viking Greenland Sites
The archaeologists Joyce Marcus and Kent Flannery examined ritual activities in _______.
Oaxaca, Mexico
There is much more funding available for heritage preservation than for academic research.
True
During the 1980s, postprocessual archaeologists _______.
articulated new goals for archaeology, emphasized ideology, examined the biases of archaeologists themselves
One common way to describe hierarchical organization in the past is the __________ model.
band-tribe-chiefdom-state
In the United States, archaeology is most commonly found in Anthropology Departments along with _____.
biological anthropology, cultural anthropology, linguistic anthropology
In the United States today, archaeologists _______.
can be employed by the federal government, are often employed by CRM firms and colleges and universities, can include public outreach in museums or in the community
Between 1950 and 2000, archaeology was transformed by ______.
computers and new scientific methods, increasing numbers of archaeologists, new developments in archaeological theory
Different types of trade and exchange systems include _______.
direct trade down-the-line trade emissary trade
Archaeologists who work in Cultural Resource Management _______.
do the majority of archaeological research in the United States
Initial work on gender in archaeology _________.
focused on finding women in the archaeological record
By the end of the twentieth century, the majority of professional archaeologists were employed by __________.
government agencies and private businesses
Pierre Bourdieu uses the term _______ to explain the unthinking acts that people often do with little conscious effort.
habitus
Archaeologists who successfully use ethnographic analogy to understand the past ______.
have a good sense of cultural continuity between the past and present
The Stone Age rock at the Swedish site of Nämforsen _________.
is one of the largest collections of rock art in the world, contains both elk and boat motifs, has been interpreted by a postprocessual archaeologist
Classical archaeologists study_____.
literate societies of the Mediterranean world
In the Lake Titicaca Basin, raised fields ______.
maximize agricultural production
In the initial, emergent phase of archaeology _______.
more systematic fieldwork was initiated, the first university chairs in archaeology were created, museums of antiquity were created
Processual archaeology is also called _______.
new archaeology
Archaeology can help illuminate the lives of _____.
people who lived thousands of years ago, enslaved peoples, and Thomas Jefferson
A selectionist perspective has been applied by Ann Ramenofsky to understand ______.
the adoption of horses and snowmobiles
The archaeologist Bruce Trigger examined the relationships between population size and ______ in the ancient Nubia.
the height of the Nile River
Archaeological questions are important because ______.
the questions we ask determine the answers we get, learning to ask good questions is one of the most important parts of being an archaeologist
Demography is _______.
the study of human populations in the past complex, but not impossible, to study in the past related to population density
New theoretical developments in archaeology include _______.
the use of agency and practice theory
In an address to the Pontifical Academy of Sciences in 2014, Pope Francis said that _____.
there was no contradiction in believing in God and using evolution to understand the history of our planet
After 1950, archaeologists began focusing on culture history rather than culture process.
False
Agency and practice theory was developed by the French archaeologist Francois Bordes.
False
All archaeologists who study gender also practice feminist archaeology.
False
Historical archaeologists focus exclusively on the archaeology of Europe, which has written records.
False
In 1872, UNESCO's World Heritage program was created to identify, protect, and preserve our cultural and natural heritage.
False
Looting of archaeological sites is rare and does not generally result in the destruction of the archaeological record.
False
The construction of earthen mounds and structures in southern Arizona was an important part of the ideological landscape of the Effigy Mound
False
The pace or speed of the evolution of technology is slowing.
False
The strata of an archaeological site only refer to the features present.
False
A flake can be removed through percussion using ______.
a piece of bone an antler a hammerstone
To measure soil conductivity and identify buried disturbances, such as fireplaces or burials, archaeologists use _________.
a resistivity meter
An archaeological mapping project uses ______.
a site datum