ANTH 240N Final Exam

When did people first arrive in Sahul and what were their livelihoods like?

-Aboriginal Australian and Papuans diverged from Eurasian population between 51,000-72,000 years ago following a single out-of-Africa dispersal, and subsequently admixed with archaic populations before colonizing Sahul (Greater Australia) sometime around 50,000 years ago -Where people settle is influenced by distribution of resources on that landscape-> most important is food resources -Only found on coastlines with steep profiles -> expected that resources should be tethered to coastlines -Higher ranked taxa are rare in the middens, lower ranked increase as higher ranked decrease -Relatively high meat to shell resources, by Holocene middens are dominated by small, periwinkles that show people are occupying those places and high-ranked resources become less common and people's diets must expand -Shellfish that have high meat-to-shell ratios become less prominent in the middens

In what ways are humans especially distinct in comparison with other hominid species?

-H. Sapiens evolved in Africa, with the first fossil evidence dating to about 300 kya, and then spread to all other parts of the world relatively recently, (beginning sometime after 100kya) compared to the age of our genus

main assumptions of Ideal Free Distribution Model

-Habitats (patches of patches) vary in suitability (e.g. overall E/tf)... y-axis -> How much energy per unit of time spend acquiring/using resources -Suitability changes with population density (density dependent)... x-axis changes y-axis -> -Individuals have complete knowledge about the resource quality and quantity of each patch (ideal assumption) -Individuals are free to move to any patch (free assumption)

Llanos de Moxos

-Livelihoods and subsistence intensification among early peoples of the Americas -o Starting at around 10,85- cal. yr bp, creation of a landscapes comprised +4700 artificial "forest islands" in the savannah o Macrofossil materials of plants o Shows that there is clear widespread changes in soil/sediments among middens, shift in towards dark sediment associated with shellfish and fires, clearly indicate changes are a result of vegetative changes that are broad-scale impacts on landscapes -· Direct evidence comes from remains in middens: pytoliths

Land tenure among Foraging societies

-Open access: there are no social or physical boundaries and no restrictions on access to area and resources -Lax social boundary defense: area is associated with group membership and non-group members need permission to access area and resources (permission almost always given) -Mixed social and boundary defense: certain areas and/or resources are privately/corporately-owned and strictly defended, while other resources are for the asking -Strict social boundary defense: all areas require permission and those who access without permission may be punished severely (social boundary usually has multiple components) -Spatial boundary defense: area has clearly defined and physically defended boundaries (strict territoriality, involves a degree of threat and physical defense, need to set up institutions to defend land and resources, rare in foraging societies but not unheard of)

Property regime

-Rules we agree upon within a specific society -Can be used to get out of collective action problems -open access, communal, private, and state -Property regimes describes the various rules guiding how land and/or other resources can be used and by whom -Property regime is the broadest concept that encapsulates both land tenure and territoriality

ideal free distribution model

-The most suitabile habitat (H1) should be occupied first and will always have the highest population density · Changes with population density -Foragers should move to the next best habitat (H2) when suitability of H1 equals H2. That that point (i) predicts population density (d1) of H1. Note this well before the suitability of H1 collapses -Individuals should be distributed such that no individual can gain more resources by moving to a different habitat -Once habitats are full, all habitats are equal= predicts an ideal model of distribution of resources: higher-ranked has denser populations -Shows that Logone Flood Plain follows model of ideal free distribution and that it does not lead to resource degredation -Under conditions of nearly costless movement or where the costs of movement are small compared with the gains within resource patches, individuals will distribute themselves in proportion to available resources such that, at the landscape scale, the gain rate of all individuals is equalized -more likely to be able to do this where the renewalrate of resources is high and knowledge about resource hetero-geneity is easily acquired or shared between individuals.

Tree-ring data and fire activity over the last 415 years in California

-The outright violence of the mission and gold rush periods toward indigenous peoples, followed by the U.S. Forest Service's fire suppression policies, so thoroughly disrupted historic fire regimes that the effects are visible in tree ring data. -Large shifts in the fire record corresponded with socioecological change, and not climate change, and socioecological conditions amplified and buffered fire response to climate. Fire activity was highest and fire-climate relationships were strongest after Native American depopulation—following mission establishment (ca. 1775 CE)—reduced the self-limiting effect of Native American burns on fire spread. With the Gold Rush and Euro-American settlement (ca. 1865 CE), fire activity declined, and the strong multidecadal relationship between temperature and fire decayed and then disappeared after implementation of fire suppression (ca. 1904 CE).

Economic defensibility model of territoriality

-When resources are dense and predictable, the economic defensibility model predicts there will be territoriality and groups will defend these resources -Benefits: the exclusive use of resources defended -Costs: defending those resources costs energy and time -social costs to resource defense: If a group excludes another group, the exclusion will likely be reciprocated and relations between groups will likely deteriorate -Under these conditions you face a collective action problem-> if you supply a defense, others can freeride off of it

Hardin's Tragedy of the Commons

-a situation in a shared-resource system where individual users, acting independently according to their own self-interest, behave contrary to the common good of all users by depleting or spoiling the shared resource through their collective action-solution rests in changing the nature of the property -ToC results in overconsumption, under investment, and ultimately depletion of a common-pool resource -For a tragedy of the commons to occur a resource must be scarce, rivalrous in consumption, and non-excludable -theories of the commons predict that shared norms over the importance of equal access to resources and norms that set limits to status through accumulation are critical to preventing individuals from attempting to claim individual ownership over resources

Clovis

-appeared around 13,200 years ago-big-game hunting of mammoth and bison, used clovis-head spears to hunt prey-temporary camps, but were highly mobile -rapid population expansion, spread all over US -US had unpredictable resources which occured in patches -extensive social networks -flourished for 300 years and then separated into hunter-gathering groups around 13,000 years ago with extinction of big-game animals

Territoriality

-describes spatial boundary defense of a particular area (territory) with resources -two types: spatial boundary defense and social boundary defense -When resources are dense and predictable, the economic defensibility model predicts there will be territoriality and groups will defend these resources -negative correlation between hunting and territoriality in foraging societies -positive correlation between population density and territoriality § Condition to which you have spatial defense included within land tenure § Some degree of recognition and regard to rule with maintaining and securing boundaries that are expressed spatially

land tenure

-describes the various rules guiding what land can be used how and by whom

Fire suppression in the American West

-exclusion of Karuk management practices as a form of colonial ecological violence. -without fire landscape changes significantly -Euro-American settlers were struck by the rich biodiversity of California's forests, woodlands and prairies, but they didn't understand that indigenous people's use of fire was responsible for them. Instead, they sought to suppress fires wherever possible. The outright violence of the mission and gold rush periods toward indigenous peoples, followed by the U.S. Forest Service's fire suppression policies, so thoroughly disrupted historic fire regimes that the effects are visible in tree ring data.

Complex Adaptive System

-interact and adapt with their environments to survive -systems that have large networks of components with no central control where simple rules of operation give rise to complex collective behavior, sophisticated information processing, and individual adaptation via learning or evolution -What emerges in Logone floodplain is each part of the system -Each part of the system doesn't define the larger one

Genomic, fossil, and archaeological data regarding the spread of Homo sapiens

-mitochondrial dna found differences between modern women from across the world were very small-all modern humans are derived from a 200,000 year old population from which people migrated to the Old World -two admixture events: neanderthals and denisovans -§ Controversial when this begins, but certainly between 60-50000 years ago modern homo sapiens are migrating out of Africa o Archaeological patterns are complex because archaic homo sapiens were highly sophisticated tool-makers and communicators with complex and diverse subsistence strategies o Between 300,000 and 250,000 years ago, people in Africa and Eurasia began to use durable material substances and objects as media for signaling, used to just be ochre and pigments but over time objects began to be used and graphic representation began to be used -Social groups with kin-based structure, hunting/gathering due to unpredictability of the environment

Grandmother Hypotheses

-post-menopausal women can help their daughters raise children, which increases their inclusive fitness -Proposed to account for increased longevity, delayed maturity, early weaning, and helps mothers be able to have more children before the first one is mature o Women beyond child-bearing years make up big part of society o Children get help from many sources and grandmothers are especially important o Men are caring fathers, children are fed by alloparents o Having 3 generations fuels our long juvenility o Children are careful discriminators of multiple potential caretakers o We are OTHER focused: highly socially sensitive, we coordinate our intentions and transfer resources (across generations) in ways that chimps don't/can't

Domestication

-reproduction requires the intervention of humans, resources that we have an ecological relationship with; we depend on resources and resources depend on us; happened after LGM -o Flannery's "broad spectrum revolution" (BSR) model served as a counter to Braidwood's "settling-in" hypothesis for domestication -§ Flannery: shifts from Mesolithic to Neolithic (11kya- 10kya) economies in the Fertile Crescent involved broadening of the array of resources commonly exploited, especially with increasing reliance on plants with high processing crops § Crops include cereals (wheat and barley) and pulses (lentils and peas) § Local increases in circumscribed populations ->reduced mobility -> resource depression -> intensification -Maize domesticated us, can be seen in phytoliths o Mesolitich identified by reliance from wild grasses and domesticated resources § Morphological differences easy to detect archaeologically § Progenitor of domestic einkorn wheat can be easily seen by looking at ears of domestic wheat § Domesticated cereals are that in this case, domesticated wheat requires people to disperse the seeds § Wild einkorn wheat shatter on their own when they reach maturity and drop the seeds, are dispersed by the wind-> when shattered it leaves stem with smooth end patterns § Domestic corn will not shatter on its own, and relies on human interaction to thresh the wheat, and shatters with distinctive jagged breakage patterns o Smith and Zeder argue that domestication may have often occurred in resource rich environments, where people were able to reduce mobility and invest in the long-term stability of resources available in their local area

Karuk prescribed fire("fire as medicine")

-the Karuk Tribe, among others, sees fire as medicine, and as such views traditional burning as a human service for ecosystems." Places where fire has been excluded, he said, "are sick, as are the people who live there, from a tribal perspective. Eventually, those places then get too much fire (i.e., catastrophic wildfire), like an overdose." -use of fire central to evolution of flora and fauna -frequent, low-intensity fires to restore grasslands for elk and maintain tanoak and black oak acorns. -maintain grasslands that provide quality basketry materials, and provide smoke that shades the Klamath River, cooling water temperatures and benefiting fish during the hot late summer months.

Archaeology is?

-the study of material remains of past and present cultures § Both study people and the past of people § Difference between history and archaeology are by practice-> archaeologists are interested in material consequences of human behavior, historians are interested in one particular aspect of human past/historical record -Use Prey Choice Model and Human Behavioral Ecology -Archaeological applications of the prey choice model (HBE) model have commonly argued that novel social, techological, and cultural behaviors in human groups, such as origins of agriculture, were stimulated by efforts to mitigate lowered foraging efficiently caused by resource depression

Conservation

-where short-term benefits of individual consumption are exchanged for future long-term benefits to the public (a global public relative to effects of climate change) -behavior where the actor reduces his or her level of resource use below what would maximize immediate individual payoffs in order to provide public goods in the future -fundamental disconnect between the benefits of immediate resource use (individual) costs of resource use (distributed to a future public) -conflict between what's good for group and what's good for individual= collective action problem -conservation is not stinting -based on the idea of nature having intrinisc value, and entails saving global representation of populations, species, communities, and ecosystems within their natural habitat -Can lead to biodiversity because of elimination of human interaction in environments

Human behavioral ecology

A perspective that focuses on how ecological and social factors affect behavior through natural selection -aim is to evaluate the function of behavior: to try and understand how variability in human behavior is adapted to the rich social and physical environments in which that behavior is expressed and contextualized -focuses on the "dynamics" of behavior -back to fitness-related trade-offs (opportunity costs) -assumes natural selection designed organisms to be concerned about how we use energy and which traits to contribute to future generations (fitness) -goal is to figure out contexts in which decisions are made to figure out the ecology of decision making -assumes that natural selection designed human capacity to evaluate trade-offs -HBE research begins by specifying a model of behavior that describes a problem faced by an organism (ex. Getting food to eat) and derives predictions for behavior by assuming that organisms should attempt to solve this problem as efficiently as possible given a defined set of available options and constraints -o Archaeological applications of the prey choice model (HBE) model have commonly argued that novel social, technological, and cultural behaviors in human groups, such as origins of agriculture, were stimulated by efforts to mitigate lowered foraging efficiently caused by resource depression o Zeder and Smith argue that some cases may be exceptions to this pattern: shifts to farming livelihoods are not always preceded by clear evidence of resource depression. To help explain these cases, Smith and Zeder argue that domestication may have often occurred in resource rich environments, where people were able to reduce mobility and invest in the long-term stability of resources available in their local area -· human societies actively modify their surrounding environment to increase the relative abundance and reliability of preferred wild specieis of plants and animals. Assume that such efforts have the potential to provide individuals with benefits that matter

Common pool goods

A resource that benefits a group of people, but which provides diminished benefits to everyone if each individual pursues his or her own self interest -Rivalrous but non-excludable

Guila Naquitz

A site in Oaxaca, Mexico, that has produced the earliest evidence of domesticated plants in Mesoamerica -§ 5 strata: deepest archaeological materials date to 10,700 years ago. In earliest deposits and increasing over time, find teosinte. As they become more frequent, the seeds change and we can see this change § In harvesting seeds from these plants, we see an increased reliance on teosinte, large handling costs -> seeds that were selectively easier to harvest than other teosinte plants and stiffer ranchis to make it easier to transport § Caught feedback in production, the more you handle teosinte, the easier it is, which then promotes its growth to become more likely to be selected to harvest § Teosinte becomes maize over time due to selection

Political Ecology

An approach to studying nature-society relations that is concerned with the ways in which environmental issues both reflect, and are the result of, the political and socioeconomic contexts in which they are situated. -o Conceptual framework o 70s as a product of Erik Wolf's work-> looking at local rules of ownership and inheritance § Concerned with how local customs and duties/obligations intersected; people became aware of differences in distribution of resources and how this impacts ecosystems, and how ecosystems feed back to shape power in property regimes o Assumptions: § Ecological variability does not affect society in a homogenous way: political, social, and economic differences account for uneven distribution on who bears the costs and benefits of "ecosystem services" § Unequal distribution of costs and benefits have political implicatons in terms of power relationships: there are differences in who controls ecosystem services § Those relationships of power can feed back to shape ecosystem function -Gives us an image of the vast array of social and political causes of environemntal destruction -At its root: it is not just technology that determines human impact on the environment, but a comibination of technology with economic markets, ethical standards, political ideologies, religious conventions, and international law -Question of how communities use and abuse resources is recast as how forces external to local communities stimulate resource depletion -five themes: consideration of all actors and all intervening levels, actor-based, focusing on all the people and organizations that are involved in conflicts, deep commitment to historical approach, suite of economic factors implicated in environmental destruction

Balsas Valley

One of the earliest maize growing sites in Mexico, dating from around 9200 years ago

Pyrodiversity

The varying effects of fires, especially of forest fires, on the environment -o the successional diversity characteristic of different fire regimes -ecological consequence of low intensity fire regimes is greater biodiversity -· Martu pyrodiversity increases density of native mammals and monitor lizards

Radiocarbon dating

a chemical analysis used to determine the age of organic materials based on their content of the radioisotope carbon-14 -Radiocarbon (Beta) and C-14 (AMS) (half-life 5,730 years, 1-50kya)

Private goods

both possessed and owned, such that the owner can exclude others from using it, and once it has been consumed it cannot be used again -Excludable and rivalrous

A fire regime is characterized by what?

characterized by fire frequency, fire interval, fire size, seasonality, and fire intensity

The Problem of Collective Action

conflict between what's good for group and what's good for individual -occurs in economic defensibility model of land tenure -Rivalrous and excludable resources

Stinting

exercise of short-term restraint for long-term benefits-does not always mean conservation

Pure public goods

goods we all share in common in the sense that each individual's consumption of such good leads to no subtractions from any other individual's consumption of that good o Non-rivalrous, non-excludable

Role of pastoralists ecosytems in the Logone floodplain

grasslands depend on nomadic pastoralists that fertilize and go back to provide grass for cattle

Ecosystem Services

o : the public benefits that healthy ecosystems supply, such as natural pllination of crops, clean air, extreme weather mitigation, human mental and physical well-being § Where humans are fundamentally involved in healthy ecosystem function, individuals that supply ecosystem services differentially pay costs in provisioning public goods. In doing so, they must solve CAPs o The material and nonmaterial benefits people obtain from ecosystems through social enrichment, cognitive development, reflection, recreation, and aesthetic experiences § Resources are dependent on services people give to ecosystems themselves

Anthropology is?

o A social science that studies the whole human experience and asks questions about why that experience varies across time and space; human diversity in all its forms o Wholistic- utilizes all types of tools and evidence o Wholistic study of human diversity

Life history of early genus Homo

o Assumed that men hunted and women gathered, and therein lies the origins of human cooperation/social organization o Specialization co-evolved & fueled an increasing juvenile period, from which emerged a sexual division of labor to provision high cost juveniles and central place foraging. Survival of offspring increased, increasing benefits of growing longer, learning more, & larger brain size, along with greater behavioral flexibility. § Increased benefits of being younger for younger and having bigger brains o Hunting hypothesis: created differences in men and women's roles in foraging and fueled an increasing juvenile period o Hence, distinctive morphologies, and spread from tropical savannahs to temperate environments- o The longer you grow, the more embodied capital you have to reproduce, but the lower the probability of reaching maturity. Reducing adult extrinsic mortality reduces offering mortality and decreases the opportunity costs of growing longer o Foraging societies: weaned very early o From age or weaning to age of first birth we rely heavily on alloparents- other people § Has to deal with our subsistence strategies § Takes 18 million calories o Natural selection is based on individual level based on costs of reproduction -LIFE HISTORIES SIMILAR TO MODERN HUMANS

Martu ecosystem services

o Communities often under threat of closure bc AUS government wants them to participate in the economy; Martu aspirations include participating in actitivies that support important ecological relationships o 10% increase in income with foraging § Burning cost= $405 per hectare o Euro-Australians argue that supporting indigenous communities is a waste bc they don't participate in formal economy; in reality Martu burning offsets government costs of burning, as well as imporiving ecosystems · Monitor Lizards and kangaroos benefit from Martu fire mosaics, but kangaroos show depletion at the highest hunting rates o Monitor lizards at highest density there they are hunted the most; more resources to sustain monitor lizard populations due to fire o Clear anthropogenic effects to landscape-level pyrodiversity for kangaroos; in areas where Martu land use if moderately effective, largest kangaroo populations; larger hunting pressure on populations close to Martu communities · Martu pyrodiversity increases density of native mammals and monitor lizards o Hunting and consumption of native resources help sustain those resources

Pleistocene megafaunal extinctions. Why?

o Conincidence in time of arrival of humans and extinction of megafauna o People don't arrive in North America until last LGM, megafauna don't go extinct until after then o Causes are not direct, processes involved in extinction are very complex than we can construct o Can think about two ends on a continuum of explaination § Human hunting § Ecological effects of climate change o Evidence to test hypothesis: § Article looks at timing of busts in megafaunal populations relative to changes in human populations, mammoth, mastodon, horse, and saber-tooth tiger show a lag that shows increase in human population has an increase in those populations; humans are involved in some extent in the demise of mammoths and horses; sabertooth tigers rely on populations of horses § Dramatic increase in temperatures associated with extinction of those three fauna o Evidence for an extraterrestrial impact 12,900 years ago that contributed to megafaunal extinctions

Fire regimes in Australia's Western Desert

o Fire size increases with fuel build up in lightining regime, but not in Martu regime o With no fire, increase of fuel loads that increases size of fire o With indigenous livelihoods: burn to hunt, burning is important for hunting which is important for social relationships; increases pyrodiversity and native species § High heterogeneity in different types of regrowth o Without indigenous livelihoods § Little diversity, more uncontrolled fires for lightening, invasive predators increase predation efficiency o Aboriginal hiatus: large extinction event of medium sized marsupials because large fires by lightening caused them to disperse far which kept them exposed to predators o Hare wallabies: ubiquitous when Martu were around, major extinction, now only ones exist on offshore populations o Pig-footed bandicoots: all extinct · Important: public good that indigenous people give which give ecosystem resources that the public enjoys

Food production and intensification

o Food production: deliberate cultivation of plants and domestication of certain animals o Proliferated beginning 12-10 kya o Not a good idea that spread as a labor-saving device o Intensification: descriptive sense: any increase in economic productivity. Explanatory sense: how people solved resource depression problems by the addition of more labor to increase economic output o Resulted from a net decrease in foraging efficiency o Domesticated: reproduction requires the intervention of humans, resources that we have an ecological relationship with; we depend on resources and resources depend on us; happened after LGM o Mesolithic: fertile crescent and Americas -Roots of food production are in "Broad Spectrum Revolutions"; Mesolithic-> Neolithic o Flannery's "broad spectrum revolution" (BSR) model served as a counter to Braidwood's "settling-in" hypothesis for domestication o Braidwood: with the act of settling down in optimal zones, as well as the accumulation of knowledge about the physical environment, over time, foragers would "eventually realize the potential inherent in the local flora and fauna and would exploit that potential by domesticating appropriate species" § Flannery: shifts from Mesolithic to Neolithic (11kya- 10kya) economies in the Fertile Crescent involved broadening of the array of resources commonly exploited, especially with increasing reliance on plants with high processing crops § Crops include cereals (wheat and barley) and pulses (lentils and peas) § Local increases in circumscribed populations ->reduced mobility -> resource depression -> intensification o Important global changes we see at same time as new crops o Flannery: population pressure drives new strategies § Intensification is being driven by circumscribes=d population pressures which re related to changing climates

Hadza Hunting and Hadza Grandmothers

o Hadza men are caring fathers but their hunting is not paternal investment o Pattern that indicates that subsistence is not directed at provisioning directly their offspring- shared among all who are present § Mother and grandmother's efforts directed towards children o Big game hunting in this ecological setting is very risky and a poor strategy for feeding children- men's hunting is not a provisional strategy, a political strategy Hadza Grandmothers o Women and children have probability of capture of 95% o Children supply 50% of calories by the time they're teens o Grandmothers feed all the preteen children who accompany them, each carry several tubers back to camp to feed other people · Proposed to account for increased longevity, delayed maturity, early weaning, and helps mothers be able to have more children before the first one is mature o Women beyond child-bearing years make up big part of society o Children get help from many sources and grandmothers are especially important o Men are caring fathers, children are fed by alloparents o Having 3 generations fuels our long juvenility o Children are careful discriminators of multiple potential caretakers o We are OTHER focused: highly socially sensitive, we coordinate our intentions and transfer resources (across generations) in ways that chimps don't/can't

When did members of our genus first leave Africa?

o Life histories similar to us, left 1,9 million years ago o Modern humans left around 70,000 years ago

Three livelihoods in Logone floodplains

o Resident fisher/farmers: Mixed social and boundary defense o Migrant fishers: Mixed social and boundary defense o Pastoralists: open access, grasslands depend on nomadic pastoralists that fertilize and go back to provide grass for cattle

Ecology

o The study of relationships and interactions between organic beings and their physical environments

Mammal extinctions in Australia's Western Desert

o Without indigenous livelihoods § Little diversity, more uncontrolled fires for lightening, invasive predators increase predation efficiency o Aboriginal hiatus: large extinction event of medium sized marsupials because large fires by lightening caused them to disperse far which kept them exposed to predators o Hare wallabies: ubiquitous when Martu were around, major extinction, now only ones exist on offshore populations o Pig-footed bandicoots: all extinct -Shows trophic collapse after burnings stop

Fire Dependent Cultures

o cultures that depend on cultural keystones that emerge in human-natural systems networked via commensal relationships and pyrodiversity maintained in anthropogenic fire regimes -Martu, indigenous Californian Karuk tribe -o Many tribes depend on fire for cultural renewal, sustaining traditions, providing water and food, and ecosystem services o Use fire for sustaining ecosystem and maintaining growing for oaks for acorns that are important in culture; basketry materials come from fires -When you take away fire you take away biodiversity

Land tenure systems among pastoralists in the Logone floodplain

open access

Martu land tenure

open access land tenure -little territoriality for subsistence/residential resources -spatial boundaries are absent

Niche construction theory

the modification of niches by organisms and the mutual interactions between organisms and environments -the process whereby organisms, through their metabolism, their activities, and their choices, modify their own and/or each other's ecological context. NCT operationalizes this concept formally as any action by an organism that positively or negatively affects the availability of a "resource" in the environment -Two components: activities from which construction happens and processes through which they occur -At its core: an approach that sets aside why organisms do what they do, focuses on material consequences -archaeologists Smith and Zeder are interested in niche construction as an evolutionary process: feedbacks between environmental modification and future selection process -shifts to farming livelihoods are not always preceded by clear evidence of resource depression. To help explain these cases, Smith and Zeder argue that domestication may have often occurred in resource rich environments, where people were able to reduce mobility and invest in the long-term stability of resources available in their local area -human societies actively modify their surrounding environment to increase the relative abundance and reliability of preferred wild specieis of plants and animals. Assume that such efforts have the potential to provide individuals with benefits that matter

Open access land tenure

there are no social or physical boundaries and no restrictions on access to area and resources -models argued that open access land tenure caused habitat degradation to justify privatization but this is not true -Open access: owner=none , owner rights= total, owner duties =none You can't define and determine where other people live and the materials they use -idea that unchecked boundaries lead to resource over-use, but this is not true -more likely where there are few economic gains from defending exclusive use -Theory in behavioral ecology suggests that the benefits of defending exclusive access to resource patches are greater where there are high levels of exploitation competition and where resources are found in dense, discrete, and predictable patches in both time and space (20). However, when the spatio-temporal distribution of resources is highly variable, sustainable use of resource is more likely where users are free to distribute themselves in proportion to resource availability -eight conditions as critical for the emergence of sustainable use of common-pool resources in open property regimes: (i) the re-source system is highly productive relative to the number of users,leading to low levels of exploitation competition; (ii) the distri-bution of resources is patchy in space and time, and there is a degree of unpredictability or stochasticity in patch return rates; (iii)the costs of individual mobility are low relative to the gains within patches, and individuals can track changes in resource density between patches; (iv) users share sets of norms, which frame common-pool resources as a public good with free access for all;(v) users gain knowledge of the resource system through processes of individual and social learning, which allow them to fine-tune their resource-use strategies to particular ecological systems;(vi) resource-use strategies may shift natural systems toward higher productivity; (vii) the non-equilibrium dynamics of the ecological system may buffer or enhance the rate of resource renewal; and (viii) there are limits on resource accumulation due to social, economic, and/or technological constraints.

Hadza and honeyguide birds

§ Co-evolutionary § Honeyguides guiding Hadza to beehives, Hadza increase yield a lot by working with birds § As a result of Hadza exploitation, birds get benefit of leftover honeycomb left over from Hadza

Hadza language and genomic variability

§ Genomic comparisons in all humans how there's more variability between Hadza and Punja showing they have been separate for longer than anybody else § If we compare genetic variability across all populations, we share a common ancestor with Hadza around 200,000 years § If we look at variability within Hadza populations, suggests all Hadza are in Hadza homelands for at least 50000 years § Right around Hadza homelands, all human populations went around a extreme bottleneck and exploded across all areas of earth § Suggests Hadza are important to all of us because our genetic varitation to Hadza show we are all closely related

Teosinte

§ Guila Naquitz cave in Mexico § 5 strata: deepest archaeological materials date to 10,700 years ago. In earliest deposits and increasing over time, find teosinte. As they become more frequent, the seeds change and we can see this change § In harvesting seeds from these plants, we see an increased reliance on teosinte, large handling costs -> seeds that were selectively easier to harvest than other teosinte plants and stiffer ranchis to make it easier to transport § Caught feedback in production, the more you handle teosinte, the easier it is, which then promotes its growth to become more likely to be selected to harvest § Teosinte becomes maize over time due to selection -Wild ancestor of maize, early example of plant domestication -Maize originated in Mexico, transported from that area to central and south America o Tropical forests of southwest Mexico o Earliest parts of Holocene o People are integrating themselves into ecosystem which creates niches and flows back into the ecosystem o Indicates that it is a major part of early American commerce

Hadza land tenure process

§ Open access land tenure system: don't recognize within their homelands distinct spatial boundaries § Tied to mobility, tied to property regime § Hadza grandmothers (birth of grandmothering hypothesis) § What we know with regard to human life histories

Pyrodiversity in California (landscape diversity under different disturbance regimes)

· Frequent but low intensity fires in California: ecological consequences o Pyrodiversity: landscape level diversity in regrowth of vegetation and incorporation of community in that regrowth o Lightning driven fire § Some duft, a lot of diversity in ways in which summertime fires can create a mosaic in stages of regrowth; medium landscape heterogeneity o Indigenous fire regime: reduce pest damage and increase efficiency of getting acorns; patchy; greatest landscape heterogeneity o Disturbance suppression: very thick layer of fuel because suppressing frequency of fire; increase in conifers and larger trees; least landscape heterogeneity; direct consequences to measures of bio diversity o New settlers struck by biodiversity; didn't know it was due to indigenous fire burning and set out to implement policies to suppress fires; effects are clearly seen in ecological records o Reduction on self-limiting effects of indigenous burning o Correlation between changing climate and fire activity breaks down o Fire activity a result of fire suppression o 3 big consequences § Decades of fuel growting § Encorachment of ponderosa pines § Patchy resources o Devastating loss of property due to mega fires-> climate change a contributor that magnifies other anthropogenic issues · California Fire Dependent Cultures o Karuk fire practices o Many tribes depend on fire for cultural renewal, sustaining traditions, providing water and food, and ecosystem services o Use fire for sustaining ecosystem and maintaining growing for oaks for acorns that are important in culture; basketry materials come from fires · When you take away burning, you get a trophic collapse

Cultural keystone resources among Indigenous communities throughout California

· Oaks and Acorns: cultural keystones o Classic "broad spectrum resources" used by intensified foraging societies o Propagate themselves differently without human intervention o Many tribes in California and Oregon continue to rely heavily on acorns or oaks o Over millennia, Indigenous practitioners enhanced production of desired resources such as by regularly igniting low-intensity surface fires in stands of oak o Although native oak is likely to remain widespread in the future, a warming climate, increasingly dense forests, and altered fire regimes threaten the large, full-crowned mature trees that produce crops of high-quality acorns and provide cavities for many wildlife species o Other cultural keystones: hazel, salmon o Keyword: pyrodiversity- landscape heterogeneity resulting from fire · Acorns and oakrows at cultural keystones for native populations o Importance of acorns for subsistence strategies, linked to traditional use of landscape level broadcast fire o Ecological consequences of incorporating those resources when you have a history of those resources