ANTH 369 Midterm
What is an oocyte?
a cell in an ovary that may undergo meiotic division to form an ovum
A point on the distribution that splits the population into two specified fractions is called what?
a centile
What is complex interplay?
a complex influence or relationship
What is the corpus luteum?
a dynamic endocrine gland within the ovary that plays an integral role in regulation of the menstrual cycle and early pregnancy
What is a zygote?
a fertilized egg
What is progesterone?
a hormone that helps prepare your body for conception and pregnancy and regulates the monthly menstrual cycle
What is a centile?
a point on the distribution curve that splits the population into 2 fractions
What is bipedalism?
a species that moves by its two rear limbs or legs
What is secondary altriciality?
a unique human phenomenon of brain growth, during which the brain doubles its size in the first year of life
What is descent in labor?
continous throughout labor
All of the following are components of human life history pattern except: a) early weaning compared to closely related species b) a relatively short interval between births c) delayed development due to prolonged childhood d) frequently having identical twins e) a long post-reproductive life span in females
d) frequently having identical twins
What are primary growth centers called?
diaphysis
When does the mucous membrane of the uterus develop?
during implantation, when the uterus prepares for the blastocyst
The ability of mammals to produce heat and regulate temperature through internal means
endothermy
What are the mechanisms of labor?
engagement, descent, flexion, internal rotation, extension, restitution, external rotation, expulsion
What do high costs of endothermy cause?
environmental diversity
The end of a long bone that fuses to the main part of main bone growth once it has completed is called what?
epiphysis
What are secondary growth centers called?
epiphysis
What primates partake in accelerated postnatal growth and rapid attainment of adulthood pattern?
colobus monkey
The philosophy of "race improvement" in humans through the forced sterilization of some groups and encouraged reproduction of others is called what?
eugenics
What are reduced energy costs due to?
- low levels of muscularity -deceased gut size in humans as a result of energy rich diet
What are the effects of an "early birth"?
-born extremely neurologically and muscularly immature -shortening of gestation period and birthing of fetal infant -long period of dependence, leaning, and assisted feeding -shaped by obstetric constraints as well as energetic demands
What are the physical traits of sexual maturation in females?
-breast development -pubic hair -hip broadening -menstruation -fat deposition -fully "fecund" cycles
Measures of fat distribution
-central fat= strongest association with negative health outcomes -waist-hip ratio -waist circumference
What are examples social mammals?
-cetaceans -elephants -social carnivores -most primates are social
How are growth charts used clinically?
-child's measurements centiles a measure of health -medical assessment as interpretation of centiles
What is the tanner puberty stage classification system?
-classification into discrete stages of development of secondary sexual characteristics -assessed clinically or by self-assesment
List the stages of prenatal growth and development
-conception -ovarian cycle regulation -ovulation -fertilization -development
What are the stages of development?
-conceptus -embryo -fetus
What is a bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA)?
-currents run through the body and calculates fat free mass and fat mass components of weight
What is catch up growth?
-depends on timing, severity and duration of insult -type of canalization - catch up growth often not complete (especially if environment does not change)
What is visceral adipose tissue?
-direct association with organ systems -inflammation is the first sign of something going wrong -measurable by hormone secretion, blood composition and circumference
What happens in the embryo stage?
-embryonic phase (weeks 3-8) -formation of basic body plan -development of all major organ systems
How can we assess maturation?
-emergence of secondary sexual characteristics -physical traits associated with onset of sexual maturation
What did the age of enlightenment bring to HGD?
-emphasis on measurement (standardization and large sample sizes)
What are the germ layers?
-endoderm -mesoderm -ectoderm
What do high quality diets entail?
-energy/nutrient density -increasing diet quality (increased animal foods and calorically dense plant foods in early homo) -relationship between brain size and diet (high quality diet =large brain)
What does the extended developmental period of apes entail?
-environmental cues and variation in reproductive ecology -late sexual maturation -intense and prolonged mother-infant bond, leaning period and dependence
What is the obstetric discordance hypothesis?
-evolutionary reconstructions suggest that past birthing environments were substantially different from the one experienced today -identifying differences or discordances, and working to reduce them where appropriate, may help to improve outcomes -midwives' approaches, when examined in the context of cross-cultural and evolutionary models of birth across the primate order, are much more closely aligned with what evolutionary medicine would predict for human birthing patterns -in contrast, the way birth is manages under current medical models tends to work against he evolved physiological and psychosocial needs of birthing women -the over emphasis and impersonal, high tech and invasive medical procedures, in opposition to behavior adaptations that are widespread in other primates and in all other pre-industrial cultures contribute to power than expected outcomes in the US
What is energy buffering?
-fat is most developed in mammals -nutritional reserves that are important in reproduction and growth
What does an emphasis on body fat cause?
-fat reserves allow for energy buffering -large stores for cold adaptation -primary as an energy buffer but amount and distributor has a reproductive role
What are derived traits?
-features/traits that are new or unique due to recent evolution -differentiate subgroups
What are conserved traits?
-features/traits that have been passed down through generations -shared by all groups
What occurs in the 1st trimester?
-fertilization through 12th week -embryogenesis
What do twins share?
-genes -fetal environment -many other aspects of post-natal environment
What are the factors that shape growth and development?
-genetics -environmental influences during ontogeny
Who was Karl Ernst Von Baer?
-german biologist -described cellular mechanism of fertilization and embryonic development -identification of germ layers -comparative embryology
When does adolescence occur?
-girls: ~11 yrs to 18 yrs -boys: ~13 yrs to 21 yrs
When does juvenile stage occur?
-girls: ~7 yrs to 10 yrs -boys: ~7 to 12 yrs
What did Goethe's measurement of height bring?
-good technique -alignment -good equipment -shoes off -recorder
How did these evolutionary changes occur?
-gradual self reinforcing shifts in cooperative behavior, diet, cognitive abilities, and extrinsic mortality risk -consequences for life history traits, body composition, and cognitive abilities
What is the diversity in growth patterns of primates?
-great mammalian pattern -accelerated postnatal growth and rapid attainment of adulthood -pronounced juvenile period
What does BIA tells us?
-greater water= easier/faster current -greater fat= more resistance/slower -lean tissue has low impedance/opposition
What does increased relative brain size cause?
-greatly enlarged cerebrum allows for processing of sensor information -high, obligate metabolic demands -increased behavioral flexibility and learning
What is Canalization?
-groups adhere to a particular centile or "canal" -genetically determined -target seeking "unconstrained environment"
What is the growth rate curve like in the different trimesters?
-growth and length peak in 2nd trimester -growth rate extremely rapid prenatally -risk is highest in the 1st trimester -the dotted line on the graph is what is expected
What happens in implantation?
-hatching -uterus has prepared for blastocyst while being fertilized and traveling (hormonal changes) -blastocyst establishes physical and nutritional contact with maternal endometrium (combination of fetal tissues and uterine lining tissues) -timing is critical as there is a 2 day window in humans -trophoblast produces hCG
What were the findings of the Montebeillard study?
-height gain was not a linear process, but continuous -seasonal variation in height gain and daily height fluctuation -plotted as height velocity curve
What are the factors of secular trends?
-height, weight, age at maturation -long term environmental changes -can be positive or negative
What is a screening tool and what makes a screening tool good?
-height, weight, skin pulls -cost effective -risks related
What do dietary adaptations cause?
-help to meet relatively high and continuous energy demands
How do we "pay" for our big brains?
-high quality diets -shifts in body size and composition -developmental shift in body composition with increased fat
What does a unique reproductive biology cause?
-high reproductive costs -mother remains mobile during gestation and buffers from external environment -increased mother -infant interaction and bonding -divergence in sexual dimorphism
What happens in ovarian cycle regulation?
-hormonal regulation (HPG/HPO) -menstrual phase -follicular phase -luteal phase
What are the evolutionary perspectives (ultimate causation) of evolutionary and bicultural perspectives to study HGD?
-how HGD is rooted in mammalian and primate G & D -use of life history perspective to identify adaptive shifts in human evolution that lead to our unique pattern of G&D (ex brain evolution and somatic growth)
What do developmental shifts in body composition with increased fat entail?
-humans are fat during birth and infancy -much of prenatal growth focused on fat -larger brains=relatively fat at birth due to buffering of brain metabolism -body fat peaks at ~6 month as metabolic buffer from dietary transition
What is presentation like in primates?
-humans: occiput anterior -other primates: occiput posterior
What is HPG/HPO?
-hypothalamic pituitary gonad -hypothalamic pituitary ovarian
What does head circumference show?
-important measure of growth -indirect measure of brain growth -95% of adult size at age 5
What is the basic mammal growth pattern?
-increasing growth velocity through infancy -peaks near weaning -smooth deceleration with sexual maturation rapidly following weaning -seamless transition from infancy to adulthood
What is stunting?
-indicator of past nutrition -short height for age -not necessarily associated with higher risk of disease or death
What are the stages in postnatal life?
-infancy -childhood -juvenile -adolescence -adulthood
What are the 4 or 5 distance phases of growth?
-infancy (rapid) -childhood (steady) -adolescence (rapid) -approaching adulthood (very slow)
What are the bicultural perspectives (proximal causation) of evolutionary and bicultural perspectives to study HGD?
-integrative approach that considers complex interplay among social, ecological and biological factors -emphasis on sociocultural factors influence HGD and heath
What do shifts in body size and composition entail?
-large size especially in females, allows greater energy transfer -reduced energy costs -increased energy buffering from greater fat stores
What are features of mammals that are relevant to life history?
-live lives that are expensive in terms of energy and consumption -can inhabit many different environments -live flexible lives both in terms behavior and biology
What are the basic survival costs?
-maintenance -thermoregulation -activity -etc
Define human variation in relation to maturational age
-maturation assessed by markers, many are continuous in their change but are divided into discrete stages -ex)pubic hair development
What does increased biological and behavioral flexibility cause?
-relatively long lifespan -increased physiological, behavioral and morphological flexibility -developmental plasticity (greater effects of proximate environment on phenotype)
What does it mean to be highly altricial?
-relatively poorly developed at birth -short lived, small bodied, relatively small brains, larger litters, rapid growth, early sexual maturation
What does it mean to be highly precocial?
-relatively well developed at birth -long lived, large bodied, large brains, small litters, slow growth, later reproductive maturity
What are some examples of altricial species?
-rodents -carnivores (animals that feed on flesh) -insectivores (animals that feed on insects)
Define human variation in relation to chronological age
-same chronological age but dramatic differences in maturity -size and appearance of secondary sexual characteristics
What was the renaissance like for HGD?
-scientific studies on the human body -natural laws that humans are subject to
What is another consequence of encephalization?
-secondary altriciality -coupled with bipedalism, encephalization requires an "early birth"
What happens when a follicle is transformed into corpus luteum?
-secretes progesterone -prepared for the uterus to receive fertilized egg
What are unique life history traits in humans?
-short duration of breastfeeding (early weaning) -short interbirth interval -prolonged childhood -pronounced adolescent growth -late age of first reproduction -late sexual/social maturation -long post-reproductive life span (menopause)
What specifically happens in the first trimester?
-single cell into tens of thousands of cells -cell replication, differentiation (into regions) and histogenesis -organogenesis -embryogenesis (zygote to morula to blastocyst to embryo)
What does an emphasis on social and parental care cause?
-slower lives -increased dependency -increased reliance on behavioral flexibility and learned information
What happens with monozygotic (MZ) twins?
-soon after fertilization, ovum divides into two identical zygotes -genetically identical twins and always the same sex
What is the national longitudinal study of adolescent health?
-survey adolescents into young adulthood -social, economic, physiological and physical well being to determine how environments and behaviors in adolescence are linked to health and achievement outcomes
What is the conception age?
38 weeks (fertilization to conception)
What is the fertilization age?
40 weeks (menstruation to menstruation)
What is a secular trend?
A trend that changes over generational time
Not including infancy, human growth velocity in linear dimensions is fastest during what?
Adolescence
What is the social historical perspective on HGD?
Public health perspective (group of children) focus on influences but not on individual treatment
What is the shape of the general mammalian growth curve?
S-shaped curve (slow then rapid growth)
What is encephalization?
evolutionary increase in the complexity or relative size of the brain
What is a z-score?
indicated how many standard deviations a value is above or below the mean
What is the medical historical perspective on HGD?
individual children in clinical context
What happens in hatching?
just prior to landing and implantation, the blastocyst sheds its capsule
What do the 5 "P's" encourage?
keeping the mother and baby together, un-medicated delivery, long term breastfeeding and co-sleeping adaptive complex
What primates partake in the great mammalian pattern?
marmosets and tamarins
What is stature in body size?
measurement of heigh in individuals above 3 yrs
What is recumbent length?
measurement of height in infants
What is sitting height?
measurement of trunk height and body proportions
What are secular trends?
multi-generational trends in human populations and include recent increases in height in the US
What is extension in labor?
occiput if born and the face sweeps across the perineum
What is internal rotation in labor?
occurs when the head passes from the inlet to the midplane of the pelvis, rotates to allow for the best fit of the head
The process of growth, development, and maturation of an organism from conception to death
ontogeny
What is capacitation?
physiological changes a sperm must go through to penetrate an egg
What may cause brain growth to slow in babies?
poor nutrition or negative environmental factors
What specifically happens in the second trimester?
rapid growth in length
What is fetal presentation like in nonhuman primates?
relatively simple, very little navigation of the birth canal necessary, short labors
What is a longitudinal growth study?
repeated measurements of the same individuals at different ages
What is a cross sectional growth study?
single set of measurements taken on subject of different ages
What did Douglas' "tend and befriend" research show?
someone significant (normally another woman) calming down the woman in labor, causes a rise in oxytocin levels
Individuals who are relatively short for their age, with a height that is at least 2 SD below the mean are considered what?
stunted
What is provisioning?
supporting the child's physical and financial needs
What is expulsion in labor?
the anterior shoulder born by lateral flexion, the baby is lifted up for the posterior shoulder to be born
What are eugenics?
the attempted improvement of the human species through controlled selective breeding
What is the gestation period?
the carrying of an embryo or fetus
What is sexual dimorphism?
the divergence in male and female anatomy, physiology, and behavior
What is ultimate causation?
the evolutionary history and functional utility of the behavior (what is ultimate responsible)
What is a trophoblast?
the outer layer of a blastocyst
What is a blastocyst?
thin-walled hollow structure in early embryonic development that contains a cluster of cells called the inner cell mass from which the embryo arises ~100 cells
What is the intellectual/ scientific historical perspective on HGD?
to understand the form, mechanism, and evolution of patterns of growth and development
What type of fat is located inside the abdomen, often in direct association with organs?
visceral adipose tissue
When is the 1st trimester?
weeks 1-12
When is the 2nd trimester?
weeks 13-27
When is the 3rd trimester?
weeks 28-40 (birth)
What is the curve of carus?
when the fetal head is directed upward toward the vaginal introitus and forced into extension by the resistance of the pelvic floor
What is engagement in labor?
widest part of a baby's head passes into the maternal pelvic inlet
Approximately how long is the luteal phase and what happens in it?
~13 days -"secretory phase" -corpus luteum formation and growth
When does adulthood occur?
~18 yrs to 21+ yrs
How many sperm can reach the fertilization site?
~200
When does childhood occur?
~3 yrs to 7 yrs
Approximately how long is the menstrual phase and what happens in it?
~5 days -uteran lining sheds
Approximately how long is the follicular phase and what happens in it?
~9 days -"proliferative phase" -overian follicle grows -endometrium increases in thickness
What are some of the negative factors of in-hospital births?
- "fear response" inhibits the effects of oxytocin -"failure to progress" the white coat effect (BP and HR increase in hospitals/medical settings)
What are the stages in prenatal life?
- 1st trimester -2nd trimester -3rd trimester
What happens in the fetus stage?
- fetal phase (weeks 9-38) -begins to resemble a human (arms, legs, beating heart, etc) -shift towards growth in size
What was the Montebeillard study?
- first longitudinal growth study; used his son to measure every 6 months from birth to 18 yrs old
What does our heritage as mammals include?
- high energy cost of endothermy -increased relative brain size -dietary adaptations -locomotor adaptations -unique reproductive biology -emphasis on body fat -emphasis on sociality and parental care -increased biological and behavior flexibility
What does a lower extrinsic mortality rate allow?
- slower growth and delayed maturity to evolve -greater ecological and social learning (apprenticeship) -new family and community structure -longer lifespan, increased knowledge transmission and cumulative culture
What happens in the conceptus stage?
- zygote -> morula -> blastocyst -weeks 0-2 -refers to zygote and associated membranes -embryogenesis
Who was Franz Boas?
-"father of american anthropology" -recognized variations in growth rates ("tempo of growth") -developed first american growth standards -recognized problems with cross-sectional growth curves (timing issues) -relationship between adult height and timing of adolescent growth spurt -studies of growth among immigrants -recognition of extend of human developmental plasticity
What is oxytocin?
-"warm and tingly feeling" you get -there is more oxytocin present in females than in males -released during labor
What does ontogeny include?
-Changes in size, shape and structure -Addition, loss, and substitution of materials -Effects of aging and senescence
What are the consequences of legacy of bipedalism and massive increase in brain size?
-Children are born developmentally younger -Longer learning period with slow postnatal growth (rapid brain growth, dependence) -Humans are fatter at birth and infancy (buffering of brain metabolism)
What did the immigrant studies consist of?
-Euro born immigrants and american born children -cranial dimensions and post cranial measurements
What is BMI?
-body mass index -highly correlate with body fat
What factors influence human growth and development?
-Nutritional factors -Exposure to infectious and parasitic diseases -Physical environment -Social environment -Child rearing practices (sleeping position, diet, attention)
Why did these evolutionary changes occur?
-Prime movers -dietary change, cooperative breeding, and behavior
What is birth timing?
-a key variable in HGD -when to be born (where along the growth curve you are at time of birth)
What is developmental plasticity?
-a secular trend as a result of proximate environmental changed (not a reflection of genetic changes) -neurological changes to the brain during development
What comes with having a large brain?
-adaptative advantages but enormous costs -20-25% of resting metabolism is spent on the brain in humans
How are growth charts used in public health?
-applicability to individual child is less important -summarize nutritional/growth status of group of children for comparison -applies to different groups so can't be appropriate for all
What is obligate midwifery or an assisted and solitary delivery?
-assisted childbirth required in humans -H. ergaster 1.8 -1.3 mya -nuchal cord management -clearing airway -cross culturally birth is attended by other women, usually female relatives -birth occurs in a woman's home or close relative's home most commonly
What happens in the first cell divisions?
-begins to divide the next day (Day 1) -continues to divide for the next 2-3 days as it travels to the uterus (morula is 3-4 days; at least 12 cells/blastomeres) -hollow becomes visible in another day and now a blastocyst
What are reduced extrinsic mortality risks?
-better care -more stable and higher quality diets -increased cultural and technological abilities
What is anthropometry?
-measures density to see if there are any risks based off amt of visceral adipose tissue -skin folds: calculates density and fat body percentage -midarm circumference: muscle vs fat
What are some of the factors responsible for the evolution of our unique history pattern?
-medicine (able to see changes) -caregiving of a child -lack of risk of dying -able to delay development
What is obstetric dilemma?
-modern birth is a compromise between two selective pressures, bipedal locomotion and encephalization -influence on pelvic morphology "twisted pelvis" -difficult labors and births compared to other primates "scars of human evolution"
What is audiological epidemiology?
-monitoring groups of children with changes in social conditions through public health measures and political reform -industrialization vs urbanization -focus on populations with poor growth and signs of neglect (links to education, housing conditions, income and nutrition)
What are the two types of twins and which is more common?
-monozygotic (MZ): identical -dizygotic (DZ): fraternal -DZ is more common and cluster in families
What does a slower life entail?
-more "K" selected (low number of offspring, slow growth, higher probability of making it to adulthood) -emphasis on quality over quantity but considerable variation
What do locomotor adaptations cause?
-more dependent on active life -set adult size: finite period of bone growth (epiphyseal fusion) -balancing energy (growth vs reproduction)
What happens in fertilization and where does it occur?
-occurs in one of the fallopian tubes -egg or sperm can arrive first -sperm can survive up to 4 days in fallopian tubes -egg must be fertilized within 12-24 hrs -capacitation -egg enclosed in nutrient cell -sperm loses tail and head swells -nuclei of sperm and egg move together and unite -full complement of chromosomes in the zygote cell -everything happens at a set time
Describe the HGD pattern of apes
-overall slow postnatal growth (especially infants and juvenile period; long inter birth interval) -extended developmental period
What was different about the Fels longitudinal study?
-participants enrolled during fetal life and has since enrolled their children, grand children, etc -effects of smoking on fetus
What are the 5 "P's" ? -"normal" lengths of labor and pushing
-passage (position) -passenger -powers -psyche -partners
What are the life history perspectives of evaluating evolutionary influences on growth and development?
-patterns of growth and development can be viewed as adaptations -any point in life course can be the focus of evolutionary change
What are the high reproductive costs to mammals?
-placenta: efficient maternal nourishment -lactation: high quality nutrition to poorly developed, toothless infant
What occurs in the third stage management and immediate postpartum period?
-placental separation and postnatal uterine contractions (early breastfeeding and skin-to-skin, postpartum hemorrhage prevention) -temperature regulation -bonding and colonization of the gut -external gestation, altriciality(nourishment) and breathing synchronization
What is different about social mammal growth?
-postpone puberty by adding a period of juvenile growth behavior between infancy and adulthood -puberty occurs while rate of growth is still decelerating
What are the stages in human life?
-prenatal -postnatal
What is wasting?
-present nutritional status and near past food intake -low weight for height and age -associated with higher risk of disease and death
What specifically happens in the third trimester?
-rapid growth in weight and organ maturation -circulatory, respiratory, and digestive systems -deposition of fat (changes in fat to prepare for growth)
What is comparative embryology?
-recognition of similarities of embryos of vertebrates
What are the measures of body size?
-recumbent length -stature -sitting height -weight -head circumference
What are the life history and demographic effects?
-reduced extrinsic mortality risks -shift to earlier weaning and short interval birth -> greater fertility -> rapid population growth
What is the function of the corpus luteum?
-temporary endocrine structure derived from from follicle -helps maintain early pregnancy through the production of progesterone -continues production until week 4-7 if signaled by the blastocyst (hCG) -embryo takes over hormone production (or spontaneous abortion)
What are the physical traits of sexual maturation in males?
-testes enlargement and sperm production -pubic hair -penis enlargement -axillary hair -facial hair -voice changes
What does increased dependency entail?
-the importance of a mother-infant bond -increased opportunities for infant learning and behavioral flexibility
What is life history?
-the theoretical framework that focuses on the strategies an organism uses to allocate energy and other resources to survival and productive costs
What are some approaches that would be consistent with human biological and behavioral evolution?
-there would be spontaneous onset of labor -there would be continuous support in labor -women would have a choice of in delivery place and movement/upright pushing in labor
What is special about fat in cold adaptation for mammals?
-thermogenic fat (brown fat) is uses as cold adaptation in mammals
What are growth standards?
-they reflect "optimal" growth situations without disorders -exclude growth disorders and various medical conditions
What are some climactic adaptations for sitting height?
-those who live in cold have majority of their height come from their trunk -those who live in hot have longer legs
What does life history focus on?
-timing of life events -trade offs in allocation (resources limited, investment in one function affects investment in others) -trade offs dictated by environment
What happens with dizygotic (DZ) twins?
-two female oocytes are fertilized by two different sperm -genetically no more similar than other siblings -can be the same or different sex -exposed to the same environmental factors -population variation, depends on if the traits are hereditary
What happens during ovulation?
-typically occurs once per month (~2 weeks after last period) -growth of ovarian follicles (containing oocyte) -more matures fastest and oocyte expelled from follicle into fallopian tube -follicle transformed into corpus luteum
What are some examples of precocial species?
-ungulates (hoofed mammals) -cetecans (aquatic mammals) -most primates
What are labor behavior and birthing postures?
-upright, movement in labor is normative -cross culturally, women tend to birth in upright kneeling or squatting positions -US norm: lithotomy position and semi-sitting -curve of carus
What occurs in the 2nd trimester?
-weeks 13 through 27 -growth in length
What occurs in the 3rd trimester?
-weeks 28 to birth -growth in weight and organ development
How are growth references different from growth standards?
A growth reference is the pattern of growth of a population and a growth standard identifies a healthy population growth pattern under optimal conditions, often used as comparisons to track healthy growth in individuals.
What is stature?
Increase in nearly all human populations in the last century
What was Leonardo da Vinci's perspective on the human body?
Anatomical studies, including accurate drawing fetus -shift reflected in artwork
Why is BMI a good screening tool for assessing population-level risk for chronic diseases such as cardiovascular diseases?
Associated with chronic disease at the population level. Quick, easy, and inexpensive to measure
What is canalization?
Canalization is the tendency for growth to go back to a baseline centile after temporarily going below or above it. An example would be catch-up growth after a an illness, when a child drops down to a lower growth centile because thier growth slows during an illness, but then they catch back up to the centile they were previously after recovering from illness
Newly evolved traits (new or unique for a particular evolutionary lineage) are called what?
Derived traits
Describe one reason why the study by Montbeillard of his son was an important study in the history of human growth and development
Early example of a longitudinal study of growth. Showed that rate of growth (growth velocity) is not constant over time. Showed that there was an adolescent growth spurt
Often referred to as the founder of American Anthropology, who was responsible for a number of important advances in growth and development including his research on immigrants and the extent of their developmental plasticity?
Franz Boas
Biologist who recognized 3 germ layers of the embryo and was a pioneer in the field of comparative embryology
Karl Ernst von Baer
What is life history theory?
Life history theory is a branch of evolutionary theory concerned with timing of events that happen during an individual's lifetime. Humans' have a unique set of life history traits such as delayed development due to prolonged childhood
Egyptians, Greeks and Romans
Lifestyle and HGD link to diet, activity and education
When can the earliest perspective of HGB be traced back to?
Mesopotamia- 3500 yrs BP -links between height, social status and health
What are the BMI measurements for adults?
Normal: 18.5- 24.9 Overweight: 25.0 - 29.0 Obese: over 30
What were the middle ages like for HGD?
Shift in perspective- rejection of observational approach -children seen as mini adults
What is an auxiological epidemiology?
Study of growth at the population level with a focus on health implications. Early on, it was used to document the effects of working conditions on child workers
Approximately when did the brain start to expand in humans?(homo)
about 2 mya
What is external rotation in labor?
additional rotation of the head observes as the shoulders rotate internally aligning the sagittal plane
What is evolutionary medicine?
an approach in medical anthropology founded on the assumption that many contemporary health problems result from incompatibilities or discordances between the environments under which humans evolved and those we live in today
What is a morula?
an embryo at the early stages of development that is made up of cells in a solid ball
What is flexion in labor?
as the head meets resistance in descent, the chin is tucked close to the chest (suboccipito-bregmatic diameter)
What do growth reference charts do?
asses whether growth is normal or typical
What primates partake in the pronounced juvenile period pattern?
baboons - sexual dimorphism with male juvenile growth spurt in muscularity
Why is BMI calculated differently for kids?
because they are more complex and BMI changes rapidly with age
When did these evolutionary changes occur?
began with early homo but continue gradually to modern humans
When does infancy occur?
birth to ~3 yrs
What is histogenesis?
cell differentiation into specialized tissues
Skeletal measure that focuses on the shape of the head and specifically its breadth vs length, at one time thought to be an accurate measure of race
cephalic index
What is allocare/allomothering?
child care by blood relatives (kin) or non kin (connected by marriage)
How do human brains change after birth?
expand after birth due to the space available for birthing
Where are the data and methods of evolutionary and bicultural perspectives to study HGD collected from?
from anthropology, biology, biomedicine, nutritional science, epidemiology, and social/behavioral sciences
What is cooperative childcare?
groups or people/mammals help with the care and raising of the child
What is the evolutionary life history perspective?
growth and development must be viewed in context with out closest relatives
What are the productive costs?
growth and reproduction
What is restitution in labor?
head is born and rotates to realign itself with the shoulders that are now passing into the pelvis
What is proximate causation?
how a behavior arises in mammals (what is immediately responsible)
What is hCG?
human chorionic gonadotropin -hormone that prevents menstruation, which would occur ~14 days after ovulation -measured in pregnancy tests -can cause morning sickness
What is human auxology?
human physical growth and development: why we grow and develop the way we do, how is this relevant to clinical medical and public health, complicated and controversial social issues related to growth and development, how early life development is related to later health
