ANTH Exam 2 (Ch 7-11)
Although there is overlap, how does ethnicity (membership in an ethnic group) differ from race?
An ethnic group claims a distinct identity based on cultural characteristics and a shared heritage, while race defines groups based on arbitrary physical traits.
The world's eight richest men now control as much wealth as the bottom __________ of the entire world's population.
50%
What does the chapter author, García, say sparked his interest in cultural anthropology?
A lifetime of other people's questions and assumptions about his racial and ethnic background
During the 1920s, some scholars argued for a division of European races into
Nordic, Alpine, Mediterranean
In environments where the sun's rays are much less intense, what problem does the human body face, especially in terms of natural selection?
Not enough sunlight penetrates the skin to enable Vitamin D production
What are some of the problems that have resulted for quinoa farmers of Bolivia now that quinoa is a valued commodity in the global market?
Quinoa has been removed from many people's diets since it can be sold to the Global North; New farmers must use expensive machinery and fertilizers more often than llamas, who have a symbiotic relationship with the crop; new and traditional farmers clash in terms of their ideas about respecting the land and how money from the cash crop should be used in the community
According to the chapter, there are currently about as many people in the world who consider themselves religiously "unaffiliated" as there are
Roman Catholics
How do chapter authors say that Syria's rather sudden membership in the "scapes" of globalization led to the uprisings in that country?
Social media, including activist blogs and images from the Arab Spring uprisings, galvanized people into protesting in the streets.
In traditional Chinese society, which kinds of terms did siblings use to refer to one another?
The terms identified siblings by gender and whether they were older or younger.
How does the Afro-Brazilian religion, Candomblé, show religious syncretism?
Traditional gods of Candomblé, the orixás, are combined with Catholic divine beings, such as saints.
How was the U.S.' economic strategy in Latin America different from Great Britain's?
U.S. companies went to Latin America to directly control the means of production, whereas Great Britain had imported goods from Latin America.
In the field of anthropology, what statement best describes the relative positions of male and female professors?
While women hold positions of power and authority in the field, discrepancies remain among rank, salary, and publication rates.
Skin color in humans is represented in geography by a cline, or clinal pattern. The skin color cline means that
a certain skin color may be more common in one region than another, but the variation is gradual and continuous.
"Honor killings," such as those committed by conservative Muslims in Pakistan, are a tragic consequence of
a family who believes that a female member of their household has shamed them through her sexuality
The fact that not only people of East Asian ancestry have an epicanthic eye fold, but also people from Central Asia, parts of Eastern Europe and Scandinavia, some Native American groups, and the Khoi San of southern Africa, is an example of
a nonconcordant trait that is mistakenly associated with one racial group
Some of the ways that women navigate public spaces associated with males, such as in India, is to practice purdah, that is, to
adopt clothing, behavior, or special routes to create separation or segregation.
Policies that forbid inter-racial or inter-ethnic marriage are essentially trying to prevent the natural hybridization of peoples. This hybridization is called
amalgamation
The concept of mana, an impersonal supernatural force containing power, is an example of
animatism
The old stereotypes of primates as living in male-centered, male-dominated groups came from 1960's research on
baboon groups led by males, established by force, who provided internal and external defense of the "troop."
In the United States, the fact that most divorced parents share time and financial responsibilities somewhat equally for their children reflects the practice of
bilateral decent
Which type of property exchange demonstrates a higher value placed on women and their ability to work and produce children
bridewealth
an exchange of valubales given from the groom's family to the bride's family is called
bridewealth
Relationships formed through blood connections are called __________, while those formed through marriage are called __________.
consanguineal, affinal
Marvin Harris argues that religious beliefs developed in India to prohibit killing cows because
cows were more valuable alive than as meat, due to their role in farming and subsistence
A gift given by a bride's family to either the bride or to the groom's family at the time of the marriage is referred to as
dowry
Which type of property exchange demonstrates the higher status of the groom's family and its ability to demand a payment for taking on the economic responsibility of a young wife?
dowry
A family of at least three generations sharing a household is referred to as a/an
extended family
anthropologists use the term domestic group to refer to a
group of people who live together and share activities such as cooking, childcare, and economic support
The feeling of ease in one's own body in familiar social settings (based on social class) can be described by the term
habitus
How did the early theorist, Sir James Frazer, characterize the spiritual beliefs that he documented?
he dismissed them as false and absurd
How did 19th and mid-20th century belief systems in the United States classify gender and sexuality?
heterosexuality was though to be normal and natural; homosexuality was thought of as inappropriate; masculine men and feminine women were assumed to be natural
What are some of the forms of evidence that indicate early ideas about religion?
human communities buried the dead with stone tools, shells, etc; early human artists painted abtract art on walls of the Chauvet Cave; small clay sculptures called venus figurines appeared across Eurasia
A socially constructed racial classification system in which a person of mixed racial heritage is automatically categorized as a member of the less (or least) privileged group is called
hypodecent
One of the differences between the U.S. and Brazilian systems of "racial" classification is that
in Brazil, an increase or decrease in social status may change people's perception of an individual's "type" (tipo), while in the U.S. a change in social status does not influence the perception of race.
What are the harmful effects of exposure to high levels of ultraviolet radiation, especially for people with lightly pigmented skin?
it can damage skin cells; it can cause cancer; it can destroy the body's supply of folate, a nutrient essential for reproduction
Scholars who create racial classification schemes that use general categories that span a large geographic area (often continents) are known as
lumpers
Why is the study of religious beliefs challenging for anthropologists
many societies do not make a distinction between beliefs or practices that are spiritual and other habits that are part of a daily life; some societies do not see a distinction between the natural and supernatural worlds since their spirits inahbit the same physical world as humans; conepts like heaven, hell or even prayer do not exist in many societies
The Nayar of southern India practiced an interesting form of matrilineal descent in which women lived with their mothers and siblings, even after marriage. This had the result that
men and women could have more than one spouse, but the children always remained with their mothers.
The anthropological term for a trait that is inherited independently, and not bundled together with other traits, is
noncondordant
The family in which a person is raised is their family of __________, while the family they may create by marrying and raising children is their family of __________.
orientation, procreation
The term shaman is used to refer specifically to a/an
part-time religious practitioner
Some cultures recognize descent in a family lineage only on the father's side (or in the paternal line). This form of descent is referred to as
patrilineal
After Latin American countries declared independence from Spain, what relationship functioned as the primary political mechanism?
patron/client
The term anthropologists use for a marriage between one woman and multiple husbands is
polyandry
When a country accepts a loan from the IMF or World Bank, the loan also comes with a number of mandatory conditions that the country must meet. Often, these conditions include
privatizing state enterprise, like the water system; cutting spending to healthcare and education; policies to encourage foreign investment and encourage free trade
Melanin (the skin's pigment) acts as a natural sunblock, thereby
protecting the skin from the breakdown of folate
The process by which social, economic, and political forces determine the content and importance of racial categories is referred to as
racial formation
The intensification of globalization has led many to use others as scapegoats, in an attempt to reassert their own values and way of life. These efforts are often referred to as __________ by social scientists
re-entrenchment
The means by which human society and culture is extended to include the nonhuman is an anthropological definition of
religion
Marriage to a succession of spouses one after the other is called
serial monogamy
Anthropologists researching gender in the 1980s came to the conclusion that evaluating male dominance in any culture
should be examined through the lens of different components of status and socio-economic and identity variables.
Brazilians rely on an unofficial system of "types" (tipos) to identify differences among people. The tipos are based on
slight but noticeable differences in physical appearance
Parenthood and other kinship roles and relationships are rooted in
social roles; legal relationships; cultural expectations
Among people who self-identify as "white," one aspect of their lives has the greatest impact on their experience of society and the advantages conferred. This important feature is
socio-economic status (social class)
Any culturally-designated position a person occupies in a particular setting is called a/an
status
The combination of different beliefs - even those that seem contradictory - into a new, harmonious whole is called
syncretism
According to Malinowski's functional approach to religion, which of the following acts would likely require supernatural rituals or ceremonies?
taking a difficult exam
Several groups of people, including the Chukchi of Eastern Siberia and Inuit of Alaska, Canada, and Greenland, have darker skin than other people living at similar latitudes. This is due to
the high Vitamin D content of the diets of these groups
In Hinduism, the atman is the supernatural or spiritual element that coexists within a person's natural body. This concept is most similar to the Christian concept of
the soul
In the 1930s, anthropologist Ruth Landes argued that Afro-Brazilian Candomblé religious communities were matriarchal because
their leadership was made up of and controlled by women
Matrillineages are NOT mean
they are also matriarchal, meaning women have more power than men (false)
A two spirit person of the Zuni Pueblo represents a
third gender role that is not male and not woman
Globalization within a consumerist economy enables individuals
to exhibit their identities through the purchase and conspicious use of goods; to expand their range of identities in new ways through the use of global goods; to increase their symbolic capital by knowing how to distinguish between goods
In calling religion "the opium of the people," Karl Marx meant that religion
was an ideology that dulls people into accepting their low economic and social status by promising acceptance into Heaven through obedience
All of the following are examples of symbolic ethnicity EXCEPT
weekly visits to a Buddhist temple
Author Peggy McIntosh (1988) talks about the unearned benefits and advantages associated with being a "white" person in the United States. The term that she coined in her essay to refer to this set of advantages is
white privilege
All of the following were used as evidence for what the authors call the "creation story" of universal male dominance in our human ancestors, EXCEPT
women were able to join men on the hunt when necessary
In a patrilineal system,
your mother's brothers may not be counted as relatives; your fathers brothers are part of your lineage; your mother's brothers and father's brother will likely have different identifying terms
Which early natural scientist divided the human species into four "races": Americanus, Europaeus, Asiaticus, and Africanus?
Carolus Linneaus
Although fair trade practices are appealing to conscious consumers, why do some farmers get left behind by fair trade?
Certain well-situated farmers with more social or cultural capital will have more access to the benefits of fair trade than poorer farmers.
Which anthropologist argued that religious beliefs are "a system of symbols which acts to establish powerful, persuasive, and long-lasting moods and motivations?"
Clifford Geertz
The first theoretical ideas connecting religion to a set of practices and social institutions that bring a community together are connected to the writings of
Emile Durkheim
It has been argued that "black" athletes are naturally gifted runners and jumpers due to benefits passed down from their enslaved ancestors. What does the evidence say about this claim?
If we look at other sports, such as the high jump, one can see that "white" athletes from U.S. and Western Europe dominate; it is clearly cultural and social supports that create excellence in groups of people, not genetics.
Which of the following immigrant groups were targeted in the 19th and early 20th century as inferior to "whites" (the U.S.'s mainstream Anglo Protestant society)?
Irish; Jewish; Italian
What was the result of the privatization of water in the Bolivian city of Cochabamba, as mandated by the World Bank and IMF loans?
It was disastrous, due to rapid population growth and a scarcity of water.
At the turn of the 20th century, the landowning elite began to lose control in Latin America when
Latin American peasants migrated from the countryside into the cities and European immigrants arrived
Which of the following anthropological theorists believed that supernatural beliefs met the psychological needs of people, and were born out of the "tragedies of human life?"
Malinowski
What was the major criticism of the early 20th century "three-race" theory that divided the world's peoples into the categories of Caucasoid, Mongoloid, and Negroid?
Many peoples of the world were omitted from the racial groups with no clear way of including them in one group or another.