ANTH Exam 2 (Ch 7-11)

Although there is overlap, how does ethnicity (membership in an ethnic group) differ from race?

An ethnic group claims a distinct identity based on cultural characteristics and a shared heritage, while race defines groups based on arbitrary physical traits.

The world's eight richest men now control as much wealth as the bottom __________ of the entire world's population.

50%

What does the chapter author, García, say sparked his interest in cultural anthropology?

A lifetime of other people's questions and assumptions about his racial and ethnic background

During the 1920s, some scholars argued for a division of European races into

Nordic, Alpine, Mediterranean

In environments where the sun's rays are much less intense, what problem does the human body face, especially in terms of natural selection?

Not enough sunlight penetrates the skin to enable Vitamin D production

What are some of the problems that have resulted for quinoa farmers of Bolivia now that quinoa is a valued commodity in the global market?

Quinoa has been removed from many people's diets since it can be sold to the Global North; New farmers must use expensive machinery and fertilizers more often than llamas, who have a symbiotic relationship with the crop; new and traditional farmers clash in terms of their ideas about respecting the land and how money from the cash crop should be used in the community

According to the chapter, there are currently about as many people in the world who consider themselves religiously "unaffiliated" as there are

Roman Catholics

How do chapter authors say that Syria's rather sudden membership in the "scapes" of globalization led to the uprisings in that country?

Social media, including activist blogs and images from the Arab Spring uprisings, galvanized people into protesting in the streets.

In traditional Chinese society, which kinds of terms did siblings use to refer to one another?

The terms identified siblings by gender and whether they were older or younger.

How does the Afro-Brazilian religion, Candomblé, show religious syncretism?

Traditional gods of Candomblé, the orixás, are combined with Catholic divine beings, such as saints.

How was the U.S.' economic strategy in Latin America different from Great Britain's?

U.S. companies went to Latin America to directly control the means of production, whereas Great Britain had imported goods from Latin America.

In the field of anthropology, what statement best describes the relative positions of male and female professors?

While women hold positions of power and authority in the field, discrepancies remain among rank, salary, and publication rates.

Skin color in humans is represented in geography by a cline, or clinal pattern. The skin color cline means that

a certain skin color may be more common in one region than another, but the variation is gradual and continuous.

"Honor killings," such as those committed by conservative Muslims in Pakistan, are a tragic consequence of

a family who believes that a female member of their household has shamed them through her sexuality

The fact that not only people of East Asian ancestry have an epicanthic eye fold, but also people from Central Asia, parts of Eastern Europe and Scandinavia, some Native American groups, and the Khoi San of southern Africa, is an example of

a nonconcordant trait that is mistakenly associated with one racial group

Some of the ways that women navigate public spaces associated with males, such as in India, is to practice purdah, that is, to

adopt clothing, behavior, or special routes to create separation or segregation.

Policies that forbid inter-racial or inter-ethnic marriage are essentially trying to prevent the natural hybridization of peoples. This hybridization is called

amalgamation

The concept of mana, an impersonal supernatural force containing power, is an example of

animatism

The old stereotypes of primates as living in male-centered, male-dominated groups came from 1960's research on

baboon groups led by males, established by force, who provided internal and external defense of the "troop."

In the United States, the fact that most divorced parents share time and financial responsibilities somewhat equally for their children reflects the practice of

bilateral decent

Which type of property exchange demonstrates a higher value placed on women and their ability to work and produce children

bridewealth

an exchange of valubales given from the groom's family to the bride's family is called

bridewealth

Relationships formed through blood connections are called __________, while those formed through marriage are called __________.

consanguineal, affinal

Marvin Harris argues that religious beliefs developed in India to prohibit killing cows because

cows were more valuable alive than as meat, due to their role in farming and subsistence

A gift given by a bride's family to either the bride or to the groom's family at the time of the marriage is referred to as

dowry

Which type of property exchange demonstrates the higher status of the groom's family and its ability to demand a payment for taking on the economic responsibility of a young wife?

dowry

A family of at least three generations sharing a household is referred to as a/an

extended family

anthropologists use the term domestic group to refer to a

group of people who live together and share activities such as cooking, childcare, and economic support

The feeling of ease in one's own body in familiar social settings (based on social class) can be described by the term

habitus

How did the early theorist, Sir James Frazer, characterize the spiritual beliefs that he documented?

he dismissed them as false and absurd

How did 19th and mid-20th century belief systems in the United States classify gender and sexuality?

heterosexuality was though to be normal and natural; homosexuality was thought of as inappropriate; masculine men and feminine women were assumed to be natural

What are some of the forms of evidence that indicate early ideas about religion?

human communities buried the dead with stone tools, shells, etc; early human artists painted abtract art on walls of the Chauvet Cave; small clay sculptures called venus figurines appeared across Eurasia

A socially constructed racial classification system in which a person of mixed racial heritage is automatically categorized as a member of the less (or least) privileged group is called

hypodecent

One of the differences between the U.S. and Brazilian systems of "racial" classification is that

in Brazil, an increase or decrease in social status may change people's perception of an individual's "type" (tipo), while in the U.S. a change in social status does not influence the perception of race.

What are the harmful effects of exposure to high levels of ultraviolet radiation, especially for people with lightly pigmented skin?

it can damage skin cells; it can cause cancer; it can destroy the body's supply of folate, a nutrient essential for reproduction

Scholars who create racial classification schemes that use general categories that span a large geographic area (often continents) are known as

lumpers

Why is the study of religious beliefs challenging for anthropologists

many societies do not make a distinction between beliefs or practices that are spiritual and other habits that are part of a daily life; some societies do not see a distinction between the natural and supernatural worlds since their spirits inahbit the same physical world as humans; conepts like heaven, hell or even prayer do not exist in many societies

The Nayar of southern India practiced an interesting form of matrilineal descent in which women lived with their mothers and siblings, even after marriage. This had the result that

men and women could have more than one spouse, but the children always remained with their mothers.

The anthropological term for a trait that is inherited independently, and not bundled together with other traits, is

noncondordant

The family in which a person is raised is their family of __________, while the family they may create by marrying and raising children is their family of __________.

orientation, procreation

The term shaman is used to refer specifically to a/an

part-time religious practitioner

Some cultures recognize descent in a family lineage only on the father's side (or in the paternal line). This form of descent is referred to as

patrilineal

After Latin American countries declared independence from Spain, what relationship functioned as the primary political mechanism?

patron/client

The term anthropologists use for a marriage between one woman and multiple husbands is

polyandry

When a country accepts a loan from the IMF or World Bank, the loan also comes with a number of mandatory conditions that the country must meet. Often, these conditions include

privatizing state enterprise, like the water system; cutting spending to healthcare and education; policies to encourage foreign investment and encourage free trade

Melanin (the skin's pigment) acts as a natural sunblock, thereby

protecting the skin from the breakdown of folate

The process by which social, economic, and political forces determine the content and importance of racial categories is referred to as

racial formation

The intensification of globalization has led many to use others as scapegoats, in an attempt to reassert their own values and way of life. These efforts are often referred to as __________ by social scientists

re-entrenchment

The means by which human society and culture is extended to include the nonhuman is an anthropological definition of

religion

Marriage to a succession of spouses one after the other is called

serial monogamy

Anthropologists researching gender in the 1980s came to the conclusion that evaluating male dominance in any culture

should be examined through the lens of different components of status and socio-economic and identity variables.

Brazilians rely on an unofficial system of "types" (tipos) to identify differences among people. The tipos are based on

slight but noticeable differences in physical appearance

Parenthood and other kinship roles and relationships are rooted in

social roles; legal relationships; cultural expectations

Among people who self-identify as "white," one aspect of their lives has the greatest impact on their experience of society and the advantages conferred. This important feature is

socio-economic status (social class)

Any culturally-designated position a person occupies in a particular setting is called a/an

status

The combination of different beliefs - even those that seem contradictory - into a new, harmonious whole is called

syncretism

According to Malinowski's functional approach to religion, which of the following acts would likely require supernatural rituals or ceremonies?

taking a difficult exam

Several groups of people, including the Chukchi of Eastern Siberia and Inuit of Alaska, Canada, and Greenland, have darker skin than other people living at similar latitudes. This is due to

the high Vitamin D content of the diets of these groups

In Hinduism, the atman is the supernatural or spiritual element that coexists within a person's natural body. This concept is most similar to the Christian concept of

the soul

In the 1930s, anthropologist Ruth Landes argued that Afro-Brazilian Candomblé religious communities were matriarchal because

their leadership was made up of and controlled by women

Matrillineages are NOT mean

they are also matriarchal, meaning women have more power than men (false)

A two spirit person of the Zuni Pueblo represents a

third gender role that is not male and not woman

Globalization within a consumerist economy enables individuals

to exhibit their identities through the purchase and conspicious use of goods; to expand their range of identities in new ways through the use of global goods; to increase their symbolic capital by knowing how to distinguish between goods

In calling religion "the opium of the people," Karl Marx meant that religion

was an ideology that dulls people into accepting their low economic and social status by promising acceptance into Heaven through obedience

All of the following are examples of symbolic ethnicity EXCEPT

weekly visits to a Buddhist temple

Author Peggy McIntosh (1988) talks about the unearned benefits and advantages associated with being a "white" person in the United States. The term that she coined in her essay to refer to this set of advantages is

white privilege

All of the following were used as evidence for what the authors call the "creation story" of universal male dominance in our human ancestors, EXCEPT

women were able to join men on the hunt when necessary

In a patrilineal system,

your mother's brothers may not be counted as relatives; your fathers brothers are part of your lineage; your mother's brothers and father's brother will likely have different identifying terms

Which early natural scientist divided the human species into four "races": Americanus, Europaeus, Asiaticus, and Africanus?

Carolus Linneaus

Although fair trade practices are appealing to conscious consumers, why do some farmers get left behind by fair trade?

Certain well-situated farmers with more social or cultural capital will have more access to the benefits of fair trade than poorer farmers.

Which anthropologist argued that religious beliefs are "a system of symbols which acts to establish powerful, persuasive, and long-lasting moods and motivations?"

Clifford Geertz

The first theoretical ideas connecting religion to a set of practices and social institutions that bring a community together are connected to the writings of

Emile Durkheim

It has been argued that "black" athletes are naturally gifted runners and jumpers due to benefits passed down from their enslaved ancestors. What does the evidence say about this claim?

If we look at other sports, such as the high jump, one can see that "white" athletes from U.S. and Western Europe dominate; it is clearly cultural and social supports that create excellence in groups of people, not genetics.

Which of the following immigrant groups were targeted in the 19th and early 20th century as inferior to "whites" (the U.S.'s mainstream Anglo Protestant society)?

Irish; Jewish; Italian

What was the result of the privatization of water in the Bolivian city of Cochabamba, as mandated by the World Bank and IMF loans?

It was disastrous, due to rapid population growth and a scarcity of water.

At the turn of the 20th century, the landowning elite began to lose control in Latin America when

Latin American peasants migrated from the countryside into the cities and European immigrants arrived

Which of the following anthropological theorists believed that supernatural beliefs met the psychological needs of people, and were born out of the "tragedies of human life?"

Malinowski

What was the major criticism of the early 20th century "three-race" theory that divided the world's peoples into the categories of Caucasoid, Mongoloid, and Negroid?

Many peoples of the world were omitted from the racial groups with no clear way of including them in one group or another.